9000+ terms clearly defined This dictionary aims to provide the basic vocabulary of terms used in the leisure, travel and tourism industries; the fields covered include catering (restaurants and kitchens), hotels and guesthouses, travel, insurance and health and safety, together with terms relating to general business, such as accounts, personnel etc. For this new edition of the dictionary we have expanded and edited the text to keep pace with changes in the industries. For example, readers will find terms related to food and drink (including different diets and types of coffee), ecotourism, extreme sports etc. At the same time, to make the dictionary more useful to students, we give phonetic transcriptions for all the headwords. The main words and phrases are defined in simple English and in some cases the definitions have been expanded by explanatory comments. We also give quotations from specialist magazines and other publications relating to the subjects. The supplements at the back give additional information.
Trang 2Leisure, Travel
and Tourism
third edition
Trang 3Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7136 8142 X
Easier English™ titles
Check Your English Vocabulary workbooks
Trang 5Originally published by Peter Collin Publishing
as Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and Catering Management
First published 1994, reprinted 1999Second edition published 2001This third edition published 2005, reprinted 2006
A & C Black Publishers Ltd
38 Soho Square, London W1D 3HBCopyright © P H Collin 1994, 2003This edition copyright © A & C Black Publishers Ltd 2006
All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced
in any form or by any means without the permission of the publishers
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0212-1
Text Production and Proofreading
Heather Bateman, Emma Harris, Katy McAdam
This book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managed,sustainable forests It is natural, renewable and recyclable The logging andmanufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin
Text typeset by A & C BlackPrinted in Spain by Graphycems
Trang 6This dictionary aims to provide the basic vocabulary of terms used in the leisure, travel and tourism industries; the fields covered include catering (restaurants and kitchens), hotels and guesthouses, travel, insurance and health and safety, together with terms relating to general business, such as accounts, personnel etc.
For this new edition of the dictionary we have expanded and edited the text
to keep pace with changes in the industries For example, readers will find terms related to food and drink (including different diets and types of coffee), ecotourism, extreme sports etc At the same time, to make the dictionary more useful to students, we give phonetic transcriptions for all the headwords.
The main words and phrases are defined in simple English and in some cases the definitions have been expanded by explanatory comments We also give quotations from specialist magazines and other publications relating to the subjects The supplements at the back give additional information.
We are grateful to many people who have contributed to the work, in particular Joseph Armstrong and Hazel and David Curties who read the text and provided many valuable comments for the first edition Also, many thanks to Marzena Przeczek for her invaluable contributions to the text.
Trang 7The following symbols have been used to show the pronunciation of the mainwords in the dictionary.
Stress is indicated by a main stress mark ( ) and a secondary stress mark ( ) Note that these are only guides, as the stress of the word changes according to itsposition in the sentence
Trang 8AAA /trp(ə)l e/ abbreviation ROAD
TRAVEL American Automobile Association
AA rosette
AA rosette /e e rəυ|zet/ noun CATER
-ING an award given by the AA to hotels and
restaurants serving high-quality food Abbr
AAR (NOTE: The AA awards an
establish-ment between one and five rosettes,
depending on the quality of its food and
service.)
abattoir
abattoir /bətwɑ/ noun a place where
animals are slaughtered for their meat
abbey
abbey /bi/ noun a Christian religious
establishment for monks or nuns, consisting
of living quarters and other buildings
grouped round a church
COMMENT : In Great Britain, abbeys were
abolished in the 16th century at the
Refor-mation, but some abbey churches remain
in use (such as Westminster Abbey);
oth-ers became ruins (such as Fountains
Abbey); others were converted into private
houses (such as Lacock Abbey).
aboard
aboard /ə|bɔd/ adverb on a ship 쑗 The
passengers went aboard at 10 p.m 쑗 When
the ship docked, customs officers came
aboard to inspect the cargo 왍 all aboard!
everyone come onto the ship, please!
above the line
above the line /ə|bv ðə lan/ adjective
1 BUSINESS referring to income and
expend-iture before tax 2 MARKETING advertising
that has to be paid for and the cost of which
includes a commission paid to an advertising
agency Compare below-the-line
advertis-ing
aboyeur
aboyeur /bɔ|/ noun CATERING the
person in the kitchen at a restaurant who
shouts the order from the waiter to the chefs,
and pins the waiter’s written order on a hook
relating to a particular table Also called
announcer
abroad
abroad /ə|brɔd/ adverb in or to another
country 쑗 The chairman is abroad on
busi-ness 쑗 We are going abroad on holiday.
absenteeism
absenteeism /bs(ə)n|tiz(ə)m/ noun
BUSINESS the act of staying away from workfor no good reason
‘…absenteeism has since reduced and now
stands at 1.8%’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]
ABTA
ABTA /btə/ abbreviation Association of
British Travel Agents
abv
abv abbreviation BEVERAGES alcohol byvolume
Academy of Culinary Arts
Academy of Culinary Arts /ə|kdəmi
əv kln(ə)ri ɑts/ noun CATERING anassociation of chefs, restaurant managersand their suppliers, whose aim is to raisestandards in food, cooking and service Abbr
accept
accept /ək|sept/ verb to take something
which is being offered 쑗 ‘All major credit cards accepted.’ 쑗 Do you accept payment by cheque?
access
access /kses/ noun a way of getting to aplace 쑗 The concert hall has access for wheelchairs.
accessibility
accessibility /ək|ses|blti/ noun thecondition of a place or a facility, judged bywhether it is easy for people, especially dis-abled people, to reach it or use it
accessible
accessible /ək|sesb(ə)l/ adjective 1.
easy to enter or to reach 2. suitable or cially adapted for disabled people
spe-accessible room
accessible room /ək|sesb(ə)l rum/
noun a room with special facilities for bled people
disa-accident
accident /ksd(ə)nt/ noun an ant event which happens suddenly and harmssomeone’s health 쑗 Accidents usually hap- pen when people are tired or not concentrat- ing on what they are doing 왍 the airline has
unpleas-a good unpleas-accident record the unpleas-airline hunpleas-as hunpleas-ad
few accidents, compared with other airlines
왍 to have an accident to crash, to hit thing 쑗 He had an accident as he was driving
some-to the hotel.
Trang 9accident insurance 2
accident insurance
accident insurance /ksd(ə)nt n|
ʃυərəns/ noun FINANCE insurance that will
pay if an accident takes place
accolade
accolade /kəled/ noun an award given
to someone as a sign of praise 쑗 She received
the highest accolade the association could
give 쒁 Little Gem, ribbon
‘…there are 76 Blue Ribbon winners and 40
win-ners of the Little Gem – the highest accolade for
guest accommodation’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]
accommodate
accommodate /ə|kɒmədet/ verb to
pro-vide lodging for someone 쑗 The hostel can
accommodate groups of up to fifty hikers.
