155-161 This paper is available online at http://jem.naem.edu.vn SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES OF EXPERIENTIAL EDUCATION MANAGEMENT IN COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD AND REFERENCE VALUES FOR VIETNAM
Trang 1DOI: 10.53750/jem22.vl4.n5.155 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT
Journal of Education Management, 2022, Vol 14, No 5, pp 155-161
This paper is available online at http://jem.naem.edu.vn
SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES OF EXPERIENTIAL EDUCATION MANAGEMENT
IN COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD AND REFERENCE VALUES FOR VIETNAM
Kieu Manh Ha* 1
Received April 6, 2021 Accepted May 15, 2021.
1Xuanloc High School, 261 Hung Vuong, Gia Ray Town, Xuan Loc District, Dong Nai Province
e-mail: kieuha.ptnt@gmail.com
Abstract Experiential education is not a new ideology, but it is being very focused by educators in recent
times True experiential education is not simply encouraging learners to participate in practical experiences
to explore and develop their own potentials and skills, but also through experiential education to help learners
gradually, forming living values; wants to contribute to the community, to the development of society
Experimental education has been applied in many countries around the world, Vietnam is also actively
researching and applying experiential education to educational programs at different levels, levels, and
subjects This study presents some general theories about the creative experience activities, the management
of experiential education in the world, thereby suggesting solutions that contribute to improving the quality
of education in general Comprehensive capacity development for learners in particular in the current context
of Vietnam.
Keywords: Experimental education, the management of experiential education, creative experience activities,
the management of experiential educational activities.
1 Introduction
The educational contexttodayhasbeen posing a lot of challenges for learners, teachers and educational managers, we have to dealwith when society has something,in schools, there is Consequently, the brutal, intentionalinjury cases of whichthe perpetrators werestudents andthevictims were their classmates and teachers The outbreak of the phenomenon of high school students smoking, drinking alcohol, injecting drugs , even committing suicidewhen encounteringproblems inlife also makes US think Many students
do well,butapart from their high scores,their self-controland communicationskills are very poor And it seemsthat the story of unemployment activitiesaccording to the trend, arguing and racing for the bad, the negative is a painful reality.Because according to educational experts, students have never been taughthow
to cope with life’s difficulties such as divorced parents, bankrupt families, poor academic results In recent years Before the increasing demandof thesociety foreducation, thePartyand State havefocused on making leadership decisions, investing in educationto bringthe quality of education and training in Vietnam step
bystep, developmenton a par with theregionandtheworld Thesecond meeting of theCentralCommittee
of the Party,term VIII, affirmed: "Education - Training isthe top national policy" With the goal that by
2020,Vietnam will basically become an industrial country, integratingwith the international community
by 2020 To accomplish the above goal, it is required that each organization and individual mustquickly approach and integrate into the general development of humanity The people’s knowledge base must be improved to provide bothquantityandqualityof human resources.With that urgentrequirement, the task of the education and training sector is to equip learners to not only have knowledge acquired at school but also can master knowledge, dynamic, creative; at thesame time, learnersmust havethe ability to solveproblems,
Trang 2have professional knowledge and skills, communication skills, behavior, organization, independent thinking, good physical sưength, bravery, a sense of ownership and creativity, capable of adapting and cooperating withthe community inworkanddaily life
Theimportant issue is educating learners to form psychological qualitiessuch as love forpeople, love for their homeland, a sharedconcernwith the painful loss of the communityas well as the nation, community, dynamic,creative, self-confident, havea will these are the ethical values needed in working people in the period of industrialization and modernization Obviously, human valuesare notonlythrough lessons in class
or inbooks, but also through various typesof creative experience activities, because, throughexperiential activities, willhelp people,learn with practical knowledge and skills inlife
Therefore, researching and approaching theoreticalissuesaboutexperiential education in the world to find reference values, which are highly applicablein the aforementioned context of Vietnam today is the last thing,strengthneeded
2 Content
2.1 Research on experiential activities
Even in prehistoric times, when the phenomenon of education was first started, primitive people educated thenext generation what ittakes forthemto live andsurvive.Duringtheprocess of living together, adults teach and pass on their own experiences(production experiences, experiencesagainst beasts, customs, customs, rules of the commune ) to children, direct.Thus, the main educational method in this period was
to use verbal, visual and practical activities Is it possible that the methodof educating through practical, practicaland experiential activities has been formedfromthe primitive time?
