Oxford English Practice Grammar Intermediate With Answers (Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Trung Cấp) Part 1

Many units contrast r\vo or more ditĩerent structures, such as the Present Períect and Past Simple íưnits 14 and 15.. Action verbs can be simple or continuous.. Some verbs have an irreg

Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh Trung cắ p

Interm ediate with ansvvers

John Eastvvood

Giới thiệu: Hồng Đức

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN T ừ ĐIẾN BÁCH KHOA

I n t r o d u c t io n pagc \ íií

Ke\' to svĩiibols pac;e 1\

VVords and sentences

1 \Vord classes: nuuns, vcrbs, adicLtivcs, ctc,

Test G: Tenses - íu tu re 76

The verb have 78

Short ío rn ìs ( i t ’s> d o n ’ t 80

33 E niphatic do 82

4 Present C o n tiiu io u s 8

5 Prcsont S im pk' ỈO

6 Prescnt c^o ntiiuious o r Prcsont Simplc? Ĩ2

1 State \erbs and action verbs Ỉ4

lest A: Tenses - p rescn t 16

8 Past Sim ple Ỉ8

9 Past (À )n tin u o u s 20

10 Past c lo n tin u o u s o r í\ỉst Sinìpìc? 22

Test B: Past Sim ple and Past C o n tin ư o u s

24

11 ỉ^resent Períect (1) 26

12 ỈVesenl Períect (2): just, already, vel; tu r

and since 2H

13 Proscnt Pcrícct (3): ever, th is week, etc.

14 í*resent Perícct Oĩ Pasl Siniplc? {1)

]5 Prcsení Pcrícct o r Piist Simplc? Í2)

Test C: Presenl Ferfect and Past Siniple 36

16 Prcsent Períect ('o iitin ư o u s

17 Prescnt Pciíecl (A )n tin u o u s o r S im pler 40

18 Past Períect 42

19 Rcvicw of' the Past Simpie, C o n tiiiu o u s

and Pertcct 44

20 Past Perícct (^o n tin u o iis 46

Test D: Tenses - pasl ;ind perfect 48

21 Revievv o\' prescní and past teiìses 50

'lest E: Tenses - present and past 54

22 ỉn trcid u ctio n tcì tlie U iturc 56

23 \V ill and shalỉ 58

J Ì Be g o iiiịí to ờí)

Jt* Prcscnt lenscs ío r ih c ĩu tu rc Ơ4

Questions, negatives and ansvvers

41 Negative qucstions ỈOO

42 Q ucstion tags, e.g is n ì it? Ỉ02

43 S o /N e ith e r do ỉ and I th in k so Ỉ04

1'est I: Questions, ncgativcs and ansvvers

ì 06

Modal verbs

14 A b ility : can, couid and be able to ỈOS

45 Pcrm ission: can, may, could and be

allo\vcd to ỈỈO

46 Possibility and ce rta in tv; may, might^

could, mưst, etc / Ì2

47 Necessity: m ust and have to Ỉ Ì 4

48 iNetcssity: m u stn ’t, needn't> etc Ỉ Ỉ 6

49 S hould, ou g b t to, had be tte r and be

supposed to Ỉ Ỉ S

50 A sk iiig people lo do things 120

31 Suggcstions, offers and in v ita tio n s ì 22

52 VVill, w ould, shalỉ a n d sh o u ld ỈJ ^

33 It n ia y /c o u ld /m u s t have been, ctc Ỉ26

Test Moda) verbs Ì28

CONTENTS • p-\(ìl' \

54 Passivc vorh hM'iiis /30

35 A ctivc and passi\'c ( 1 I Ỉ32

A ctive and passi\'c Í2 j !3-1

Specia! passivc síructures ;36

For \vith the to -in tìn itiv e Ỉ62

'l'h c in íĩn itiv e \v ilh and vvitíio u t lo Ỉ64

V crb /A d jc c tiv c + p rc p o s itio n ^ -in g

to rm /66

A íra id lo do o r a fra id o f doing? I6H

Uscd to do and be useci lo d o in g ì 70

PrcpositiotT í)r lin k in g \vord + -in g

ío rm ỉ 72

See it happcn o r sec it happenìngí' /74

Some structures w ith íhe *ing ío rn i 176

ỉèst M : ĩh e in tìn itiv e and ih e -ìng

fo rm ỉ 78

Nouns and articles

s h ip and vvater: Lountahle and

Pair nouns and gro u p nouns 190

'r\vo nouns l()gt'ther 192

Test N : N o u n s and agreem ent ỉ 94

85

Sò

87 S8 89 90

91 92 93 94 93

96 97

108 10<-)

A /im one aiKÌ sotno 2 0 0 ('a rs t)i the carsĩ' 202

P rison, scỉìool, bcd, ctc 204

O n rrid a v , fo r lu n ch ctẽ 2l)('t

Q u ite a, such a, \vhat a, ftc 208 Plact- narnế a iiJ th c 2 Ỉ 0

'['est C); A /an and the 2 Ì 4

This, my, some, a lot of, etc.

T his, th iit, thesc and thosc 2 ỉ 6

\ \ w \ o iir , (UKỈ n iin e , \o u rs , ctc

The Ịiosscssive lo rm and ()f 220 Somc and anv 222

A ỉo t o ì\ lots of, m anv, m uch, (a) ũ-\\ tìnd ( a ! little 224

A ll, haỉí, niost sonie, no aiul n o iie

tv e rv each w ỉìo Ị l \ b o th e ith e r aĩKỈ

r in p h itiè ỊT o n o u iis and each o th e r

'ỉ ỈIC [iro n o u n o n c/o n cs 24 0 Evcrvonc, so m cth in g , ctc 242

Tcst R: Adicctives and adverbs 25S

1 10 t'.(>iĩìparati\'e cìncl suỊ>erỉative toi nis 2à()

] ỉ 1 í A)nìptìrcíti\'0 anti s iip e rla tive p attenis { 1 )

2 6 4

1 12 ( '.oỉiiỊíaraùxc and supeĩi«ỉti\'e patterns (2)

.\(it \ 1 • CONTENTS

Test S: C o m p a ra tive iin d superlativo 268

13 Advcrhs and w o rd o rd o r 27 0

14 Yet, s tiỉl and already 27 4

15 A d \e rb s o t cỉcgrcc (v e rỵ , q u itc ) 276

16 Q u ile and ra th e r 278

17 Too and enoug h 28 0

Test T: Adverbs and vvord o rd e r 282

Prepositions of' place 284

In> on and at (place) 28 8

In , on and at (tim e ) 2 9 0

For> sínce, ago and b e ío re 292

D u rin g o r while? By o r u n til? As o r like?

13i2 D ire ct specch and re p o rte d specch 3ÌH

133 Rcported speech; person, place and tim c

3 2 0

134 Reported specch: thc tense chan^c 322

135 Reportcd qucstions 324

LH ít Rcportecì reqiiests, o tĩe rs, ctc 326

Test W; R cported speech 328

Relative clauses

I 37 Rcltitive cliiuses w ith vvho, \vhich and that

3 3 0

ỉ 38 139 140

141 142

143

144 145 146 147 148 149

Rckitive p ro n o u n s and relativc

adverbs 340

Rclative cỉíiuses: p a rtic ip le iind t(>-

in íìn itiv e 342

Test X; Relative clauses 344

Conditionals and wish

P in ic tu a tio n 372

P ro n u n c ia tio n 37-1

A m erican English 377 Irre g u la r vcrbs ^82

Key to the exercises 384

Key to the tests 412

Exit test 424

Key to the exit test 43Ỉ

Index 433

CONTENTS • v v \ \ \'í!

'i‘he OxỊorả Practice Grummar is a series ot three

b (X )k s , e a ch v v r itte n a t th e r ig h t le v c l f o r y o u at

each stage in your study o f English The scries is

intended for your use either in a classrooin or

when vvorking independently in your own time.

The books are divided into unils, each o f \vhich

covers an important grammar topic Each unit

starts w ith an expianation o f the grammar and

this is folỊowed by a sct o f practicc cxcrcises

Tests at the end o f each unit or section o f units

give the opportunity for more practice and

enable you to assess how much you have

learned Answers to the exercises and the tests

arc given at the back o f the book.

You may want to choose the order in which you

study thc grammar topics, pcrhaps going first to

those giving you problems (Topics are listed in

the Contents page al the íront o f each book and

in the Index at the back.) Alternatively you may

choose to start at the beginning o f each book

and work through to the end.

An In te r a c tiv e CD-ROM is included at e a ch of

the three levels, oíTering alternative ways to

practise You can recognize and correct vvritten

mistakes, and you can also take part in spoken

dialogues; you can record and listen to your

own voice and learn to speak more naturally.

E xa m p ra ctice

'Phe fírst level in the series is Oxford Pracĩice

G ram m ar - Basic l'h is is suitable for

eiementary to pre-intermediate learners, and

those vvorking for the PKT exam and IEU'S 'l'he

s e c o n d is OxỊorà Practỉce Grammar -

ỉnterm ediate, for students who are no longer

beginners but are not yct advanced ìn their use

o f English It is suitable for those studying for

the Cambridge FCE OxỊorả Pracĩice Grarnmar -

Advanced is for those who have progressed

beyond the intermediate level and who wish to

increase their knowledge o f English grammar

and become more confident when using it It

helps students prepare for CAE, CPE, TOEPL,

and othcr advanced-level exams.