‘…the hall of residence accommodates 198
throughout the year with holiday visitors staying
during vacation periods’ [Caterer &
Hotel-keeper]
accommodation
accommodation /ə|kɒmə|deʃ(ə)n/
noun a place to live 쑗 Visitors have difficulty
in finding hotel accommodation during the
summer 쑗 They are living in furnished
accommodation 쑗 The hotel has
accommo-dation for fifty guests. (NOTE: There is no
plural form in British English, but US
Eng-lish also uses accommodations.)
‘…an airline ruling requires airlines to provide a
free night’s hotel accommodation for full fare
passengers in transit’ [Business Traveller]
‘…the airline providing roomy accommodations
at below-average fares’ [Dun’s Business Month]
accommodation provider
accommodation provider /ə|kɒmə|
deʃ(ə)n prə|vadə/ noun a place that
offers rooms that can be used by tourists or
other visitors, e.g a hotel, guesthouse, B & B
or hostel
accompanied
accompanied /ə|kmp(ə)nid/ adjective
TRAVEL travelling with an adult passenger
accompanied baggage
accompanied baggage /ə|kmp(ə)nid
b#d$/ noun AIR TRAVEL baggage
belong-ing to a passenger who is travellbelong-ing in the
same plane
accompanied child
accompanied child /ə|kmp(ə)nid
tʃald/ noun TRAVEL a child passenger
trav-elling with an adult
accompaniment
accompaniment /ə|kmp(ə)nimənt/
noun CATERING a small helping of food
which is served with a dish, e.g croutons
served with fish soup or grated Parmesan
cheese served with minestrone
accompany
accompany /ə|kmp(ə)ni/ verb to go
with somebody or something 쑗 They
trav-elled to Italy accompanied by their children.
쑗 They sent a formal letter of complaint,
accompanied by an invoice for damage 쑗 A
white sauce is served to accompany the fish.
accordance
accordance /ə|kɔd(ə)ns/ noun 왍 in
accordance with in agreement with or
according to 쑗 In accordance with your
instructions we have deducted 10% to cover
breakages and deposited the balance in your current account 쑗 I am submitting the claim for damages in accordance with the advice
of our solicitors.
accordingly
accordingly /ə|kɔdŋli/ adverb in ment with what has been decided 쑗 We have received your letter and have altered the res- ervations accordingly.
agree-according to
according to /ə|kɔdŋ tu/ preposition
as somebody says or writes 쑗 According to the leaflet, the tour should leave the central station at 10.30 쑗 The air conditioning sys- tem was installed according to the manufac- turer’s instructions.
bor-2 BUSINESS (in a shop) an arrangement that
a customer has to buy goods and pay forthem at a later date, often the end of themonth 쑗 to have an account or a charge account or a credit account with Harrods 쑗
Put it on my account or Charge it to my account 왍 to open an account (of a
customer ) to ask a shop to supply goods thatyou will pay for at a later date 왍 to open an
account, to close an account (of a shop) to
start or to stop supplying a customer oncredit 왍 to stop an account to stop supplying
a customer until he or she has paid what isowed 3. 왍 on account as part of the moneyowed 쑗 He deposited £300 on account with the hotel. 4 BUSINESS a customer who does
a large amount of business with a firm andhas an account 쑗 He is one of our largest accounts 쑗 Our sales force call on their best accounts twice a month. 5. 왍 the accounts of
a business, a company’s accounts a
detailed record of a company’s financialaffairs 왍 to keep the accounts to write each
sum of money spent or received in theaccount book 왍 annual accounts accountsprepared at the end of a financial year 왍
accounts payable money owed by a
com-pany 왍 accounts receivable money owed to
a company 6. 왍 to take account of sb or sth,
to take sb or sth into account to consider
somebody or something when making adecision or calculation 쑗 You have to take account of the traffic when working out how long it will take you to get to the airport 쑗
We took into account the fact that you might want to stay an extra night. 쐽 verb 왍 to
account for to be responsible for something
and able to explain what has happened to it
or why it was done 쑗 The cleaners have to account for all linen in guests’ bedrooms 쑗
Trang 103 adaptor plug
Reps have to account for all their expenses to
the sales manager.
accountable
accountable /ə|kaυntəb(ə)l/ adjective
responsible for explaining to somebody what
has happened to something or why it was
done 쑗 The bar steward is accountable to the
beverage manager. (NOTE: You are
account-able to someone for something.)
accountancy
accountancy /ə|kaυntənsi/ noun
FINANCE the work of an accountant 쑗 He is
studying accountancy or He is an
account-ancy student. (NOTE: US English uses
accounting in this meaning.)
accountant
accountant /ə|kaυntənt/ noun 1 BUSI
-NESS somebody who keeps a company’s
accounts 쑗 The books are kept by a freelance
accountant. 2 BUSINESS somebody who
advises a company on its finances 쑗 We send
all our tax queries to our accountant. 3.
FINANCE somebody who examines accounts
account book
account book /ə|kaυnt bυk/ noun BUSI
-NESS a book which records sales and
pur-chases
accounting
accounting /ə|kaυntŋ/ noun FINANCE
the work of recording money paid, received,
borrowed or owed
‘…applicants will be professionally qualified and
have a degree in Commerce or Accounting’
[Australian Financial Review]
accounting period
accounting period /ə|kaυntŋ pəriəd/
noun BUSINESS the period usually covered
by a company’s accounts
accounts department
accounts department /ə|kaυnts d|
pɑtmənt/ noun BUSINESS a section of a
company which deals with money paid,
received, borrowed or owed
accounts management
accounts management /ə|kaυnts
mnd$mənt/ noun BUSINESS the
manage-ment of a series of customers
accreditation
accreditation /ə|kred|teʃ(ə)n/ noun
BUSINESS appointment as an agent by a
com-pany
accredited
accredited /ə|kredtd/ adjective TOUR
-ISM appointed by a company such as a hotel
chain or a tour operator to act on its behalf
acetic acid
acetic acid /ə|sitk sd/ noun CATER
-ING an acid that turns wine into vinegar
(NOTE: Acetic acid is also used as a
pre-servative in food such as pickles.)
achieved
achieved /ə|tʃivd/ adjective done
suc-cessfully
‘…achieved room rates are in excess of $200
(£137) off a rack rate of $239–$339’ [Caterer &
Hotelkeeper]
acid
acid /sd/ noun a chemical substance that
is able to dissolve metals 쑗 Hydrochloric
acid is secreted in the stomach and forms
part of the gastric juices.
acidity
acidity /ə|sdti/ noun the level of acid in a
solution 쑗 The alkaline solution may help to reduce acidity.