When people entera society with class and state, education has an increasingly important role in life
in general "The school” wasbornand the educationalmethodis noted as "learning with practice" Senior teachers such as Confucius, Soviet have mentioned the importance of combininglearning with practice
in education
Later, Czech philosopher, educator, theologian- Jan Amos Komensky (March 28, 2015 - November
15, 2016), the ancestorofmodern education and is considered the father of education Modern, while working as an educational consultant in Hungary, has placed great importanceon the NERC, who laid the foundations for the birth ofthe currentschool, considers managing student learningin conjunction with extracurricular activities are a way to free learning from the "confinement ofthe four walls" of medieval school and claim that "Learning is not about acquiring knowledge in books, but acquiring knowledge, awake from the sky, the ground He allowed students to participate in stage performances to help them remember deeply the necessary content.He found thatthe boys whoare usually shy, now appear inpublic with confidence and composure Komensky has applied a new teaching method, especially out-of-class teaching methods,to arouse andpromotelatent abilities, to train students’ personalities, andto teach in a practical way According to him: “Aroundthe school there should be a spaceforstudents to walk or play There isa need for agarden to occasionally seethe flower beds”
John Locke(August 29, 1632- October28, 1704), a seventeenth-century Britishdoctor, philosopher, and politicalactivistwho highly appreciated the environmental impact ondevelopment, the child’s personality: Therefore, managing activities outside the classroom is essential to orient children in their practical experience with theirsurroundings
John Locke argues thatknowledge comes only or primarilyfrom experience This is oneofthe many views of epistemology, thestudy of human knowledge, alongwith rationalism and skepticism Empiricism emphasizes the role of empirical evidence in shaping ideas, on ideas about innate ideas or traditions; Experiments can argue that traditions (or customs) arise from the relationships of previous sensory experiences Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially when discovered
inexperiments It is a fundamental partof thescientific method where all hypotheses and theories mustbe
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tested against observations of the natural worldrather than based solely on reason, intuition Experience, often used by natural scientists, argues that "empirical knowledge" and "knowledge are expected and determinedto befurther modified or improved".One of the epistemological principles is the experience
of creating knowledge Experimental research,including proven experiments andmeasuring tools, guides the scientific method The scientific method mustbe based on empirical evidenceof the senses Boththe naturalsciences andthesocialsciences use testableworking hypotheses verify, guide thescientific method The scientific methodmust be based on empirical evidence of thesenses Boththe natural sciencesandthe social sciencesuseworking hypothesesthat can beverified by observational andexperimental evidence and previous experimental results to participate in rational modelingand theoretical investigation
Jean-Jaccques Rousseau(June 28, 1712 - July2, 1778), was anenlightenment philosopher who greatly influencedtheFrench Revolution of 1789, thedevelopment ofsocial theory, on his educational perspective Thatthepurpose ofeducation is to learn to live, and that this can be achieved by having a teacher guidethe way throughpractical experienceto agood life Thedevelopment of social theory and the developmentof nationalism also givethe famous educational argument "Education of natureand freedom", education must
be adapted to nature, nature is children, people Andthe surrounding objects are the factors that participate
in the educational process to develop the child’s organizationand personality He said that Education in accordancewith naturemeans that educational activitiesmust be suitable with the psycho-physiological characteristics of the student’s age, based on the natural development of the child The manifestation of that is loveandrespect for therights ofchildren "Naturedesires that children bemade children before they becomeadults,"hesaid Liberal education:That is, he is opposed to scholasticism,againstrote learning with rigorousdiscipline, suppressing the developmentof a child’s personality Liberal education means giving children the freedomto develop their positivityand creativity Therefore, he attaches great importance to the education oflabor by employment, considering itthepurpose of educationandtraining
A typical educator and a famous Swiss teacher - Petxtalio (1746 - 1827),in the nineteenthcentury, he was one of the capitalist educators of the combinedintentions Education with productive labor is oneof the most important pointsin his educational theory and educational practice, accordingtohim,in schools needing land forfarming, breeding and children to learna handicraft He highly appreciated the role of labor in shaping children’s character, he wantedthat through work to: " warm the hearts and develop children’s minds",students were allowed to goto school, experience thehandicraft camps and workshops