'i'hc Oxịoni Priìcỉicc Cimniniar - interm edỉate is

w r it t e n t b r in te r m e d ia te s tu d e n ts o f H n g lis h

The units cover the main areas o f English grammar Speciaỉ attention is given to those poinls \vhich arc otten a problem for learners, such as the meaning o f the ditĩcrent verb íorms, the usc o f the passive, thc different conditiona! tenses, or the use of prepositions Many units contrast r\vo or more ditĩerent structures, such

as the Present Períect and Past Simple íưnits 14 and 15) 'ĩhere are also a number o f revievv units.

The emphasis throughout thc book is on the

meaning and use o f the grammatical torms The cxplanalions o f grammar are dcscriptions

o f how English \vorks; thcy are a guide to help you understand, not rules to be memorized It is oítcn more eíĩective to look at examples of English rather than to read statemcnts about it, and ihe grammar explanations are supported by lols o f examplcs ot everyday conversational English.

There are also appendices at the back o f the book on word íbrmation, the spelỉing o f endings, punctuation, pronunciation* Amcrican English, and irregular verbs.

The tcsts cnable you to asscss how niuch you have learned, and theỵ also give you practice in answering thc kinds o f qucstions you mect in exams.

An exit test provides an opportunity for niore

practice, and prepares the student for Oxford

Practice Grarnmar - Advanced The ansvver key

to this exit test reíers back to the relevant unit

o f the book, so if you makc a mistake you can reađ thc cxplanation again.

There is an interactive Oxíord Practice

Grammar vvebsite at

ww\\'.oup.com/elt/practiccgrammar

HA(,i VUI • INTRODUCTION

Key tosym b o ls

The s ỵ rb o l / (oblique stroke) betvveen two words

means hat either word is possible I mayỊmight go

means hat I m a y go and / mìght go are both

possibk In exercise questions thls S ym bol is also

used to ỉe p a ra te words or phrases which are

possibU answers

Bracketi ( ) around a word or phrase in the middte

of a sertence mean that it can be left out There's

{som e) nilk in the tridge means that there are two

possiblí sentences: There^s s o m e milk in the

fhdge aid T h e r e s milk in the ĩridge.

The synbol - means that there is a change of

speake; In the example H ow are y o u ? - 1'm fine,

thanks, he question and answer are spoken by

differen people

The synbo! means that you can go to another

place ir the book for more iníormation i 7 means

that yoi can find out more in Unit 7

The synbol ► in an exercise indicates that a

sam ple ansvver is gỉven

For phoietic symbois see page 374

KEY TO SYM BOLS VM,\ \ \

1 Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc

1 Introduction

Our triends are s ittin g " ^

;n the corner iook

Look at the diffcrent kinds o f word in this scntence.

There are eight different kinds o f word in Hngỉish They aro cailed 'word cỉasses’ or ‘parts o f speeclì’ Mcre are somc exanipỉes from the convtTsations in the café The numhers after the examples tell you which Iiiũts in the book givc you more iiiío rn iiiiio n

Verb: have, am, is, vvould, like, come, are, silting, iook > 4-73

Nuun; coníerence, work, coffec, partv, Saturday, Ịcssica, íricnds, corner t> 76-8;

Adịectivc: im portant, busy, good, cheap ĩ> 104-109

Advcrb; tom orrow, rather, really, here í> 1 13-ỉ 17

Prcposition: at, lo, on, in i> 118- ỉ 25

Determincr: an, this, our, the [> 83-97

Pronoun: I, it, you t> 98-103

Linking word: so, and ỉ> Ị 3 0 -ỉ 33

3 Words in sentences

Some words can belong lo different classcs dcpcnding OII ho\v thcy arc LISCCỈ in a sentence.

\OL‘NS

Cíỉỉĩ ỉ look iit your photos?

Wc \vork on Saturdav nìornitỉ';^.

ỉ ỉike íhe ỉook o f tỉuìt coní

/7/ bc at work tomornnv.

PA(;K 2 • VVORDS AND SENTENCES

A What kind of word? (2)

Read thls paragraph and then say which w ord class each underỊined w ord belongs to To help you decide, you can look back at the exam ples in 2

Andrevv didn’t go to the café with the other students Rachel told him thẹỵ were going there, buí he wanted to íipish his work Andrevv isn’t very sodablẹ He stays tn his room and concentrates totạlly on his studies He’s ạn exce!Jent student, but he d o e s n ì have much fun

B What kind of word? (2)

Read this paragraph and then w rite the w ords In the spaces below VVrite the firs t three verbs under ‘V e rb \ and so on Do not w rite the same w ord more than once

Henrỵ thinks Claire is wonderful He loves her madly and he dreams of marrying her, but uníortunately

he is rather oỉd for her Today they are aí a café with their ữiends Sarah and Mark, so Henry can't getromantic with Cỉaire But he might buy her some flowers later

Is the undẹrlinẹd w ord a verb, a noun or an adịective?

► Shall we go for a walk?

► Shaỉl we wạlk into town?

1 Laura wanted to talk to Rita

2 Laura vvanted a talk with Rita

3 The win(jows aren’t very ciean

4 Doesn’t anyone dean the windows?

5 We went to a íabulous show in New York

6 Laura vvanted to shọw Rita her photos

7 Henry thọu_ght Claire looked beautitul

8 A strange thọụ^ht came into Emma’s head,

9 Sarah is feelinq quite tired now

10 Studvina alí niqht had tired Anđrevv out

rvourv

ver'b

VVORDS AND SENTENCES •

.Í-2 Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc.

MIK.: AND HARRItT ARt MOVING THFIR PlANO UPSTAIRS

TOM MELANiE AND DAVID ARE HH.PING THEM

1u

My arms

are aching

lt’s giving me backache

1 Scnlcnce structure

I hc parts Í>1 a sentcnce arc the subicct, vorh,

o hiect co n iỊ)lc m e n t and advcrbial A sTatement ho^ins \v ith thc subicct atìd llìo vt*rb T herc arc íive n ia in S tructiires \vhich we can use U) niakc nplc statcm cnt

f i \ r pvopU' arc rnovịĩi\i íỉie pidrio

r i i t ’ subịect and o b ic c ĩ can bc a p ro n o u n (e.t' I) o r a n oun phrasc 'C g t h e p ia n o )

'ỉ'his piiìtỉo / 5 ỊìCíivy.

ỉt \VÍI> a probỉcm.

'I he c o m p lc m c n t can bc an adịcctive (c.g heavy)

o r a riítu n phrase (c.g a big p ro b le m ) The

c o m p le m cn t oíten c o n ie s a íte r be ỉt can also

c o n ic aíìer a p p c a r hecome, gct, tecL lo o k, scein,

s ta y or sound For acỈỊcctives and word ordor see

[■nit 104.2

■\ s rH !F (

li Tlỉcir housi

A n adverbiai can bt' a p re p o s itio iia l phrasc

ic g í>n m y f o o t ) OI a ii advorb (e t; n c a r b y )

3 s t ỉ i l i C l \'KRH OBÍP.CT d lìỊE C I

ỉt ’.S’ '^ÌVIÌI^ tĩii' híỉckaciìc.

ỉ)ín'ul hoiií^hl Xỉclatĩíc (t present.

\Ve usc tvvd obiccts a ítcr verbs like give and scnd tscc 3/

Aciverhials

VVc can add advt'r[>ials tíi a!l ỉhe rive n ia in strucíurcs

A /r arnis íirc (icììins^ terrihìy I realìv fìCC(Ị (i rrsỉ.

O f c o u rs e ílỉỉS p iiiĩU ) ỉ< h c iiv \ P o r t iỉ n n t e ỉ y ih c ir hoi(<e i> nearỊ^v.

To everyorie*s surprise, />íU7í/ (ìctuaỊỊy Ỉỉouị^ht \ í i ’ỉíiỉĩìí' ii prcsrnt yesterday

!> 34, 36 \V ord o rd c r in questioiis [> i 13 Advcrbs and u \)rd ortỉcT

I> pago 377 Scem, lo o k ctẽ in A m o rica n H ii^lish

,\( l- 4 • VVORDS AND SENTCNCES

A Parts of the sentence (1)

Mike and Harriet are on hoiiday They have vvritten a postcard to David and Melanie Look at each underlined phrase and say what part of the sentence it is: subject, verb, object, com plem ent or adverbial

► We’re having a qreat tim e

1 The vveather is marveỉlous

2 We really enịoy camping

After moving the piano, the five triends had a rest and a cup o f tea

Look at this part of their conversation and then w ríte the letters a )-e ) in the correct place

That was a difficult job

1 agree

Tm on my deathbed

Someone should give us a medaỉ

Tve made some more tea

Put the words in the correct order and vvrite the statem ents

► is / Melanie / very nice AẠek#vie vcry ^ice

1 íootball / likes / Tom

2 an accỉdent / David / had

3 moved / the piano / we

4 a tall woman / Harrỉet / is

5 sat / on the tloor / everyone

6 gave / some help / Mike’s íriends / him

D Adverbials (2)

These sentences are from a news report Write dow n the tw o adverbiaỉs in each sentence

Each adverbiai is a prepositíonaỉ phrase or an adverb

Prince Charles opened a new sports

centre in stoke yesterday

He aiso spoke with severai young

people

The sports centre was first

planned in 1994

Naturaỉiy, the local councỉl could not

finance the project vvíthout help

Portunately, they managed to obtain

money from the National Lottery

^ to k ,ẹ yfcítÊrdAy

VVORDS AND SENTENCES • PA(;ỉi )

3 Direct and indirect objects

1 íntroduction

Henry gave Cỉaire som e fỉowers.