COMMENT : Acidity and alkalinity are ured according to the pH scale pH7 is neutral; numbers above show alkalinity, while pH6 and below is acid.
meas-acknowledge
acknowledge /ək|nɒld$/ verb to tell a
sender that a letter, package or shipment hasarrived 쑗 He has still not acknowledged my letter of the 24th 쑗 We acknowledge receipt
of your booking form and deposit.
acknowledgment
acknowledgment /ək|nɒld$mənt/,
acknowledgement noun the act ofacknowledging, or something, such as a let-ter, that tells the sender that something hasbeen received 쑗 She sent an acknowledgment
of receipt 쑗 They sent a letter of edgment.
acknowl-action
action /kʃən/ noun 1 the fact of doing
something 2. 왍 out of action out of order,not working 쑗 The extractor fan is out of action.
Action on Smoking and Health
Action on Smoking and Health
activity /k|tvti/ noun something that
someone does to pass time pleasantly
activity holiday
activity holiday /k|tvti hɒlde/
noun TOURISM a planned holiday duringwhich you do interesting or exciting thingssuch as painting, canoeing or rock-climbing
actual flying time
actual flying time /ktʃuəl flaŋ
tam/ noun the total time that an aircraftspends in the air during a flight, as opposed
to its scheduled flight time or time spentwaiting on the ground
acute
acute /ə|kjut/ adjective MEDICAL referring
to pain which is sharp and intense 쑗 She had
an acute attack of shingles.
ad
ad /d/ noun MARKETING same as
adver-tisement (informal )쑗 We put an ad in the shop window 쑗 She found her job through an
ad in the paper.
adaptor
adaptor /ə|dptə/ noun something which
holds a piece of equipment in a different way
adaptor plug
adaptor plug /ə|dptə pl#/ noun TOUR ISM a plug which allows a piece of equipment
-to be plugged in-to a different-sized socket 쑗
My hair-drier won’t work here in France, because I haven’t brought my adaptor plug.
COMMENT : Adaptor plugs are necessary if you need to use electrical equipment in
Trang 11add 4
(British hair-driers in France; American
computers in Germany, etc.) because the
type of plug is different Where Britain
uses mainly three-pin plugs, in Europe
most plugs have two round pins In the
USA, plugs have two flat pins To change
voltage (as in the USA, where the voltage
is 110V), a transformer will also be
neces-sary.
add
add /d/ verb 1 to put figures together to
make a total 쑗 The waiter forgot to add the
wine when he made up our bill. 2. to put
things together to make a large group 쑗 We
are adding to the restaurant staff 쑗 By
build-ing the annexe, they have added thirty rooms
to the hotel 왍 this all adds to the
com-pany’s costs this makes the comcom-pany’s costs
higher
added value
added value /dd vlju/ noun BUSI
-NESS an amount added to the value of a
prod-uct or service, which is equal to the
differ-ence between its cost and the amount
received when it is sold Also called value
added
addition
addition /ə|dʃ(ə)n/ noun 1 a person or
thing which is added 쑗 The management has
stopped all additions to the hotel staff 쑗 The
Spanish-speaking receptionist is the latest
addition to the personnel. 2. 왍 in addition to
added to, as well as 쑗 There are twelve
regis-tered letters to be sent in addition to this
packet. 3. the act of adding figures to make a
total 쑗 You don’t need a calculator to do
sim-ple addition.
additional
additional /ə|dʃ(ə)nəl/ adjective
included as well as what there is already 쑗
Additional charges can include telephone
calls, room service, laundry, etc 쑗 Apart
from the tours listed in the brochure, we have
arranged two additional visits to local
vine-yards 쑗 Additional duty will have to be paid.
additional premium
additional premium /ə|dʃ(ə)nəl
primiəm/ noun FINANCE a payment made
to cover extra items in an existing insurance
policy
additive
additive /dtv/ noun CATERING a
chem-ical substance which is added to food to
improve its appearance, smell or taste, or to
prevent it from going bad 쑗 The orange juice
contains a number of additives 쑗 Allergic
reactions to additives are frequently found in
employees in food processing factories.
COMMENT : Colour additives are added to
food to improve its appearance Some are
natural organic substances such as
saf-fron, carrot juice or caramel, but other
col-our additives are synthetic Other
sub-stances are added to food to prevent
decay or to keep the food in the right form:
these can be emulsifiers, which bind
dif-sauces, for example, and stabilisers, which can keep a sauce semi-liquid and prevent it from separating into solids and liquids The European Union allows cer- tain additives to be added to food and these are given E numbers.
add-on
add-on /d ɒn/ noun TOURISM an extraoptional item, which is listed in the pro-gramme details of a conference or packagetour, but for which an additional charge has
to be paid
address
address /ə|dres/ noun the details givingthe number, street and town where an office
is or where a person lives 왍 address list a list
of addresses 쐽 verb to write the details of an
address on an envelope, etc 쑗 a letter addressed to the tourist information bureau
쑗 She addressed the letter or the parcel to the hotel manager 쑗 Please address your enquiries to the information officer.
add up
add up /d p/ verb to put several figures
together to make a total 쑗 to add up a column
of figures 쑗 She made a mistake when adding
up the bill 왍 the figures do not add up thetotal given is not correct
add up to
add up to /d p tυ/ verb to make a total
of 쑗 The total expenditure adds up to more than £1,000.
adjoining
adjoining /ə|d$ɔnŋ/ adjective next to
something, or touching something 쑗 There is
an adjoining bathroom 왍 adjoining roomsrooms which are next to each other 쑗 They asked to be put in adjoining rooms Compare
plural noun BUSINESS the costs of ment, not including production, marketing ordistribution costs
Admission is free on presentation of this card. 2 ENTERTAINMENT somebody who hasvisited a museum 쑗 We had 250 admissions last weekend. 3. the act of saying that some-thing is correct or that something bad reallyhappened 쑗 The tour company refunded his deposit, with an admission that the brochure was incorrect. 4. the act of being registered
as a hospital patient
Trang 125 aerosol
admission charge
admission charge /əd|mʃ(ə)n tʃɑd$/
noun ENTERTAINMENT the price to be paid
before going into a place, e.g to see an
exhi-bition or a sports event Also called entry
charge
admission fee
admission fee /əd|mʃ(ə)n fi/ noun
ENTERTAINMENT same as entrance fee
admit /əd|mt/ verb 1 to allow someone to
go in 쑗 Children are not admitted to the
bank 쑗 Old age pensioners are admitted at
half price. 2. to say that something is correct
3. to say that something bad really happened
쑗 The tour operator admitted that the
cou-rier had made a mistake. (NOTE: admitting
– admitted)
admittance
admittance /əd|mt(ə)ns/ noun the act of
allowing someone to go in 쑗 No admittance
except on business 쑗 Admittance restricted
to ticket holders only Also called
admis-sion 1
adulterated
adulterated /ə|dltəretd/ adjective
CATERING having had something added to it
to increase its weight
ad valorem
ad valorem /d və|lɔrəm/ phrase Latin
BUSINESS showing that a tax is calculated
according to the value of the goods taxed
(meaning ‘according to value’) 쑗 ad valorem
duty 쑗 ad valorem tax
COMMENT : Most taxes are ‘ad valorem’;
VAT is calculated as a percentage of the
charge made, income tax is a percentage
of income earned, etc.