to study This shows US that, in schooleducation is not enough, we needto expandeducation outside of school, outside of class hours so that students canboth acquire knowledge in the classroom andhavetime
to practice consolidating the knowledge
Robert Owen (May 14,1771-November17,1858), is aUtopian Britishsocial reformer, but he is actually Welsh He built a factory system for labor education from childhood to adulthood, his view on education is
to associate reality with life, combine education with employment, education with production, labor The pioneering American psychologist and philosopher - William James (1842-1910),He was Henry James’s brother, He wrote influential books on psychological science, was an educator First offering a course in psychology in the United States, James was one of the leading thinkers of the late nineteenth century and is widely believed to be one of the most influential philosophers in America, he is considered
as "thefather of Americanpsychology, coined the term"fundamental experimentalism", Jamesnotesthat accordingtoexperimental observation" thecosmic needs can say whateverwefinding in wisdom also begins with the senses ” Hence,iftheories are theoretical thenso arethe senses andperceptionitself can be seen
as a kind of imitation inference.In James’s view, experience, from James’spoint of view,is a transitional relationship and a relationship like real ideas and images that the analysis experiences Knowledge is perception, James calls "acquaintance’s knowledge," that relationship is an identity: "The mind prefers" acquaintances "directly to a present object." To know is a direct, immediate, and pure experience There is
no separation of knownand known Indeed, in apractical sense, no known and known, only experienced person Knowing andknowingis separate from theflashbackexperience, as wehave seen when "the same
Trang 4personal experience is done twice in different contexts".
In the last years of the nineteenth century, the person who had a great influence on European and American pragmatism andwas not only atheoretical philosopher but also anexperimentalphilosopher in all fields of educationwas John Dewey (1859 - 1952 ), he is aprofessor at the University of Colombia (New York), he is anAmericanphilosopher, psychologist and educational reformer with influentialideas in education andsocial reform In addition,hebelieves thatstudents will thrive in anenvironment where they are allowed to experience and interact with the curriculum andthat all students should havethe opportunity
to participate in their own learningexperiences
Dewey’s writings mainly give the idea ofdemocracy and continuous social reform discussed in his writings on education He argues that the importance of education is not only asa placeto gain content knowledge butalso as a placeto learn how to live In his eyes,thepurpose ofeducation should not revolve aroundpurchasinga predefinedskill set, but rather to realize the student’s full potential and the ability to use those skills foragreat benefit, than He notedthat "preparing students for futurelives means letting themleadthemselves, meaning to train students tohave full knowledge,skills and willingness to use them allour own abilities "
According to Dewey’s philosophers, educationreduces personal autonomy when learners are taught that knowledgeis transmitted in one direction, from expert to learner Dewey not only reimagined how learningshould play out, butalsotherole a teacher shouldexperienceinit For Dewey, "whatisneeded is to improveeducation, not just by creating teachers who can do better thanunnecessarythings,but bychanging educational perceptions" Dewey’s teaching ability is a natural love for working with young children, a natural tendencyto askquestions aboutcareer-relatedtopics, methods and other socialissues,and adesire to share,knowledge acquired withothers, is not an external appearance mechanical skill set.Instead, theycan
be seen as principles orhabitsthat are "working automatically, unconsciously".Dewey’s essays concerning the profession of teaching,followedby his analysis ofthe teacher asa personandan expert, as well as his belief in the responsibility of educationalprograms that educate, tablet nurturing properties are resolved, teacherscan startclassessuccessfully asDewey envisioned
In 1996, the United Nations Committee for Culture, Science and Education, UNESCO published a research report on education, which covered the four pillars of 21st Century education These can be considered as the basicprinciples to reshape education tosuit the global development trend The four pillars are:
- Learning to know: means providing learners with cognitive tools to understand the complex world and equipped with the rightknowledge base for learners to continue learning and exploring, knowledge throughout their lives
- Learning to do (Learning to do): equips learners with knowledge, skills and attitudes so thateach individual can successfully practice his career and participate effectively in the socio-economy in the context Global