Here the vcrb give has two objects Claire is the

indircct ob)ect> the person recciving something

Some ílovvers is the direct obịect, the thing that

someone gives.

Henry gave some fĩow ers to Cỉaire

hỉere give has a direct object (some flowers) and a phrase vvith to To comes beíore Claire, the person recciving something.

Here are some more examples ()t the two structures.

VVe I^ive sonicthing to sonu’one, and \ve huv something it>!iìeonc.

\Ve can use to wi(h these verbs; bring, leed, givc, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay,

post, promise, read sell, send, show, take teach, tell, throvv, write

Vicky piìiiỉ thc ỉỉĩoney to the CíH^hicr {)H Vicky píìid ỊỈÌC ca^hicr ĩhr niotìíy.

Lct ỉĩĩe read ĩhỉì ncws item to yoiỉ OR Let nĩc read you this Íỉt.nv5 ỉtcm.

Wc shoxvrd the pỉỉotos to Daviíỉ C)R \Vc ỹhoxved David (he photos.

W e C.H1 LISC f o r w i t h th e s e v e rb s : b o o k , b r i n g , b u ild > b v iv c h o o s e , c o o k ,

fetch, íìnd, get, ieavc, make, ordcr, pick rcscrvc, save

Thí’}' [ound a spare rỉcket fo r me OR 'i'hev ịoỉind rtĩc íi spiìrc íicket

ỉ'vc savcd a seat fo r you C)R ỉ ’ví’ saved ỵou a scaĩ.

iMcỉanie /5m akin^ a cake fo r f)avĩd oỉ< Melãĩìie ts tnakniị^ David a cake.

Give + pronoun

Sonietinies therc is a pronoun and a noun atter a verb siich as givc.

'1 he pronoun Lỉsuallỵ corncs beíorc thc noưn.

Henry ÍS v c ry fond oi (^liìirc Hc \:avt’

her som e fìow ers.

We usc her bccaiisc (^ỉairc is mcntioncd earlier

Her comes beíore some Aovvcrs.

ỉìenry bou^ht some fìo\vers He ^Cìve them to ctaire.

\Ve usc them hecause the íloucrs are mentioned earlier Them comes beíore Claire.

6 • VVORDS AND SENTENCES

A Give (1)

Look at the Christmas presents and whte sentences about them

Put one of these vvords at the end of each sentence: necklace, scarf, sw eater, tennis racket, vyạtch.

► To Mike

From Harneí

1 To Melanie From David

2 To Trevor From Laura

To Maưhevv From Emma

To Cia»re

From H e n r/

/ ■

V

B Indirect object or to? (1)

Write the ĩntorm ation in one sentence Put the underlinẹd part at the end of the sentence

Sometimes you need to.

► Daniel lent something to Vlcky ỉt was hĩs calculạtpr

► Mark sent a message It was to his boss

1 Emma sold her bike Hecsịster bought it

2 Tom told the joke He toid all _hịs friends

3 Melanie gave some help She heỉped her neighbour

4 llona vvrote to her teacher She wrote a_ỉetter

Mar1<’s boss at 2edco is Mr Atkins He is telHng people to do things Put in to or for.

► Give these papers t o my secretary 3

► Could you make some coffee í o r us? 4

1 Book a íỉight me couid you? 5

2 Can you post this cheque the hotel? 6

Don’t show these pìans Leave a message Fetch the file VVrite a memo

Comptete each ansvver using the words in brackets Som etim es you need to use to or for.

► Matthevv: Why is everyone ỉaughing? (a íunny story / us)

Vicky: Danie! told  ítA rry í t o r y

► Trevor; There's some fish left over (it / the cat)

Laura; !'ỉl feed i t to tlie Cívt

1 Mark: What are you doing with those bottles? (them / the bottle bank)

Sarah: Tm taking

2 Trevor: How are things with you, Daniel? (a job / me)

Daniel: Fine Someone has offered

3 David: What about those papers you tound? (them / the poỉice)

Tom; Oh, 1 handed

4 Emma: lt’s pouring with rain, look (my umbrella / you)

Racheỉ: tí*s OK, l’l! lend

VVORDS AND SENTENCES •

Present ContinuoLis

1 Introductidn

The Present (Jontinu(Uis mcans thai

\ve are in ihe iniddlt’ of' an acti(»n.

Mark? 1'm at the station.'"

rm w aitlng for the train

Oh I can hear it

/ am looking OR ưm ỉooking

You/we/they are ỉooking OR You/we/theỵ’re ỉooking

He/she/it is iooking OR He/she/tfs ỉooking

NtGATiVP

/ ’m not looking

you/we/they aren't looking OK ỵou’re/were/ĩhey*re noi ỉooking

he/she/it isn*t hoking OR he*s/she*s/it's noí ỉooking

QUESl lON

am ỉ ỉooking?

are you/w€/ĩhey ỉooking?

is he/she/it ỉookingị‘

rm getting the ỉ i i t ì i ì t ready

\Vcre ỉooking for ti po<ỉ offìCt’

\vh(ìĩ are vou (ÌOítìỊ^^

The triiiiỉ ỉs coming, look.

RaLỈicl isn^t wearing hvr tiew (ỉrcss Who is Viikv dattcing \vithị'

F()ĩ' riiles aboiit the spclling oí the -ing form see page 3/0.

s ưse

\V t' IISC iht* P rc s e n t C io n tin iK H is to S<ÌV that vve arc' in t lic n iid d lo (ỉí an a c tio n

/v« \vaiting Ịor tỉìc iríiin íl'iìi at ihc station nov\'J

ưtn getting (he ỉiiHL-h reaíiy (1’m in thc kitchen ntnv.)

Ị'tn mìitiỉĩị^ nieans that 1 ani in the niiddle of a period oívvaiting The w;iit is not yct over.

We can also use the Prcsent ContinuoLis vvhen we are in the middle o f soniethinp but not actưaliv doing it 3t ihc momcni o f spcaking.

/ tiìỉiS t get hack to th e ofỳìce We*re w o r k in g Oĩi a ne\v p ro ịc c t

ỉ'tĩì quirc hỉiỹv ĩhcH' íỉays ưm doin^ lỉ coursc íỉ( coỉieịĩc.

\Ve can use th f Presení ( !ontimi()iis \vhcn thing>; are changing over a long periocỉ.

77u’ ỉĩurnbcr o f cars on íhe roiĩd is increasin^ The earth is sỉinvỉvgetting )V(ìnncr.

For the íutiirt- meaning o f ihe Present ('ontinưdus see r n it 2ò.l.

/v » p ỉ a y in g h a d ĩĩu n to tỉ W ỉlỉì \ ĩ a t t h c w to m o r r o w

[> 6 Preseni C ontinuous ơr Simple? ■> 7 State verbs and action verbs

8 • VERBS

A Form (2)

Look at the pictures and say w hat people are doing

Use these verbs: carry, paint, p/ay, r/đe, take

Use these objects: ạ bịcycle^ a parcel, a p h0t0j a p ictu re, b a sk e tb a ll

► H e V Ạ b icycle

2

B Form (2)

Rachel is in the Computer room at college C om plete her conversation w ith Andrevv

Put in a Present Continuous form o f the verb

Andrew: What (►) Are ypụ doỊỊs^? (y o u /d o )

Rachel: (► ) w n tifr^ (I / vvrite) a letter to a triend He’s a disc jockey Vicky and ỉ

(1) (try) to organize a disco

Andrevv: That sounds a iot of work How (2) (you / find) time tor your

studies?

Rachel: Well, as I said, Vicky (3) (help) me

(4) (we / get) on ali right (5)

(we / not / spend) too much time on it (6) (jt / not / take) meaway írom my studies, don’t worry about that Oh, sorry, (7)

(you / w ait) fo r th is C o m puter?

Andrew: Yes, but there’s no hurry

Rachel: (8) (ỉ / correct) the last bít o f the letter I’ve nearly tinished

c Use(3)

W hat can you say in these situatìons? Add a sentence w ith the Present Continuous

► A friend rings you up In the middle of N eighbours, your tavourite soap opera

Is it important? I'm 'N e i^ lìb o u rí'

1 A friend is at your flat and suggests going out, but you can see rain outside

I don’t want to go out now Look,

2 A frtend rings you up at work

Sorry, I can’t talk now

3 You want to get off the bus but the man next to you is sitting on your coat

Excuse me,

4 A friend vvants to talk to you buí you have just started to w rite an ímportant ietter

Can I talk to you later?