advance
advance /əd|vɑns/ noun 1 FINANCE a
sum of money paid as part of a payment to be
made later 쑗 Can I have an advance of $50
against next month’s salary? 2. 왍 in
advance early, before something happens 쑗
To benefit from the low fare price you have to
pay in advance 쑗 Our prices are fixed in
advance 쑗 If you want to be sure of a seat,
you need to book in advance. 쐽 adjective
done before something happens 쑗 Advance
bookings are 50% higher this year 쑗 Most
tour companies insist on advance payment
when a booking is made 쑗 You must give
seven days’ advance notice of changes in the
itinerary.쐽 verb 1 to arrange for something
to happen earlier 쑗 The flight departure has
been advanced to 9.30 a.m. 2. to move a
clock or watch to a later time 쑗 When you
cross from England to France, you should
advance your watch by one hour 쒁 put
for-ward
Advance Purchase Excursion
Advance Purchase Excursion /əd|
vɑns ptʃs kskʃ(ə)n/ noun AIR
TRAVEL a specially cheap air fare that youmust book a particular length of time beforethe flight and that you can only change orcancel by paying an extra charge Abbr
APEX
advance reservation
advance reservation /əd|vɑns rezə|
veʃ(ə)n/ noun HOTELS a booking of a hotelroom made in advance of the guest’s arrival
adventure
adventure /əd|ventʃə/ noun a new,
excit-ing and dangerous experience
adventure holiday
adventure holiday /əd|ventʃə hɒlde/
noun TOURISM a holiday where you dosomething exciting or dangerous
adventure tourism
adventure tourism /əd|ventʃə
tυərz(ə)m/ noun tourism or travel to
places where you can have adventure days
holi-adventure travel
adventure travel /əd|ventʃə trv(ə)l/
noun a holiday that involves strenuous andoften risky outdoor activities in remote areas
advert
advert /dvt/ noun MARKETING same as
advertisement (informal ) 쑗 classified adverts
advertise
advertise /dvətaz/ verb MARKETING toannounce that something is for sale, that ajob is vacant or that a service is offered 쑗 to advertise for a secretary 쑗 to advertise a new product
advertised tour
advertised tour, advertised hotel noun
TOURISM a tour or hotel which is detailed in
a travel company’s brochure
advertisement
advertisement /əd|vtsmənt/ nounMARKETING a notice which shows that some-thing is offered or wanted, especially thatsomething is for sale or that a job is vacant 쑗
to put an advertisement in the paper 쑗 to answer an advertisement in the paper Also
called ad
advertiser
advertiser /dvətazə/ noun MARKETING
a person or company that advertises 쑗 The catalogue gives a list of advertisers.
advertising
advertising /dvətazŋ/ noun BUSI NESS the business of using advertisements totry to persuade customers to buy a product orservice
-advisory
advisory /əd|vaz(ə)ri/ adjective that
gives advice 쑗 a hotel advisory service 쑗 He
is acting in an advisory capacity.
aerosol
aerosol /eərəsɒl/ noun 1 tiny particles of
liquid that stay suspended in the atmospherelike a mist 왍 aerosol dispenser a container
or device from which liquid can be sprayed
Trang 13AFD 6
in tiny particles 2. a can that sprays out a
liq-uid in the form of tiny drops
COMMENT : Commercial aerosols (that is,
the metal containers) formerly used CFCs
as propellants, but these are believed to
be responsible for the destruction of
ozone in the upper atmosphere and have
been replaced by less destructive agents.
AFD
AFD abbreviation CATERING accelerated
freeze-drying
affiliated
affiliated /ə|flietd/ adjective BUSINESS
connected with or owned by another
com-pany 쑗 one of our affiliated hotels
affinity charter
affinity charter /ə|fnti tʃɑtə/ noun a
charter of an aircraft, ship or other means of
transport arranged for an affinity group
affinity group
affinity group /ə|fnti #rup/ noun a
group of people who have something in
common, e.g a special interest, or
member-ship of an organisation or an ethnic
commu-nity
aft
aft /ɑft/ adjective, adverb TRAVEL towards
the back part of a ship or plane 쑗 The game
will be held on the aft recreation deck 쑗 The
dining saloon is aft of the passenger lounge.
afternoon
afternoon /ɑftə|nun/ noun the part of
the day between midday and evening
afternoon tea
afternoon tea /ɑftənun ti/ noun
CATERING a meal taken in the afternoon,
usu-ally between 4 and 5 o’clock 쒁 cream tea,
high tea, tea
COMMENT : Afternoon tea is usually served
in the hotel lounge (if open to
non-resi-dents), or in the residents’ lounge if it is
served only to residents It will normally
consist of sandwiches (traditionally with
the crusts removed), small cakes or slices
of cake, pastries and various types of tea.
It can also include the cream, scones and
jam associated with cream teas.
afters
afters /ɑftəz/ noun CATERING the dessert
course (informal) 쑗 What do you want for
afters? 쑗 What’s on the menu for afters?