- Learningtobe (Learning to be): is to provideeveryonewith analytical thinking and social skills so that they canbest promote their psychosocialqualities aswell as their physical health, become perfect people
- Learning to live together: is foreveryone to understand the values contained in the human rights framework, democratic principles,the understanding ofhumanculturalvalues, and respect, peace, relations
in humansociety.From there, everyone cancoexist harmoniously amongrelationships
2.2 Research on experiential activity management
Entering the21st century, Kolb’s theoryofexperiential learning is stillrespected and recognizedas an effective learning method to develop students’ capacity Melvin L Silberman (2007); Scott D Wurdinger (2005); Scott D Wurdinger and Julie A Carlson (2009) are developed in the direction of applying experiential learning theory to different learning and teaching.Applying the experiential learning model of
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the classical studies from past tothisperiod becomes more flexible,but still ensures the basic elements of experiential learning Themost centralissuesof classical experiential learning models, experiential learning theory such as: conception of learning, characteristicsofexperientiallearning,experiential learning cycle; from there, giving some orientations to apply to the design, organizationof experientialactivities in the subject in highschool
David Kolb, the first American educational theorist to research and develop a model of experiential learning, known as "Kolb learningcycle" to "Process" learning,practice in stages Kolb learning model consists of 4stages: specific experience,reflection observation, concepts,positivetest
At Christchurchin Virginia’swaters,thereis an experience program called“Great Journeys Begin at the River” Aninternally and externallyskill-based practice program basedon the use of theschool’slocation
on the Rappahannock, in the Chesapeake Bay basin Students recycle aluminumto raise money for the school’soyster farm, therebyeducating andhelping students protectthe marine environment
Through studying the works of great educators on experiential education in schools, we can see an overview that experientialeducationis the most concerned issue today This can also be seen confirmed that in a few countrieswith developed educationthat havebeeninterested in implementing the educational programofyouth education activities, especially countries that approach the general educationprogram towards capacity development; pay attention to the education of humanities, creative education, quality education and life skills , whichcanbe mentioned intypical countriessuch as:
a) Singapore: TheNational Arts Council has an art education program that provides and sponsors high schools for the entire programof art groups, art creation experiences
b) Netherlands:Creates a website to help creative students familiarize themselves with a career Students submit theircreative portfolio (project) to thiswebsite, gaining additional insightsfrom here; each student receives a smallsum ofmoney to work on his I her project
c) The UK: Providing a wide range ofsituations and contexts for students that require development, applying a lot ofknowledge and skills in the program, allowing students to create and think; problem solving in different ways to get better results;provide students with opportunities tocreate, innovate, dare
to think,dare to do
d) Germany: From Primary level, emphasis has been placed on the position of specific skills, including the development of creative skills for children; develop the ability to learn independently; Think critically andlearn from our ownexperience
e) Japan: Nurturechildrenthe ability tocope with socialchange, forming a strong basisto encourage their creativity
g) Korea: The goal of creative experience activities is aimed at people who are educated, healthy, independent and creative The Primary and Middle School levels emphasize creative feelings and ideas, theHigh School leveldevelops a creative thinking global citizen
Experimentalandcreative activities include 4 main groups ofactivities:
- Autonomousactivities(adaptation,autonomy, event organization,independent creation );
- Club activities (youthassociation, arts and culture,sports, diligent practice );
- Volunteering activities(caring aboutneighborsand people around,protectingtheenvironment);
- Orientation activities (find out information about future developmentdirections, learn about yourself Can choose andorganizethe implementation flexibly to suitthe characteristics of students, schoollevel, grade,school and local social conditions
h) Finland: Known for a unique and excellent educational system that ranks first in Europe for its
"experientiallearning"approach.InFinland,learning through play, hands-on experience is a veryimportant educational method In addition to studying in the classroom, students also spend a lot of time on self-study,self-studyand play Students often participate in outdoorextracurricular lessons, the classroom