5 You have been in, but you’re better now than you were

Tm OK now

VERBS • 9

5 Present Simple

Yes, I líke this supermarket ^

I th in k it’s very nice

Yes, my husband th in ks so, too

We alvvays shop here We come here every week We live quite near, so it doesn’ỉ take iong to get here

2 Positive forms

ưse

\Vc Lise the Present Simplc for

► t h o u g h ls a n d íe e lin ^ s : / thinh sOy ỉ ỉike ít.

► sta te s, ih in g s s ta y in g th e s a m e , íactvS a n d

things thai are true for a long time:

\Vt’ ỉive quite near (sec Unit 7).

► repeated actions: We com e here cvery week.

and also

► in phrases iike I promise, I agree, etc:

/ p ro m ise r u pay you hack.

► in a negative question vvith vvhy to make a

suggestion: W hydon*t \ve go o uứ

For the íuture meaning o f the Present Simple see Units 26 and 27.

Tỉie new term starts next week.

l/you/we/they get

he/she/it gets

n the Present Simple we use íhc verb w ithout an ending.

/ get th e h m c h re a c iỵ a t One o'cỉock, u s u a ỉly We alway$ do o u r shữpping at Greemvay.

M ost children ỉike íce-cream Yoii know ĩlỉc answer.

But in the third pcrson singular (after he, she, it, your írìend, etc), the verb ends in -s or -es For spelling rules sce page 370.

M y hưsbatui thinks so, too.

Shefaxes m essa^es a ỉỉ o v e r th e w o r ỉd

It gets b u s y at w e e ke iid s

Sarah catches the earỉy traiu.

3 Negatives and questions

NEGATIVE

I/you/we/they do not get OR don’t get

h e /s h e /it does n o t ge l OR đoesn^t gel

QUESTION

do I/we/you/they get?

does he/shc/it get?

\Ve use a torm ot do in negatives and qucstions (hut sec Unit 37) \Vc use do and don*t except in the third pcrson singular, where we use does and doesn’t.

We don*t ỉive far away He doesn't want to go shopping.

D o yoii ỉive here? - Yes, ỉ do W hat does he w arttĩ ~ Monev.

V^e do nt)t add -s 1 0 the verb ín negatives and qucstions.

NO I He (Ỉ0C5N't getữ and NO'i’ ỉhìos ho gcĩíi?

> 6 Present C o n tin u o u s or Prcscnt Simple? o 7 State verbs and action verbs

1:) • VERBS

Use (1)

Look at each underlined verb and say w hat kind of meaning it expresses ỉs it a thought, a teeling,

a fa c t o r a repeated action?

► Matthevv lovẹs sport A

► Sarah often w o rl^ late at the office Ạ rep.ÊAtecỉ Ạ c tI0^

1 1 hate quiz programmes

2 We QỈay tabie tennis every Thursday

3 The Computer belongs to Emma

4 These plates cost £20 each

5 ! beliẹve it’s the right thing to do

6 Tm hungry I want something to eat

7 i usually go to work by bus

8 lt’s OK I understand your problem

B Forms (2-3)

C om plete the sentences by putting in the verbs Use the Present Simple You have to decide if the verb is positỉve or negative

Claire is very sociable She (know) lots of peopỉe

We’ve got pỊenty of chairs, thanks We àoẠ t (want) any more

My triend is tìnding life in Paris a bit difficult He (speak) Prench.Most students live quite close to the coỉlege, so theỵ (waik) there

My sports kit is really muddy This shirt

l've got four cats and tw o dogs !

No breaktast for Mark, thanks He

W hat’s the matter? You

Don’t trỵ to ring the bell It

1 hate telephone ansvvering machines I just

Matthew is good at badminton He

We always travel by bus We

(need) a good wash

Com plete the conversation Put in

Rita; (►) yow lịVLẹ (you / like)

Tom: (►) 1 tovÊ (I / love) it Tm a

their games Nick usually (2)

(3)

(4 )

Rita: 1’m atrald íootball (5)

running atter a ball Why (6)

Tom: lt ’s a vvonderíul game (7)

(you / not / come) to a match some time?

(not / make) sense to me — men (you / take) it so seriousỉy?(I / love) it United are my(it / cost) to buy the tickets and pay for the(I / not / know) exactly how much But

(that / not / matter) to me

(I / not / want) to do anything e!se

(that / annoy) you?

(it / not / annoy) me

, (find) it a bit sad

VERBS

ỏ Present Continuous or Present Simple?

I often speak live

to the camera, Guy I love

^ , that part of the job News

1^ reporting m eans everything

to ìrie you know

KITTY BEAMISH IS A TV REPORTER KITTY IS ON GUY’S CHAT SHOW

P k k s k n i C o s \ ì \ i o i ' s

\\'e use the Hrcscnt C ontiniious tor something

happcning now / anỉ spcakin<,^ to you ỉivc nieans

that K itty is in the middỊe o f a ii\e broadcast

Herc arc some mơrc exampics.

/ r ’.s r a i t t i n g a í t he tìĩotỉĩent.

Ị'm w atching thim progranìỉìỊe.

Ị-ook rhiìt m an is tưking a photo o f yoii.

Piii:Sí-.M SiMPLí,

\Vc use the Present Simple for rcpeatcd actions

ỉ oftcn spcak live to the carnera means that she docs

il again and again.

ỉt ưỉways rains at tỉie weekenti.

Ị watch tdevision most weekeníis.

He's (i photographer He takes ỉots o f photos.

Thoughts, íeelings and states

Wc norm ally use the Present Simple to talk aboLit thoughts and íeelings.

/ th in k it's (ì gooíi programme Kíĩty iikes her jo k

We also use it to talk ahout states fset' Unit 7) and permanent facts.

Reporting means (ỉ ỉot tớ her Paper burns easiỉy.

We aỉso use the Prescnt Simple in I promise, I agree, I refuse, etc.

/ prom ise ỉ'lỉ write lo y o u It's aỉỉ ri^ht Ị/orgive you.

3 'lemporary or permanent?

PKhSHNT Cx^N'l I M '( n 'S

VVc use the Present Continuous íor a routỉnc or

situation that wc sce as temporary (for a short

period).

í m w o rk in g at a sports shop for six wccks.

A l th ơ r ỉio tĩìe n t th e y 'r e lỉving in a v e ry Sỉtĩaiỉ fỉa ĩ.

PiíHSỉ^N ỉ SiMPi K VVe use the Prcsent Siĩiìpie íor a routine or situation that wc see as permancnt.

ỉ w o rk at a sports shop ỉt's a perm anent job They live in a vcry nice fĩat.

Alvvavs

Ỉ^KÍ-Sỉ-.M Cc)N‘i 1NL'()L'S

Wc can IISO always w ith the Prescnt Continuous to

mean 'very otten’, usually w ith thc addcd mcaniiìg

of too oítcn’

lo m Ì5 ahvays i m itin g Ịriends hcrc.

(= He invites thcm verv oỉten.)

/ ’m aỉways m aking siỉỉy nìỉsĩakes

í - 1 make siilỵ mistakes too otten.)

PkhSKNT SíMPi F

Alvvays w ith the Prescnt Simple means 'evcry time!

Tom aỉw ays in vites lỉS to stay a ĩ Chrỉstmas

(= He invitcs ưs every Chrislmas.)

/ always m ake siỉỉy rnistakes iri exams.

{= I make mistakes in cvery exam.)

\ 2 • VERBS

A Present Continuous or Present Simple? (1-2)

At Vi/ork M ark is talking to Alan in the corridor C om plete th e ir conversation

Put in the Present C ontinuous or Present Sim ple o f the verbs

Mark: (►) A re yow lpofctr^ (you / look) for someone?

Alan; Yes, (►) í (ị / need) to speak to Neii He isn’t in his office

Mark; (1) {he / talk) to the boss at the moment

(2 ) (l/th in k )

(3 ) (theỵ / discuss) money

Mark: Yes, Linda (5) (you / know) where she is?

Alan: Oh, she isn’t here today She onlỵ (6) (work) four days a week

(7) (she / not / work) on Pridays She’ll be here on Monday.Mark: Thank you (8) (you / know) a lot about Linda

Alan: Well, most days (9) (ỉ / give) her a lift, or

(10) (she / give) me one (11) ,

(she / live) quite close to me (12) (it / save) petrol.Mark: Yes, of course Good idea Yes, (13) (I / agree) VVell,

(14) , (! / waste) my time here then Til get back to my Computer

B Present Continuous or Present Simple? (1-3)

C om plete the sentences Put in the Present C ontinuous o r Present Simple of the verbs

► I V (I / write) to my parents I w r it£ (ị / write) to them every vveekend

1 .(it / snow) outsìde (it / come) downquite hard, look

2 Normally (I / start) work at eight o ’clock, but

(I / start) at seven this week We’re very busy at the moment

3 I haven’t got a car at the moment, so (I / go) to work on the busthis week Usualíy (ỉ / drive) to work

4 The sun (rise) in the east, remember It’s behind us so

(wẽ / travel) west

5 Tm afraid I have no time to hetp just now (1 / wnte) a report But

(I / promise) l’ l! give you some help later

6 (I / want) a new car (1 / save) up tobuy one

c Always (4)

C om plete the sentences Use a/vvays and the Present C ontinuous o r Present Simple

► Melanie: Tom talks too much, doesn’t he?