Compare starter (NOTE: Very informal,
used often by children, but also humorously
by adults.)
aftertaste
aftertaste /ɑftətest/ noun a taste left in
the mouth by food or drink after it has been
swallowed
age
age /ed$/ verb FOOD to store food or a wine
for a period of time to enable it to develop a
desired flavour or become more tender
aged
aged /ed$d/ adjective stored for a period
of time in order to develop a desired flavour
or become more tender
agency
agency /ed$ənsi/ noun BUSINESS 1. an
office or job of representing another
com-pany in an area 쑗 They signed an agency
agreement or an agency contract. 2. an
office or business which arranges things forother companies (NOTE: The plural form is
agencies.)
agency fare
agency fare /ed$ənsi feə/ noun TRAVEL
a special fare offered by a travel agency to itscustomers 쑗 American Express’s agency fares, available to all customers, offer sav- ings of 60 per cent plus.
agency staff
agency staff /ed$ənsi stɑf/ noun staff
who are supplied by an agency and who arenot members of the full-time staff
commission money, often a percentage of
sales, paid to an agent 2. somebody in charge
-agreement
agreement /ə|#rimənt/ noun 1 the state
of having the same opinion as somebody else
왍 they are in agreement with our plan theyagree with it 2. a contract
agree with
agree with /ə|#ri wð/ verb 1 to say thatyou think the same way as somebody else orthat what that person is saying is right 쑗 I agree with James, we should take the earlier flight. 2.왍 not to agree with someone to
make someone ill 왍 rich food does not
agree with me rich food makes me feel ill
agri-food
agri-food /#ri fud/ adjective referring
to industries that are involved in the production, processing and inspection offood made from agricultural products
AIDS /edz/ noun a disease of the immune
system, caused by the HIV virus, which istransmitted through blood or bodily secre-tions, destroys the body’s ability to fightinfections and is usually fatal Full form
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Trang 14fla-7 air miles
air
air /eə/ noun a method of travelling or
send-ing goods ussend-ing aircraft 쑗 We went by air,
rather than by boat 쑗 Over long distances,
air travel is quicker than taking the train.
air ambulance
air ambulance /eə mbjυləns/ noun
MEDICAL a plane or helicopter which acts as
an ambulance
‘…unless you are really in the backwoods and
there is no modern equipment locally, the
much-vaunted air-ambulance rescue is unlikely to
materialise You will only get flown home when
the assistance company rules local care
‘inade-quate’’ [Wanderlust]
airbridge
airbridge /eəbrd$/ noun AIR TRAVEL a
covered walkway which connects an aircraft
with the terminal building, so that
passen-gers can walk onto or off the aircraft easily
Also called finger 3 , jetway, jetbridge
Airbus
Airbus /eəbs/ tdmk a trademark for a
large passenger jet aircraft manufactured by
aerospace companies from different
Euro-pean countries working together
air carrier
air carrier /eə kriə/ noun AIR TRAVEL a
company which sends cargo or passengers
by air
air-conditioned
air-conditioned /eə kən|dʃ(ə)nd/
adjective in which the temperature is
con-trolled by an air-conditioner 쑗 an
air-condi-tioned restaurant
air-conditioner
air-conditioner /eə kən|dʃ(ə)nə/ noun
a machine which controls the temperature in
a room 쑗 How can we turn the
air-condi-tioner off?
air-conditioning
air-conditioning /eə kən|dʃ(ə)nŋ/
noun a system of controlling the temperature
in a room, an office or a vehicle and stopping
it becoming too hot 쑗 If you hire a car in
Texas, make sure it has air-conditioning 왍 to
turn the air-conditioning on to start the
cooling 왍 to turn the air-conditioning off to
stop the cooling 왍 to turn the
air-condition-ing down to make a room warmer 왍 to turn
the air-conditioning up to make a room
cooler
air congestion
air congestion /eə kən|d$estʃ(ə)n/
noun AIR TRAVEL a situation where too many
aircraft are using the air routes, leading to
delays in flight times
aircraft
aircraft /eəkrɑft/ noun AIR TRAVEL a
machine which flies in the air, carrying
pas-sengers or cargo 쑗 The airline has a fleet of
ten commercial aircraft 쑗 The company is
one of the most important American aircraft
manufacturers. (NOTE: There is no plural
form: one aircraft, two aircraft.) 왍 to charter
an aircraft to hire an aircraft for a special
purpose
aircrew
aircrew /eəkru/ noun AIR TRAVEL all thepeople who help to fly an aircraft, e.g thecaptain, copilot and navigator, considered as
a group
air-dry
air-dry /eə dra/ verb CATERING to removemoisture from something by placing it in acurrent of air
air fares
air fares /eə feəz/ plural noun AIR TRAVELthe amount of money charged for travel onaircraft
air hostess
air hostess /eə həυsts/ noun AIR TRAVEL same as flight attendant
air letter
air letter /eə letə/ noun a special sheet of
thin blue paper, which when folded can besent by air without an envelope Also called
aerogramme
airlift
airlift /eəlft/ verb AIR TRAVEL to carrysomething or someone by air 쑗 The climbers were airlifted to safety.
airline
airline /eəlan/ noun AIR TRAVEL a pany which carries passengers or cargo byair 쑗 Profits of major airlines have been affected by the rise in fuel prices.
com-airline identification code
airline identification code /eəlan a|
dentf|keʃ(ə)n kəυd/ noun AIR TRAVEL aset of letters which are given to all flightsoperated by an airline, e.g BA for BritishAirways, LH for Lufthansa, AF for AirFrance
airline train
airline train /eəlan tren/ noun RAIL TRAVEL a train which takes passengers to andfrom an airport
airlink
airlink /eəlŋk/ noun AIR TRAVEL a linkbetween two places, using planes or helicop-ters
air mail
air mail /eə mel/ noun a way of sending
letters or parcels by air 쑗 to send a package
by air mail 쑗 Air-mail charges have risen by 15% 왍 air-mail envelope a very light enve-lope for sending air-mail letters 왍 air-mail
sticker a blue sticker with the words ‘by air
mail’, which can be stuck to an envelope orpacket to show it is being sent by air
airmail
airmail /eəmel/ verb to send letters orparcels by air 쑗 We airmailed the tickets to New York.
Trang 15air miss 8
services, which they can later use to get free
air travel
air miss
air miss /eə ms/ noun AIR TRAVEL an
inci-dent where two aircraft come very close to
each other when in the air, but without
caus-ing an accident
airpass
airpass /eəpɑs/ noun AIR TRAVEL a
spe-cial ticket, paid for in advance, which allows
unlimited travel by air in a country over a
limited period of time
air passenger
air passenger /eə psnd$ə/ noun AIR
TRAVEL a passenger travelling in an aircraft
airport
airport /eəpɔt/ noun AIR TRAVEL a place
where planes land and take off 쑗 We leave
from London Airport at 10.00 쑗 O’Hare
Air-port is the main airAir-port for Chicago 왍
air-port hotel a hotel which is very near to an
airport, and so is convenient for passengers
who need to leave early in the morning, who
arrive late at night, or who are in transit 쑗
Stranded passengers were put up at the
air-port hotel at the airline’s expense.
