threats and challenges 1:241–242
topographic impacts 1:236–238,
1:237F
vegetation zones 1:229F, 1:230T
Asia 1:254–280
alpine life zone 1:149T
animal species 1:258, 1:261T
artificial ecosystems 1:279
biogeographic provinces 1:262–263T
biomes 1:258–260, 1:262–263T
boreal and polar Asia
boreal forest 1:262–263T, 1:273–274
characteristics 1:273–274
polar and mountain tundra
1:262–263T, 1:274–275
climatic zonation 1:257T, 1:258,
1:262–263T
conservation status 1:279
dry regions
characteristics 1:267–268
Dzungaria 1:270
Gobi Desert 1:270
Mediterranean ecosystems
1:262–263T, 1:268–269
Middle Asian deserts 1:270
subtropical deserts 1:262–263T,
1:267–268
Tarim Basin 1:270
temperate grasslands 1:262–263T,
1:269
temperate semi-deserts and deserts
1:262–263T, 1:269–270
Tibetan Plateau 1:270
evolutionary history 1:256T
geographic characteristics 1:255
geologic history 1:256, 1:256T
humid monsoon region
characteristics 1:262–263T,
1:270–271
laurel forests 1:270–271
mountain regions 1:272–273
pine forests 1:272
temperate deciduous forests 1:271
physiographic characteristics
1:255–258, 1:255F
plant species 1:258, 1:259T, 1:260T
regionalization 1:258–260
tropical Asia
characteristics 1:260–263
humid tropical forest 1:260–263,
1:262–263T, 1:266T
monsoon forests (moist deciduous
forests) 1:262–263T, 1:263–266
tropical dry forest, scrub, and savanna
1:262–263T, 1:266–267
tropical moist forest 1:277T
tropical/subtropical humid mountain
areas 1:262–263T, 1:266T,
1:267
vegetation belts 1:266T
vegetation types and coverage
percentage 1:264–265T
wetlands and coastal ecosystems
1:275–279, 1:275T, 1:276T
Australia
alpine life zone 1:149T
biogeographic regions 1:297–298, 1:298F, 1:299F
characteristics 1:291–292 floristic groups biogeographic regions 1:298–300 diagnostic species 1:292–297 Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems 5:221 TWINSPAN floristic groups 1:292, 1:294T, 1:300F
plant communities 1:291–306 biogeographic regions 1:297–298, 1:298F, 1:299F
characteristics 1:291–292
community diversity 1:300, 1:300F
evaporative aerodynamics 1:292, 1:293F
floristic groups 1:292, 1:294T
Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems 5:221 research summary 1:304
species richness 1:300, 1:301T structural characteristics 1:301T
Southern Hemisphere 6:612–619 angiosperms 6:617–618 background information 6:612 biotic dispersal 6:616 climate change effects 6:617 climatic patterns 6:614 continental drift 6:616 dispersal ability 6:613–614 fossil record 6:615–616 general area cladograms 6:614 geographic distribution patterns 6:613–614
high southern latitude plant growth 6:618
historical research 6:612–613 long-distance dispersal 6:616–617 relaxed clock molecular dating analyses 6:614–615 research summary 6:618–619 vicariance biogeography 6:616 species richness
dryland vegetation continua 1:302, 1:303F
invasive species 1:303
invertebrates 1:300–302, 1:303T
isolated rainforest stands 1:303–304 overstory and understory strata 1:300, 1:301F, 1:302F
postfire succession 1:302–303, 1:304F
vertebrates 1:300–302, 1:302F
wetland vegetation continua 1:302 basic concepts 3:59–60
black box model 3:60, 3:60F, 3:61F
Central America 2:23–32 biodiversity
climatic regions/latitudinal range 2:24–26
endemism 2:26 floristic elements 2:25–26
species richness 2:25, 2:25T biogeography 2:23–24, 2:24F
global environmental change
climatic change 2:30 general discussion 2:30
land use change 2:30–31, 2:31F
high-elevation ecosystems 2:30 life zones 2:26–27
mangroves 2:29 seasonally dry tropical forests 2:28 temperate forests 2:29–30 tropical cloud forests 2:28–29 tropical rain forests 2:27–28 coastal beach ecosystems 2:128–136 sandy beaches
alongshore distribution 2:131–133 background information 2:128 beach index (BI) 2:129 future research areas 2:135 macrofauna surveys 2:129–131, 2:130F
macroscale patterns 2:131 mesoscale patterns 2:131–133 microscale patterns 2:133 microtidal regimes 2:128–129, 2:129F
morphodynamic states 2:128–129, 2:129F
research summary 2:135 species richness hypotheses 2:133–134
threats and challenges 2:134–135 tidal regimes 2:129
two-dimensional model 2:129, 2:130F
zonation patterns 2:131–133 coastal ecosystems
Asia 1:275–279, 1:275T, 1:276T
Australian plant communities 1:292–297
biodiversity restoration 6:456–457
Census of Marine Life project 2:15F,
2:16, 2:17F climate change effects 6:150–151 coastal wetland restoration 7:375–378
conservation status 3:171–173T, 3:174 ecosystem services 1:334T, 3:96–98 global extent 7:370T
myriapods 5:430–431 nature-based coastal protection strategies 5:451–458 biodiversity impacts 5:453–456, 5:455F
current status 5:452–453, 5:453T
historical perspective 5:452 importance 5:451–452 research summary 5:456 nitrogen cycle impacts 5:543 predation effects 6:237–239 salt water plants 6:77 tropical Africa 1:55 conservation status assessment methods 3:169–170
coastal ecosystems 3:171–173T, 3:174 freshwater ecosystems 3:171–173T,
3:174
marine ecosystems 3:171–173T, 3:174
terrestrial ecosystems 3:170–174, 3:171–173T