Rita: Yes, and KeV tA lk ir^ about íootball

► Laura: You torget your keys every time.

Trevor; 1 try to remember them, but 1

1 Claire: Sarah takes the train every day, doesn’t she?

Mark; Y e s , theừ ain

2 Vicky: Rachel misses ỉectures much too otten in my opinion

3 Mlke: Every time ỉ drive along here, ! go the wrong way

Harriet: But it’s very simple, isn’t it? Why the vvrong way?

4 David: Trevor and Laura argue much too often, 1 think

Melanie; 1 know

VERBS •

7 State verbs and action verbs

1 States and actions

STAThS

A State mcans s o m e t h in g staying th e sam e

The flat is cỉean.

The farm er ow ns the ìand.

The box contained oỉd hooks.

State verbs cannot usually be continuous

NOT The farrfier is ow rtiti^ the lcìỶid.

A C liO N S

An action means something happening.

Vm cỉeaning the flat.

The farm er is buying the ỉand.

He p u t the books in the box.

Action verbs can be simple or continuous

He p u t / He was p u ttin g everything away.

Some State verbs: be, believe, belong, consist of, contain, depend on, deservc, exist, hate, know, like, love, matter mean, own, need, preíer, remember, resemble, seem, understand

2 I t h i n k / r m thinking etc.

Sometimcs we can usc a verb either for a State or for an action.

STATES (s im p le tenses)

/ think youre right. ( “ beiieve)

We have three cars ( - own)

/ come from Sweden ( - live in}

ỉ see your problem {= understand)

Do you see that house? í= have in sight)

Thh picture iooks ìuce.

She appears very nervous ( - secms)

The bag weighed fìve kílos.

The coaí fit$ (= is the right size)

Aí riONS (sim p le o r c o n tin u o u s )

í m thinkirtg about the problem.

VVeVe having ỉunch. (= ealing)/ ’m Corning from Swedetĩ {= tra ve llin g ) / usualỉv conte on the pỉarie.

Mark is seeing his boss. (= m ecting)

/ see Daniel quite often

ỉ ’m ỉooking at this picture.

She appeared/was appearing in a fỉỉm They weighed/were weighing my bag

Vm fìttỉn g a ỉock to the window.

These examples vvith tho verb be are abour hovv people behave.

PERMANHNT QUALITY

Cỉaire is a very sociabỉe person

That man 15 an idiot.

TEMPORARY BEHAVIOUR

Andrew is being very sociabỉe today

You are being an idioĩ this morning

( - You are behaving iike an idiot.)

VVe use am/are/is being only to talk about bchaviour, not about other things

r m better now, thanks Are you readv? Is anvonc intercsted?

3 I like/rm ỉiking etc.

VVe can usc some State verhs in the contiruKnis to talk about a short period o f time.

PP RM ANKNĨ STATR ( s im p le to n s e s ) SHORÌ PHRIOD í c o n t in u o u s )

I ỉove/enỷoy parties ỉ 'm ỉoving/enỷoying this party.

ỉ'm ỉikỉn g schooỉ much better now.

Ị ỉike schữoỉ.

Hoỉuỉưys cost a ỉot o f monev This trip is costing me a ỉot o f money.

Sometimes we can use either the simple or thc continuoiis with no difference in mcaning

You ỉook weỉl OR You're ỉooking welỉ We feeỉ a btĩ S(UỈ OR We'reỷeeỉing a bit sad.

\WG\L 14 • VERBS

States and actions (1)

Tom is on th e Internet H e’s te ilin g p e o p le a b o u t him selt

Say w h ich verbs express states and w h ic h express actions

► I surf the Net m ost evenings ActioA

1 My flat is in the tow n centre

2 I driye a taxi in the daytime

HI, Matthevv W hat (►) vou iookinq at?

Oh, hi These are photos o f me when I was a child

Oh, look at this one (1) 1 thínk /rm thinking you look lovely, Matthevv

(2) I h ạ vẹ /rm hạving some more photos here

Look at this Why such a big coat?

It was my brother’s That’s w hy (3) it d id n ì fit/it wasn*t fjttjng properly

Oh, (4) I s e e /rm sẹẹing And (5) vou have/vouYe having your tea here And in th is one (6) you th ink/youVe thinking about som ething very serious

This is a photo o f the village (7) I com e/!’m Corning from

Oh, th a t’s nice

And I caught this fish, look (8) It w eig h e d /lt was weiahing about half a kilo

W hat a nice little boy! And w hat a sentim ental old thing you are now!

The verb be (2)

Pưt ỉn the c o rre c t to rm o f òe

very helpíul at the moment

Daniel is doing som e of the work He V beịiN^

Im tired I w ant to go home

The children very polite today They d o n 't usually behave so well

1’m aíraid Melanie ca n ’t com e because she ill

O f course you can understand it You stupid, th a t’s a!l

W e interested in doing a course here

Vicky vet7 lazy at the m oment She’s done no w ork at aỉl today

D I lik e /rm liking etc (3)

W ríte a sentence w h ich fo llo w s on C hoose fro m th e se sentences

/ think iVs going to b e p e rỉe c t for m e.

/V e n ev er w a n ted to ch a n g e it

IVs too ex p e n siv e to buy.

► I enjoy the game I * t aye.ry week.e^d

1 l’m enjoying the gam e

2 The car costs a lot o f m oney

3 The car is costing a lot of money

Test A: Tenses - present

Read th e conversation betvveen tw o stu d e n ts Then lo o k a t the ansvvers below

and w rite the c o rre c t answ er in each space

Lisa: W ho (►) Michelle talking to?

Amy: I ca n ’t see Michelỉe

Lisa: You (1)

Amy; Oh th a t’s Adrian H e’s new here

Lisa; Realỉy? VVhere (2)

6 a) aren’t b) doesn't c) don’t d) isn’t

7 a) aren’t b) doesn’t c) d o n ’t d) isn ’t

looking in the right place She’s over there

he live? (3)know anything else about him

they taiking about, I vvonder?

iook very interested He’s g ot a very bored

saying anything

B

Read Tessa’s p o stca rd to A ngela and w rite th e m issing w o rd s Use one w o rd only in each space.We’re (►) a great tim e here It’s beautiful, and the sun (1) .shining Yesterday I went vvater-skiing! What (2)

rm (3)

room is fine, but we (4)

( 5 )

restaurant every evening

you think of that?

at a table in our hotel room and vvriting a few postcards The

like the tood very much But it

m atter because we (6) out to a

We’re both (7) very lazy at the m om ent 1

(8) up quite late in the m orning, and Nigel (9)

up even tater You know of course how m uch Nigel’s w ork (10) tohim and how he’s (11) talking about it Well, the holiday is so good thathe’s forgotten all about work So it’s the períect holiday The only problem is that it’s

(12) us a lot of money But w e ’ll w orry about that later

Each o f th e se sen te n ce s has a m ista ke in it W rite th e c o rre c t sentence

T ỉì e c h i l d r e r A r e d o iív ^ k o M e w o rk ^ í\o w

1 The girts are p lay tỡnnis at the m om ent

2 Both ffiy-brothers

16 • VERBS

4 What colour you like best?

5 My suitca se ís weịghing ten kilos

6 moment 1 stay at a hotel

7 Robert catch the same bus every moTRmg,

8 What is th is word here meaA?

Compíete the conversations Put in the correct form o f each verb

Use the Present C ontinuous or the Present Simple

► A: Is Janet in, please?

B: Yes, but I , (I / think) she’s busy at the moment (she / wash)her hair

1 A : , (1 / thìnk) of buying a new Computer

B: But c o m p u te rs , (cost) so much money W hat’s wrong with theone w e’ve got?

A; (it / get) out of date now

2 A: Your new trousers (!ook) nice

B: Thank you The trouble is .(they / not / fit) properly

(I / not / know) why I bought them, really

3 A: What , (you / do)?

to know how many stamps to put on it

4 A ; (I / think) this road is really dangerous Look how fast that lorry

(go)

B: (I / agree) People shouldn’t go so fast

5 A; (I / like) musicals And this is a great show, isn't it?

(you / enjoy) it?

B: Yes, I am (I / love) every minute of it

6 A: (I / alvvays / faíl) asteep I just can't keep avvake.B: What time (you / go) to bed?

A: About ten o ’clock usually But (it / not / make) any difference

7 A: Could you post the goods to me, please?

B: Yes, certainly

A; (I / live) at a guest house at the moment as

(I / look) for a flat So could you send it to my work address?B: Yes, of course And you’ll have the goods by the end of the week,

(I / promise)

Why (you / want) to change the who!e plan?

Tm just not happy with it

A n d (1 / not / understand) why

{you / be) so difficult about it

VERBS • 1

8 The Past Simple

The car came straight out of the side road and the van w ent into the back of it The van driver diđn’t

have a chance It was the car

driver’s fault

2 Positive forms

A regular past form ends in -ed.

ỉĩ happened very quickỉy The van crashed into the car.

Ịp o s te d the letter yesĩerday We once o w n ed a caravan.

For spelling rules, see page 370.

Some verbs have an irregular past form.

The car came out o f a side road Vickv rang earỉier ỉ the game

ỉ hađ breakfast at six The train ỉeỷt on time VVe took some photos.