airport bus
airport bus /eəpɔt bs/ noun ROAD
TRAVEL a bus which takes passengers to and
from an airport
airport code
airport code /eəpɔt kəυd/ noun AIR
TRAVEL a set of letters which are used to
identify a particular airport, e.g LHR for
London Heathrow or CDG for Charles de
Gaulle
airport tax
airport tax /eəpɔt tks/ noun AIR
TRAVEL a tax added to the price of an air
ticket to cover the cost of running an airport
airport terminal
airport terminal /eəpɔt tmn(ə)l/
noun AIR TRAVEL the main building at an
air-port where passengers arrive and depart
Also called terminal building
airport transfer
airport transfer /eəpɔt trnsf/
noun a transport service to take passengers
from an airport to a hotel, conference centre
or other point, or from there back to the
air-port
airsick
airsick /eəsk/ adjective MEDICAL feeling
sick because of the movement of an aircraft
airsickness
airsickness /eəsknəs/ noun MEDICAL
sickness caused by the movement of an
air-craft
airside
airside /eəsad/ adjective, adverb AIR
TRAVEL next to the part of an airport where
aircraft stand 왍 airside lounge a departure
lounge near the boarding gate
‘Business class passengers have the use of a
small and quiet airside lounge There’s an
ade-quate supply of orange juice, coffee and
newspa-pers’ [Business Traveller]
‘…airside, there is an Internet café, where
pas-the latest business news on TV screens’
[Airliner World]
airstrip
airstrip /eəstrp/ noun AIR TRAVEL a smallrough landing place for aircraft 쑗 The plane landed on a jungle airstrip.
air taxi
air taxi /eə tksi/ noun a small
commer-cial aircraft used for short flights betweenplaces not on a regular airline route
air terminal
air terminal /eə tmn(ə)l/ noun AIR TRAVEL a building in a town where passen-gers meet to be taken by bus or train to an air-port outside the town
air ticket
air ticket /eə tkt/ noun AIR TRAVEL aticket to allow a passenger to travel by air
airtight
airtight /eətat/ adjective not allowing air
to get in or out 쑗 The goods are packed in airtight containers.
air-traffic control
air-traffic control /eə trfk kən|
trəυl/ noun AIR TRAVEL the organisation ofthe movement of aircraft in the air, especiallywhen landing or taking off
air-traffic controller
air-traffic controller /eə trfk kən|
trəυlə/ noun AIR TRAVEL somebody whoorganises the movement of aircraft in the air
Air Travel Organisers’ Licence
Air Travel Organisers’ Licence /eə
trv(ə)l ɔ#ənazəz las(ə)ns/ noun AIR TRAVEL a licence that has to be held by anycompany or person offering package holi-days or charter flights and includes a bond toprotect travellers if the company goes intoliquidation Abbr ATOL
aisle seat
aisle seat /al sit/ noun TRAVEL a seat in
a train, plane, etc., next to an aisle
à la carte menu
à la carte menu / l kɑt menju/
noun CATERING a menu with many differentdishes at different prices, from which a guestcan choose what to eat 쑗 They chose from the
à la carte menu.
à la mode
à la mode / l mɒd/ adverb US CATER ING served with ice cream 쑗 apple pie à la mode
-alarm
alarm /ə|lɑm/ noun a device which gives a
loud warning 쐽 verb to frighten somebody 쑗
We don’t want to alarm the guests.
Trang 169 all-in
alarm clock
alarm clock /ə|lɑm klɒk/ noun a clock
which rings a bell to wake you up
alcohol
alcohol /lkəhɒl/ noun BEVERAGES 1. a
pure colourless liquid which is formed by the
action of yeast on sugar solutions and forms
part of drinks such as wine and whisky
Sym-bol C 2 H 5 OH 2. a drink made from fermented
or distilled liquid 쑗 The restaurant will not
serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.
alcohol by volume
alcohol by volume /lkəhɒl ba
vɒljum/ noun BEVERAGES the amount of
alcohol in a drink, shown on the label Abbr
abv
alcohol-free
alcohol-free /lkəhɒl fri/ adjective
BEVERAGES containing no alcohol 쑗
alcohol-free lager
alcoholic
alcoholic /lkə|hɒlk/ adjective BEVER
-AGES containing alcohol 쑗 Alcoholic drinks
are not allowed into some countries.
alcoholism
alcoholism /lkəhɒlz(ə)m/ noun the
excessive drinking of alcohol, which
becomes addictive
alcopop
alcopop /lkəυpɒp/ noun a drink,
manu-factured and sold commercially, that is a
mixture of a soft drink, e.g lemonade, and
alcohol
al dente
al dente /l dente/ adjective referring
especially to pasta that is cooked just long
enough to be still firm and not too soft
ale
ale /el/ noun BEVERAGES British-type beer,
especially bitter beer, but not lager
alfresco
alfresco /l|freskəυ/ adjective, adverb in
the open air 쑗 We had an alfresco meal on the
terrace overlooking the sea.
algae
algae /ld$i/ plural noun tiny plants
liv-ing in water or in moist conditions, which
contain chlorophyll and have no stems or
roots or leaves 왍 blue-green algae algae
found mainly in fresh water 왍 brown algae
brown seaweed
algaecide
algaecide /ld$sad/ noun a substance
used to kill algae
alien
alien /eliən/ noun a person who is not a
citizen of the country
alight
alight /ə|lat/ verb to get off a vehicle
(formal) 쑗 Alight here for the Post Office.
alimentary canal
alimentary canal /l|ment(ə)ri kə|
nl/ noun a tube in the body going from the
mouth to the anus and including the throat,
stomach and intestines, through which food
passes and is digested
alimentary system
alimentary system /l|ment(ə)ri
sstəm/ noun the arrangement of tubes and
organs, including the alimentary canal,
sali-vary glands, liver, etc., through which food
passes and is digested
alkaline /lkəlan/ adjective containing
more alkali than acid
alkalinity
alkalinity /lkə|lnti/ noun the amount
of alkali in something such as soil or waterCOMMENT : Alkalinity and acidity are meas- ured according to the pH scale pH7 is neutral, and pH8 and upwards are alka- line One of the commonest alkalis is caustic soda, used to clear blocked drains.
all
all /ɔl/ adjective, pronoun everything oreveryone 쑗 All (of) the managers attended the meeting 쑗 All the guests asked to go on the tour 쑗 All the rooms are booked for the Christmas period 쑗 The customs officials asked him to open all his cases 쑗 All trains stop at Clapham Junction.
allergen
allergen /ləd$ən/ noun a substance
which produces hypersensitivityCOMMENT : Allergens are usually proteins, and include foods, dust, animal hair, as well as pollen from flowers Treatment of allergies depends on correctly identifying the allergen to which the patient is sensi- tive This is done by patch tests, in which drops of different allergens are placed on scratches in the skin Food allergens dis- covered in this way can be avoided, but it
is hard to avoid other common allergens such as dust and pollen, and these have to
be treated by a course of desensitising injections.
allergenic
allergenic /lə|d$enk/ adjective ducing or triggering an allergy 쑗 the aller- genic properties of fungal spores
pro-allergic
allergic /ə|ld$k/ adjective suffering
from an allergy 쑗 She is allergic to pollen 왍
allergic agent a substance that produces an
allergy
allergy /ləd$i/ noun a sensitivity to
par-ticular substances such as pollen or dust,which cause a physical reaction 쑗 She has an allergy to household dust.
