states Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nev-ada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming; Figure 2 Flather et al., 1994.. states Hawaii is the hot spot of
Trang 1states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nev-ada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Oregon, Washington, and
Wyoming; Figure 2) (Flather et al., 1994) However, among
U.S states Hawaii is the hot spot of endangerment: about 950
native plant species of Hawaii are extinct, endangered, or
threatened (Raven et al., 1986)
Endangerment patterns vary by habitat type.Flather et al.
plants in the continental United States are found in
range-lands Twenty-five percent of endangered plant species were
associated with barren land or rocky habitats However, wet-lands, which comprise only 5% of the land base, contain 15%
of the listed species
Endangerment patterns also vary by region and land-use characteristics In northern California, southern Nevada/ Sonoran Basin, and the eastern Gulf Coast, 450% of the listed species are associated with wetland habitats U.S Department
of Defense lands, which comprise only 3.4% of federally ad-ministered lands, contain 26% of the listed species The high number of rare plants in the U.S Southwest when combined
Canada 46
Greenland 3
United Kingdom 24 Ireland 3 France 78 Portugal 77 Morocco 107
Mauritania 13 Senegal 71 Liberia 96 Ghana 205 Cameroon 529 Gabon 219
Nigeria 286
Niger 33 Mali 49
Algeria 73
Spain 135
Norway 12 Sweden 11 Finland 8
Italy 83 Turkey 54
Chad 34
Egypt 30 Sudan 80 DR Congo 217 Angola 128 Namibia 216 Botswana 58 South Africa 300
Mauritius 100 Madagascar 386 Tanzania 470Kenya 290 Somalia 105 Yemen 340 Oman 18
Saudi Arabia 18
Iran 22
Kazakhstan 55
India 424
China 686
Russian Federation 56
Mongolia 13
Thailand 258
Malaysia 1,234 Indonesia 754 Australia
249 New Caledonia346
New Zealand 60
Papua New
Taiwan 136 Philippines 373 Vietnam 303 Sri Lanka
334
Japan 88 United
413 Mexico
462 Cuba 193 Dominican Republic
47 Puerto Rico 69 Venezuela 208 Guyana 67 Suriname 55
Brazil 623
Jamaica 300 Guatemala 132
French
Polynesia
158
Costa Rica 194 Panama 329 Ecuador 2,549 Colombia 352
Peru 379 Bolivia 113 Chile
62 Argentina
94 Uruguay 8 Paraguay 38
Figure 1 Distribution of rare plants in the world Data from IUCN (2010) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2010.3 http://
www.iucnredlist.org Downloaded on 05 October 2010
WASHINGTON
OREGON
IDAHO MONTANA
WYOMING
NEVADA
CALIFORNIA
ARIZONA
UTAH
COLORADO
NEW MEXICO
TEXAS OKLAHOMA KANSAS NEBRASKA
SOUTH DAKOTA
NORTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA
IOWA WISCONSIN
ILLINOIS MISSOURI
ARKANSAS
LOUISIANA MISSISSIPPI ALABAMAGEORGIA
FLORIDA
SOUTH CAROLINA
NORTH CAROLINA TENNESSEE
KENTUCKY INDIANA OHIO
MICHIGAN VERMONT MAINE
NEW HAMPSHIRE MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT NEW JERSEY DELAWARE MARYLAND
None known 1−4 5−10 11−30
>30
VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK
Figure 2 Distribution of rare plants in the continental United States The ‘‘top 10’’ continental states for rare plants include six western states, and California clearly dominates Reproduced from Flather CH, Knowles MS, and Kendall IA (1998) Threatened and endangered species
geography BioScience 48: 365–376.
Endangered Plants 207