For a Ịist o f irregular verbs, sec page 383.

The Past Simpỉe is the samc in aỉl persons except in thc past tense o f be

POSÍTIVK

I/he/she/it was I was ỈU last week.

you/we/they were Those cakes were rĩice.

3 Negatives and questions

NỈ-GATIVE

Ị/you/he/she/it/w e/ĩhey d id not síop

Í)R diđn*t stop

QUr.STION

did Ị/you/he/she/it/w e/they stopĩ

The car did not stop The ảriver didn^t ỉook to his nght.

W h a t d i đ y o u teỉỉ t h e p o ỉiceỉ' - N ơ ĩh iti^ D i d y o u r in g h o m e ^ - Yes, ỉ did.

VVe do not use a past ío riT i such as sto p p e d or ra n g in negatives and questions.

\Ve also use was and w e re in negatives and questions

NEGATIVE

ỉ/he/she/it was notOR wasn*t

you/we/they were notOR weren*t

QURSTION

was I/he/she/it?

were you/we/they?

Ị wasn't vcrv weỉỉ ỉast week The gates weren*t open

XVÌỉere w as your Ịriend ỉast nightị' Was your steak nice?

4 Use

We use the Past Simple fo r something in the past which is finished.

Etnma passed her exanĩ ỉast year We w ent to the theatre on Priday Eỉvis Presỉey died in 1977

ỉ knew w hat the problem was W hen did you buỵ ĩhis car? - A bout three years ago.

o 10 Past C o n tin u o u s o r Past Simple? > 14-15 Present Períect o r Past Simple?

18 • VERBS

A Positive forms (2)

W hat did Claire do on holiday last m onth? Look at her p h o to s and use these vvords:

g o o u t dancing, h a ve a picnic, He qn th e b e a c h , p ia y volieybail, sw im in th e se a

died .(die) in a fire in Ellis Street, O ldport yesterday morning They

(be) Herbert and Molly Paynter, a couple in their seventies The fire (start) at 3.20 a.m A neighbour, M r A2 iz,

(see) the tlames and (4) (catl) the fire

(try) to get into the house and rescue his

(be) too great The tire brigade (arrive) in five minutes Tvventy fire-fighters

(fight) the fire and tinally (9) (bring) itunder control Two fíre-fighters (10)

(11)

(enter) the burning building but

(find) the couple dead.

Negatives and questions (3)

Com plete the conversation Put in the Past S im ple negatives and questions

Claire: (►) b i á yotA (vkve (you / have) a nice vveekend in Paris?

Mark: Yes, thanks It was good We looked around and then we saw a show

( 1 ) (we / not / try) to do to o much

Claire; What sights (2) (you / see)?

Mark: We had a look round the Louvre (3) (I / not / know)

there was so much in there

Claire: And what show (4 ) (you / go) to?

Mark: Oh, a musicaỉ I torget the name (5) (i / not / like) it

Claire: Oh, dear And (6) (Sarah / enjoy) it?

Mark: No, not really But we enjoyed the weekend Sarah did some shopping, too, but

(7) (í / n o t / w a n t) to g o s h o p p in g

VERBS • PAGE 19

9 Past Continuous

1 Introduction

The Past Continuous means that at a tim e in ihe

pa-^t we vvcre in the middle o f an action.

ỉ hađ a wonderful

dream last night I was síttíng

in a park The sun was shìning, and ỉhe birds were singing.

Children were playing and

laughing It was very peaceíul

t dldn’t want to vvake up

Form

The Past Continuous is the past tense o f be 4- an -ing form

posrnvE

ỉ/h e/sh e/it was pỉaying

ỵo u /w e/th ey were pỉaỵing

NEGATÌVI';

ỉ/he/she/it wasn*t pỉaying

yỡ u /w e/th eỵ weren*t plaỵing

QUt.STiON

was ỉ/he/she/ừ pỉaying?

were you/w e/they playing?

Soft ỉĩir<ic was plữ ying Pcopỉe w ere w a ỉk in g in thc park

ỉ w a sn 't dream ing I reaỉly was in N ew York City.

W hy ciid yoi4 give our secret awaỵ? W hat w ere VOĨÌ th in k in g ự/?

Was M atĩhexv aỉretìdy w a itin g for you when you ịiot ĩhere?

ưse

Read this conversation.

Melanit’: / rang at about three yesterday a fĩc n i00ìì, but you w crcnt in ỉ d ĩd n t kỉĩOw xvhere you were.

David: Oh, ỉ was h eỉp in g Mikc We w ere rep a irin g hĩs Ciìr ỉt took agcs We were w o rkin g on it aỉỉ

ufternoon.

Melanie: /f w as raining ỉ hope you w eren't d o in g it outside.

David: No, we vvere in ihegarage So Ị cỉidĩỉ’t get wet But Vm afraid Ị got oil aìỉ over m v riew trousers.

N 'lc la n ie : w h y w e r e y o u w e a r i n g y o í í r tie w tro u s e rs to r e p iì í r a car?

David; / don't know ỉ ỷorgot I had them on.

ỉt was raịtùng at thrce o\'ỉock mcans that at three ()’clock we vverc in the middle o f a period o f rain The rain

b e g a n b e ío r e t h r e e a n d s to p p e d s o m e t i m e a f t c r th re e \Ve w e re w o r k in g a ỉl a Ịte r n o o n m c a n s th a t t h c a c tio n

went on for thc wholc period David is slrcssing the length o f time that thc work vvcnt on.

\Ve usc the continuous w ith actions VVe do not normalìy Lise it w ilh State verbs (see Unit 7) For states we use the Past Sirnpic.

ỉ didn't know where yoỉỉ were NO I / wasfì't k*ĩm^'ing

c> 10 Past C o n tin u o u s o r Past Simple?

VERBS

A Form (2)

Today is the first of danuary, the start of a new year M ost peopie are teeling a b it tired

What were they doing at m idnight iast night?

Use these verbs: dance, dríve, IJsteny watch, vvr/íe

Use these phrases a fte r the verb: anessaỵ his taxi, in the Street, television, to a band

► Claire t o A bAfvd

1 Trevor and Laura

2 Vickỵ and Rachel

Jessica; Sorry ril buy you another one as soon as I have some money

(you / not / ỉook)

c Use(3)

What can you say in these situations? Add a sentence w lth the Past C ontinuous

to say that an action lasted a long time

► You had to work yesterday The work went on all day

1 WÍVÍ work.i/iuj AỈl dứ.y

1 You had to make phone calis The calls went on all evening

2 You had to wait in the rain The wait lasted for half an hour

3 You had to make sandwiches This went on all afternoon

4 You had to sit in a traffic jam You were there for tw o hours

5 Your neighbour played ioud music This went on all night

VERBS • 2

10 Past Continuous or Past Simple?

1 Introduction

A reporter is intervievving Mike and Harricr.

Reporter: M ike and Harrieĩ, teỉỉ me w haĩ you saw.

Weỉỉ, when we were driving honie last nighĩ, we saw a strange obỷect ĩn the sky.

As we were Corning down the hiỉỉ into town, it ịust suddenỉy appeared in ỷront o f us,

\Ve sto p p ed the car and got OUL

ĩt was a very clear night The stars were twinkỉing.

ít was a spaceship ỉt seem ed quỉte hig ỉĩ had some strange w rừing OTĨ the side A nd a ỉighí

w a s ỷỉashing on the íop.

As we were watching ứ, it suảảcnỉy fỉe w away and dỉsappeared.

We use the Past Continuous for an action that \ve

vvere in the middle oỉ.

We were driving home.

(We \vere in the middỉe o f o iir ịourney.)

\Ve drove home.

( We íìnished our journey.)

The spaceshĩp fỉe w away\

VVe also use the Past Simpìe (not norm ally the Continuous) for states See ư n it 7.

The spaceshíp seemed quite big

ỉt had writing otĩ the side

ỉ didn*t know w hat it \vas.

It happene d as I was driving

We oíten use the Past Continuous and Past Simpỉe together when one (shorter) action

comes in the m iddle o f another (longer) one.

Ás we were drivirìg down the hilỉ, a strange obịect appeared in the skỵ.

XVhiỉe ỈMura was sitting in thc garden, it suãdenìy began to raiĩì,

You drove right past me when ! was w aitìng for the hus.

'rhe appearance o f the strange ()bject comcs in the middle o f the longer action, the drive dovvn the hill,

Longer action: w € w e r e d r i v i n g d o w n t h e h i ỉ L

In the three sentences above, the Past Continuous comes after as, vvhile or vvhen

{Aswe were driving ) We can also use when before the Past Simple,

We were driving down the hiỉỉ when a Sĩrange object appeared in the sky.

D avid wa$ tn a kin g ỉunch w hen the phone rang.

But we use two Past Simple verbs for one action after another.

\\'h en w e sa w the spaceship, we sto p p ed the car { - We saw it and then vve stopped.)

3 The sun was shining

PaST CONTINUOƯS

We oftcn use the Past Continuous to describe thc

background.

The sun was shining.

The stars were tw inkiing.

Past Sim im.h

VVe use the Past Simple for actions in a story.

Wc arrived at the bcach.