‘…the parents of a boy with a life-threatening peanut allergy are moving to France to open hol- iday accommodation for people whose lives are affected by potentially fatal nut allergies’
[Caterer & Hotelkeeper]
all-in
all-in /ɔl n/ adjective including thing
Trang 17every-all-inclusive 10
all-inclusive
all-inclusive /ɔl n|klusv/ adjective
where the price paid includes everything and
no further payments will be required 쑗
tai-lor-made all-inclusive 16-day trips from
£1,600 per person
all-in price
all-in price /ɔl n pras/, all-in rate /ɔl
n ret/ noun BUSINESS a price which covers
all the items in a purchase, i.e the goods,
plus delivery, tax, insurance, etc., or all items
in a tour such as travel, hotel accommodation
and meals 쑗 The hotel offers an all-in tariff
of £550 a week.
allocate
allocate /ləket/ verb 1 to share out
things among various people 쑗 The party
were allocated rooms in the hotel annexe. 2.
to divide something such as a sum of money
in various ways, and share it out 쑗 We
allo-cate 10% of revenue to publicity 쑗 $2,500
was allocated to furnishing the guests’
lounge.
allot
allot /ə|lɒt/ verb TOURISM to allocate hotel
rooms to a tour operator 쑗 The group has
been allotted 50 rooms in the hotel. (NOTE:
allotting – allotted)
allotment
allotment /ə|lɒtmənt/ noun TOURISM the
act of allocating hotel rooms to tour
opera-tors
allow
allow /ə|laυ/ verb 1 to let someone do
something 쑗 Children are not allowed into
the restaurant 쑗 You are allowed six litres of
duty-free wine 쑗 The company allows all
members of staff to take six days’ holiday at
Christmas. 2. to give someone something 쑗
We will allow you a student discount 쑗 The
store allows a 5% discount to members of
staff. 3. to accept something legally 쑗 to
allow a claim or an appeal
allowable
allowable /ə|laυəb(ə)l/ adjective legally
accepted
allowable expenses
allowable expenses /ə|laυəb(ə)l k|
spensz/ plural noun BUSINESS business
expenses that can be claimed against tax
allowance
allowance /ə|laυəns/ noun 1 money
which is given for a special reason 쑗 travel
allowance or travelling allowance 쑗 foreign
currency allowance 2. money removed in
the form of a discount 쑗 allowance for
exchange loss
‘…most airlines give business class the same
baggage allowance as first class’ [Business
Trav-eller]
allowed time
allowed time /ə|laυd tam/ noun BUSI
-NESS paid time that the management agrees
an employee can spend on rest, cleaning or
meals, but not working
allow for
allow for /ə|laυ fɔ/ verb 1 to give a
dis-count for something 쑗 to allow for money
paid in advance 쑗 to allow 10% for packing
왍 gratuities are not allowed for gratuitiesare not included 2. to take something intoaccount when calculating 왍 allow 14 days
for delivery of the visa calculate that
deliv-ery of the visa will take at least 14 days
all-terrain boarding
all-terrain boarding /ɔl tə|ren
bɔdŋ/ noun a form of skateboarding inwhich the rider travels over all types of ter-rain, especially down mountain slopes
preposi-alpine
alpine /lpan/ adjective referring to the
Alps 쑗 an alpine holiday resort
‘…it appears that rugby and soccer are far, far more dangerous than Alpine downhill skiing’
[Sunday Times]
Alps
Alps /lps/ plural noun TOURISM a tainous area of Switzerland and North Italy,including parts of Austria, Slovenia andFrance 쑗 The number of visitors to the Alps
moun-is increasing each year 쑗 Climbers in the Alps are warned of the danger of ava- lanches.
alternative
alternative /ɔl|tnətv/ noun something
which you do instead of something else 쑗
What is the alternative to calling the trip off?
왍 we have no alternative there is nothingelse we can do 쐽 adjective able to take the
place of something 쑗 They were offered the choice of two alternative flights 왍 to find
someone alternative accommodation to
find someone another hotel room
altitude
altitude /lttjud/ noun height measuredabove the level of the sea
altitude sickness
altitude sickness /lttjud sknəs/
noun MEDICAL a condition caused by reducedoxygen in the air above altitudes of 7,000 to8,000 feet (3,600 metres) Symptomsinclude headaches, breathlessness, fatigue,nausea and swelling of the face, hands andfeet Also called mountain sickness
a.m.
a.m. /e em/, A.M US abbreviation
refer-ring to the morning period between midnightand midday 쑗 The flight leaves at 9.20 a.m.
쑗 We will arrive at 10 a.m local time 쑗 If you phone before 8 a.m., calls are charged at
a cheaper rate.
amaretto
amaretto /mə|retəυ/ noun an
almond-flavoured liqueur from Italy
ambassador
ambassador /m|bsədə/,
ambas-sadress /mbsədres/ noun somebody
Trang 1811 amp
who represents his or her country in another
country 쒁 consul, embassy
ambience
ambience /mbiəns/ noun the character
and atmosphere surrounding a place 쑗 The
new landlord has given the pub a friendly
ambience.
‘…come and enjoy the ambience of a 16th
Cen-tury Elizabethan Manor House’ [Sunday Times]
ambient
ambient /mbiənt/ adjective
surround-ing a person or an object
ambient noise
ambient noise /mbiənt nɔz/ noun
general noise which surrounds you, e.g
traf-fic noise, waterfalls, etc
ambient quality standards
ambient quality standards /mbiənt
kwɒlti stndədz/ plural noun levels of
acceptable clean air which a national body
tries to enforce
ambient temperature
ambient temperature /mbiənt
temprtʃə/ noun the temperature of the air
in which you live or work
amenity
amenity /ə|minti/ noun a facility for
sports or entertainment 쑗 The town offers
amenities for children. (NOTE: The plural
form is amenities.)