The aliens landed quietỉy.

22 • VERBS

A Past Continuous or Past Simple? (1-2)

Davíd is alvvays having accidents His girltriend Melanie is talking about some o f the accidents VVrite her sentences from these notes Each sentence has one verb in the Past C ontinuous and one in the Past Simple

► when / he / carry / a suitcase / he / drop / it / on his foot

WlìC^ inỆ, V4ÍKỈ C A ^^yt^^ ík ỹ u itC í\íe » lìÊ drof>p^d l i o ^ lii? f o o t

► he / break / his leg / when / he / ski

H e b r o ic e ( ì i í Ke W A Í

1 he / sit down / on a chair / vvhile / 1 / paint / It

2 as / he / run / for a bus / he / colỉide / with a lamppost

3 his hair / catch / tire / when / he / cook / chips

4 when / he / hold / a beautitul vase / he / suddenly / drop / it

5 he / sit / in the garden / when / a wasp / sting / him / on the nose

B Past Continuous or Past Simple? (1-2)

Put in the correct form o f the verb

(go) out in your flats ỉast nlght

(I / watch) a documentary on TV when suddenly (we / ỉose) all the power But

(it / come) on again after about ten minutes

(come) down the stairs when the lights (go) out She almost (5)

(play) table tennis at the time

(I / work) on the Computer (8)

(I / lose) a whole hour’s work But this morning (9)(I / get) up early and (10) (do) it again

Past Continuous or Pasy Simple?

(1-Find the second part of each sentence Put each

Vìcky (have) a beautitul dream

When Andrevv (see) the question,

The train (wait)

I (read) a lĩbrary book

Sarah (have) an electric shock

When the doors (open),

When the campers (wake),

V ic í ty 4 b e í\w tị- fw l d re íV M w K e ^

Ạr.drfi^w ÍÍ3CW tKe c^\AỆ.ỷ-tiofSị Ke k.^ew

3)

verb into the correct form

when she (touch) the wire

when I (find) a £10 note in it

when_ữie alar^m cỉock (ríng)

the crowd (rush) in

he (know) the ansvver immediately

they (see) that the sun (shine)

when we (arrive) at the station

tlie clocV;

tlìe ứ.^?we^ iMMediAtely,

VERBS •P A (',:2

Put ịn the Past Sim ple o f the verbs in brackets

► The car 5tppfied (stop) at the ỉights

1 We (teave) the cinema beíore the end of the fìlm

2 The streets (be) crovvded with people

3 My grandm other (die) iast year

4 Everyone (have) a marvellous tíme

5 We (not / like) the food they gave us

6 Claire (go) to Egypt last month

7 The accident (happen) last weekend

8 It (not / be) a very com fortable journey

Test B: Past Simple and Past Continuous

B

VVrite a second sentence so that it has a sim ilar meaning to the tirst Use the w ord in brackets

► There were lights on the spacecraft (had)

íìứ.d \tíjk±$ t t

1 I had my old coat on (wearing)

2 I was on holiday, and you were on hoỉiday, too (we)

3 It isn’t true that I made a mistake (didn’t)

4 The boys were in the middle of a game of cards (playing)

5 No one told me about the change of plan (know)

6 My íriend was the vvinner of the com petition íwon)

7 Is It a fact that the Romans built this waiỉ? (did)

Lorna B right is a long-distan ce walker Look at this part o f her diary describ in g a m o rn in g ’s walk along the coast VVrite the m issing vvords Use one word only in each space

It was a fine day (►) wỉìer I started out on the last part of my walk around the coast of Briíain The sun was (1) , and a light wind (2)

blowing from the south-west I was pleased that it (3) raining I knew

by now that I (4) íike rain In fact I (5) it

I (6) aiong the cliff top and then down into the loveỉy little íishing

vilỉage of VVellburn, past a café where people (7) having morning

coffee Three miles past Wellburn I (8) down for five minutes and

so 1 (11) off one of my svveaters ỉ (12)

stop for tong because I (13) to reach Seabury by lunch-time

(14) 1 íinally got there It (15) just afterhait past tvveive

Ì\\C,Y:- 24 • VERĐS

Each o f these sentences has a m istake in it W rite the correct sentence.

► The hotôl-wepe-vefy-Qulet

Tlìe Kote! WAÍ vỂTy

sing

rang

You cam e no t to the Club last night

4 ịt4ak©d ages to get home

5 We tried to keep quịet because the baby sleep ìng

6 As I was vvatching him, th e man was suddenly runn ỉng away

7 We pass a petfQị-station tw o minutes ago

8 Everytíìing was seeming OK

9 Where booght you that -ò ag?

10 When I heard the alarm, l w a s ieaving the room immediately

C om plete the sentences Put in the co rre ct form o f each verb Use the Past C ontinuo us o r Past Simple

► When Martin A r n v e d (arrive) home, Anna (tatk) to someone on the phone.Martin í t A r t ^ d (start) to get the tea

1 I (lie) in the bath when the phone

(ring) It , , (stop) after a few rings

2 It (be) cold when we .(leave) thehouse that day and a light snow (falỉ)

3 Your írlend who

8 Something very strange

work yesterday atternoon

Suddenly I

three years ago

(come) here the other day (seem) very nice I (enjoy) meeting

(stand)(see) the man, he

(have) a black basebail cap on

(open) the cupboard door, a pile of books (fatl) out

(walk) along the Street when i suddenly (feel) something hit me in the back !(go) to London yesterday, but on the way we (hear) about a bomb scare in Oxford Street So we (drive) back home straightaway

(happen) to me on my way home trom (drive) along the bypass at the time (see) my mother in the Seat beside me But she died

VERBS • 25

11 Present Perfect (1)

1 Introduction

The aircraft has landed They’ve opened the doors.

The Present Pertect tells Liíì about the past and thc present.

The aircraft has ỉandeíi means that the aircraít is on the grounđ ncnv.

2 Form

The Present Pertect is the prcscnt tcnse ot have + a past participle

posnivE

I/yo u /w e/th ey have ivashed OR ỉ/you/we/they*ve washed

he/she/it has washed OR he/she/it*s washed

NEC ATI VE

l/y o u /w e /th e ỵ haveu't washed

h e/she/iĩ hasn*t washed

QUKSTION

have I/ỵou/w e/they washed?

has he/she/it wa$hed?

Regular past participles end in -cd , e.g vvashed, landed, finished.

W e \e w a sh ed the dishes H ave you op en ed your ỉettcr?

The aircraỷt has ỉanded safely How rnany poiỉìts has Mattìỉew scored?

The stiidents h a v e n 't/in is h e d their exanỉs.

3 Irregular forms

Some paríiciples are irreguỉar.

ĩ \ 'e m a d e a shoppĩng ỉist We've soỉd our car /Ve th o u g h t about ií a lot.

H a v e y o ĩỉ w r i t t e n th e ỉe tĩe r? S h c h a s ĩĩ't d r u n k h e r coffce.

For a list o f irregular vcrbs see page 383.

There is a Prescnt Períect o f bc and o f have.

The \\'cather has been awfiỉỉ ỉ \ ’e h a d a ỉovelv time, thank you.

t> 12—13 More on the Prcscnl Pcrícct c> ỉ 4-15 Prcsent Pertect or Past Simpìe?

t> pagc 377 American Pnglish

26 VERBS

A Form (2)

Add a sentence Use the Present Pertect

► Tm tired (I / walk / miies) Tve wớ.lỊ;ed Mileế.

1 Emma’s Computer is vvorking now (she / repair / ít)

2 lt’s cooỉer in here now (I / open / the wìndow)

3 The visitors are here at last, (they / arrive)

4 Mark’s car ìsn't bỉocking us in now (he / move / it)

5 We haven’t got any new videos (we / watch / all these)

B irregular forms (3)

Look at the pictures and say w hat the people have done

Use these verbs: break, build, catch, see, win

Use these objects: a film, a ĩish, a h o u se, his /eg, the gold m ed a l

wo^ tỉ^£ ^old MedAl

c Revievv (1-4)

Trevor and Laura are decorating th e ir house Put in the verbs Use the Present Períect

Laura: How is the painting going? (►) Havê yow (you / íìnish)

Trevor: No, I haven’t Painting the ceiling is really difficult, you know

(1) , (1 / not / do) very much And it looks just thesame as before This new paint (2) (not / make) anydifference

Laura: (3) , (you / not / put) enough on

Trevor: (4 ) (I / hurt) my back It teels bad

Laura: Oh, you and your back You mean (5) (you / have)

enough of decorating We!l, ril do it VVhere (6)

(you / put) the brush?

Trevor: I d o n ’t know (7) (it / dlsappear)

(8) (I / look) for it, but I can’t find it

Laura: YouVe hopeỉess, aren’t ỵou? How much (9) (you / do) in here?

Nothing!(10) (I / paint) two doors

Trevor; (11) (1 / clean) alt this o!d paint around the window It

iooks much better now, doesn’t it?

Laura; (12) (we / make) some progress, I suppose Now,

vvhere (13) , (that brush / go)?

Oh, (14) (you / leave) it on the ladder look

12 Present Períect (2):

just, alreadỵ, ỵet; for and since

ÍYMUI,

l*ve just heard about

the concert Hav« you

bought a ticket y#t? ^ We*re too late

atrvady sold

the tickets

• T T T i r

VICKY SEES RACHbL OUTSIDE ĩ HE CONCERT HALL

1 Just, already and yet

\Vc can Lise the Prcscnt !^erfect w ith just, already

fust means‘a short tim e ago’ \'ic k y heard about the concert not long ago Alreadỵ means 'sooner than expected' Thcy sold the tickcls very quickly VVe ust' vet \vhcn vvt' art' cxpecting somcthing to happen Vickỵ expects that Rachel

w ill huy a tickct.

lust a n d already c o m e b e í o r c ih e p a s t p a r t ic ip le

íhcard, sold) Yet comes at thc cnd o f a qucstion

o r a negativc scntcrice

Hcre are some inorc cxamples.

VVVVe ju st com e back [roỉn our ỉĩoỉỉiiay rve ju s t ha d an ìảca.

Ịt ĩsn i lì verv good pưrty M ost peopỉe have

aìready gone horne.

iMy hrother has already crasheả his ncw car

/ / ’s eỉeven o\-Ịock aĩui you haven^tỷinished

breakfaỹí yet.

H as vour coỉirse s ta r te d yet?

But tor Amcrican l-’nglish scc page 377.

For and since

v \'e c a n IISC t h c P r c s c n t [\ ^ r te c t v v ith f o r a n d s in c c

\'ickv h a s Oíìly h íìd íỉìíỉỉ atnìera fo r ĩhrec dnys 'íhosc peopỉe h a ve been at the hoíeỉ since Fri(ỉay.

/V í' fe ỉt rcíilỉy tircíi fo r a WỈI 0 ỈC nrck tỉinv.

\Vc*ve liveã in ()xfonỉ since /992 N'fn We íh*e keri' tiifKe -ỉ9^2:

Ht're soniething hei^an in the piìst and lias lasted up to thc prescĩit time.

\ \ v usc for to sav h()\v long this pcriođ is { f o r íhrcc (líì\'S) VVe use since tí) sav vvhcn thc periocl

hcgan isirtce ĩ-ridav).

\ \ c Iise how long iĩi qiiestions.

H o w ỉ o n g h a s V i c k y h a d t h a t C ú ỉ ỉ i e r í ì ĩ ' - S i n c e ' ỉ l i u r s d í i v , ỉ t h i n k

ỈỈOH' ỉortg have Trcvor IIỈUỈ Líìum heen ttuìrrieíl^ ~~ C)h, íor ahoiit thrrc ycurs.

W c also ust‘ thc IVcscnt Pcrtect vvith t'or and sincc whcn something has stoppcd happenini’

/ havetì^t seetì Rachcì fo r tiị^es Shí’ h a sn t visiteii ỉ/.s' since Ịuỉy.

c> 11,13 Morc on thc’ Present Pcríect [> 14-15 Proscnt Pertcct or W\st Simplc?

o 17 i^rcscnt Períect Contiiiuous or Simple? ■> ỉ 14 Yet, súU and aircady (> 121 Hor since, ago and beíore

PM\l 28 • VERBS

Just (1)

Write replies using the Present Perlect and just.

ưse these past participles: ch e cke d , eaten, mađe, rem e m b ere d , rung, tidied

► We must find out the address ' lt’s all right, jiAết reMeMbẹred it,

1 The children’s room looks neat ~ Yes, theyVe

2 Is Daniel making some coffee? - lt’s ready

3 What happened to that chocolate? ' Sorry,

4 Has Rachel got all the ansvvers right? ' Yes,

5 Have you told your sister? Yes, l’ve

B Just, already and yet (1)

Complete the dialogue Use the Present Períect with ýưsí, alreadyand yet.

Vicky: (►) VotA Kđ.ver't doAe yowr p.rojfict yet (you / not do / your project / yet), I suppose

Rachel: No, I haven’t (1)

(1 / not / start / it / yet)

Vlcky: (2) (I / just / see / Andrew), and he says

(3) (he / already / do) about half of it

Rachel: Well, he works íoo hard

(ỉ / not / finish / my plan / yet)

Rachel: (5) (you / already / begin) to worry about it,

haven’t you? Take it easy There’s plenty of time

Vỉcky; (6) (we / already / spend) too long thinking about

c For and since (2)

Andrevv is a v e ry h a rd -w o rk in g s tu d e n t It's m id n ig h t a n d he is s till w o rk in g a t h is C o m p u te r

Wrỉte sentences w ith the Present Períect and for or since.

► be / at his Computer / sỉx hours

1 not / have / any fun Ị a long time

2 have / a cold / a week

3 not / see / his íriends / ages

4 not / do / any sport / last year

5 be / busy with his studies / months

MêV beÊ^ A t hi5 C0Mf>wter ĩdt ếtK tìoỉArí,

D For and since (2)

Complete the sentences

You ought to wash the car You haven't wíJ^Kẹci t t -Tpr ages

rd better have a shower i haven’t V d o^Ê Jối»vce Thursday

I think ril ring my girtíriend I haven’t

We’re going to see some old triends We haven’t

Let’s watch a video, shall we? We haven’t

We could have a barbecue We haven’t

Shall we piay tennis? We haven’t

the weekend

five years, quite a vvhile

last summer

our holiday

VFRBS • PACiE 29

13 Present Períect (3): ever, this week, etc.

1 Gone to or been to?

Cỉaire hasgone to Austraỉia.

Gone there means that she is still there.

Cỉaire has been to Austraỉia.

Been there means that the visit is over.

Ever and never

Mark: \vhere have you been thĩs tinie, Clairc?

C'lairc: 1've jusr come backfrom rhe States Plonda.

Mark; You get around, don’ĩ yo\ữ /Ve never been to Flori(ỉiì \Vas it gooíỉỉ'

("laire; It was OK N oĩ as gooíi ÍỈ5 Austraỉia ì ịịo to Hrazil nexĩ Ĩĩme H ave ever been ĩhere?

M a rk : No, Ị havcnt.

We can use ever and never with the Present PertcLl We ỉ.J.se ever in questiotis In Have yoí4 ever heen to

Braziỉ? the \vord ever means ‘ iii your whole liíe up lo the present time’ Never means ‘not cver'

Hcre are somc more examples.

H ave you ever p ỉa ỵed cricket? " So, never Has Aĩĩcỉrew evrr h a d any Ịiỉĩứ ~ I don'í thữĩk so

ưve never rìdden a motorỉnke ĩri my ìĩịe You*ve never given me tìowers he/ore.

'Ị'his ĨS the most expetĩsive hotei w c \e ever staỵeđ in.

Pirst time, second time, etc.

Aíter ItV T h is is the íìrst/second time, we use the Present Períect.

This is th efirst tim e we*ve heen to Scotỉand so it's aỉl new to lis.

Thỉs is the second tim e Racheì has /orgotten to ẹivẾ’ me tì message,

ỉ love ĩhis fiỉnì ỉ thỉìĩk Iĩ's th e fo u rth tim e Vve seen iĩ.

Today, this week, etc.

We use the Present Períect with today and phrascs with this, e.g this morning, this vveek, this year

W 'e\e d one Cịuite a lot o fw o rk today.

I haven^t w atched any ĩeỉevision so far this week.

H ave vou had a hoỉitiaỵ this year? - No, not yeỉ.

'1'his ỵear is the period vvhich began in Ịanuary and has lasted up to the present time.

> 14-lS Prescnt PcrtVct or Past Siinple?

PA( ',K 30 • VERBS

A Gone to or been to? (1)

C om plete the conversation Put ìn g o n e or been

Emma: Hi Where‘s Rachel?

Vicky: She’s (►) <^p^e to the supermarket to get som ething for a meal

Emma: But i’ve got some chicken for tonight Tve just (1)

supermarket on my way home, that new place near the station

Natasha: I haven’t (2 ) to that one yet

Vicky: W here’s Jessỉca? lsn’t she here?

Emma: No, she’s (3) to London She’ll be back tomorrow

B Ever and never (2)

W rite the question s and ansvvers Use the inform ation In brackets

► Matthew: (sailing?) H^ve you ever bee^

Natasha: (no windsurfing) I vẹ r>.evẾr b€.ẹr ỹẠihis^, but I ve beẹ^ wl^dếw^í'l^^

1 Laura: (San Prancisco?)

Mark; (no, Los Angeles)

c First tim e, second time, etc (3)

W hat w ouỉd you say in these situations? Use tim e and the Present Pertect

► You are vvatching a cricket match You have never seen one betore

TKiỹ lí tKe -ítrỹ-t ttMe iVe íee^ A criíX ct

1 You have ỉost your bank card It has happened once before

This Is

The vvashing machine has broken down This has happened tw ice betore

You are in England for the tirst tim e in your life

You are staying in a hotel where you once stayed beíore

You have missed the bus You’ve done the same thing about four tim es before

D Today, th is week, etc (4)

C om plete th e sentences Use the Present Pertect

► Mark buys a nevvspaper most mornings, but oise thiỹ

1 I see Vicky m ost days, but

2 We go to the C lub most vveekends, but

3 We usualỉy have a party each term, but

4 Someone usually rings in the evening, but no one

VERBS • ;-3