‘…rooms are stylish and uncluttered with every
amenity, and service is generally good Singles
from DM310, doubles DM390’ [Business
Trav-eller]
amenity centre
amenity centre /ə|minti sentə/ noun
ENTERTAINMENT a building housing various
entertainment facilities, such as a cinema,
sports hall, gymnasium, auditorium and
swimming pool
American
American /ə|merkən/ adjective relating
to America or to the United States
American Automobile Association
American Automobile Association
/ə|merkən ɔtəməbil ə|səυsieʃ(ə)n/
noun ROAD TRAVEL a major motoring
organ-isation in the USA Abbr AAA
American breakfast
American breakfast /ə|merkən
brekfəst/ noun CATERING a breakfast
including coffee or tea, cereal, bacon or ham,
and toast or waffles
American Express
American Express /ə|merkən k|
spres/ noun TRAVEL a company offering a
travel service, traveller’s cheques, charge
cards, and many other services worldwide 쑗
Her American Express traveller’s cheques
were stolen Abbr Amex
americano
americano /ə|mer|kɑnəυ/ noun an
espresso coffee diluted with hot water and
containing no milk
Americanos
Americanos /ə|mer|kɑnəυz/ noun
BEVERAGES a cocktail of campari and
ver-mouth
American plan
American plan /ə|merkən pln/ noun
US a hotel charge that includes all
meals as well as the room charge Compare
European plan
American service
American service /ə|merkən svs/
noun CATERING 1. a style of laying a table, inwhich each guest is given cutlery, a sideplate, a napkin, glasses, and sometimes acoffee cup and saucer 2. a way of servingfood to guests, where the portions of food areplaced on plates in the kitchen ready forservice at table Compare French service
Amex
Amex /meks/ abbreviation AmericanExpress (informal) 쑗 She paid by Amex or with his Amex card.
amino acid
amino acid /ə|minəυ sd/ noun a
chemical compound which is broken downfrom proteins in the digestive system andthen used by the body to form its own protein
쑗 Proteins are first broken down into amino acids.
COMMENT : Amino acids all contain bon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, as well as other elements Some amino acids are produced in the body itself, but others have to be absorbed from food The eight essential amino acids are: isoleucine, leu- cine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.
car-ammonia
ammonia /ə|məυniə/ noun a gas with a
strong smell, which is a compound of gen and hydrogen and is used to make artifi-cial fertilisers, or in liquid form as a refriger-ant Symbol NH 3
nitro-COMMENT : Ammonia is released into the atmosphere from animal dung It has the effect of neutralising acid rain but in com- bination with sulphur dioxide it forms ammonium sulphate which damages the green leaves of plants.
amoeba
amoeba /ə|mibə/ noun a form of animal
life, made up of a single cell (NOTE: The
plu-ral form is amoebae.The US spelling of amoeba is ameba.)
amoebic
amoebic /ə|mibk/ adjective referring to
an amoeba
amoebic dysentery
amoebic dysentery /ə|mibk
ds(ə)ntri/ noun MEDICAL a mainly tropicalform of dysentery that is caused by microbesthat enter the body through contaminatedwater or unwashed food
make a total of 쑗 Their debts amount to over
£1m.
amp
amp /mp/ noun the quantity of electricityflowing in a current 쑗 a 3-amp plug
Trang 19amplifier 12
amplifier
amplifier /mplfaə/ noun a machine
which makes a sound louder
Amtrak
Amtrak /mtrk/ noun RAIL TRAVEL the
national system of railways in the US, which
operates passenger services between main
cities
amuse
amuse /ə|mjuz/ verb 1 to make someone
laugh 왍 to amuse yourself to spend time
happily 쑗 On the final day of the tour there
will be no organised visits, and members of
the party will be left to amuse themselves in
the town. 2. to make the time pass pleasantly
for someone
amuse-bouche
amuse-bouche /ə|mjuz buʃ/,
amuse-gueule /ə|mjuz #l/ noun CATERING a
small appetiser served before a meal or while
the customer is looking at the menu
amusement
amusement /ə|mjuzmənt/ noun a
feel-ing of pleasure caused by somethfeel-ing that is
funny or enjoyable
amusement arcade
amusement arcade /ə|mjuzmənt ɑ|
ked/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a hall with slot
machines for playing games, etc
amusement park
amusement park /ə|mjuzmənt pɑk/
noun ENTERTAINMENT an open-air park with
various types of entertainment such as
roundabouts and shooting galleries
analyse
analyse /nəlaz/, analyze verb to
examine in detail 쑗 to analyse the accounts
of a restaurant 쑗 to analyse the market
potential for golfing holidays 쑗 When the
food was analysed it was found to contain
traces of bacteria.
analysis
analysis /ə|nləss/ noun a detailed
examination and report 쑗 job analysis 쑗
mar-ket analysis 쑗 sales analysis 쑗 to carry out
an analysis of the market potential
analyst
analyst /nəlst/ noun somebody who
analyses 쑗 market analyst 쑗 systems analyst
anchor
anchor /ŋkə/ noun SHIPS AND BOATS a
heavy metal hook dropped to the bottom of
the sea to hold a ship in one place 쑗 The ship
was at anchor 왍 to drop anchor to let an
anchor fall to the bottom of the sea to hold a
ship steady 쐽 verb SHIPS AND BOATS 1 (of a
ship) to drop anchor 2. to hold with an
anchor
anchorage
anchorage /ŋkərd$/ noun SHIPS AND
BOATS a place where ships can anchor safely
anchovy
anchovy /ntʃəvi, n|tʃəυvi/ noun
SEAFOOD a small fish with a strong, salty
taste, used in dishes such as pizza and salade
niçoise
ancient monument
ancient monument /enʃənt
mɒnjυmənt/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a very
old building, especially one which belongs
to the state and is open to visitors 쑗 The
chapel is an ancient monument and is tected.
ancillary services /n|sləri svsz/
plural noun HOTELS services such as ing and porterage in a hotel
clean-angel hair
angel hair /end$əl heə/ noun pasta in
the form of long, very fine strands
Angostura bitters
Angostura bitters /ŋ#əstjυərə
btəz/ trademark BEVERAGES a trademarkfor a sharp-tasting liquid, added to gin andother drinks to make them bitter Also called
bitters
animator
animator /nmetə/ noun ENTERTAIN MENT somebody employed to organise enter-tainments or other activities for guests in ahotel or holiday resort or for passengers on aship
-anise
anise /|nis/ noun SAUCES, ETC a herbthat produces a small aromatic fruit calledaniseed, which is used for flavouring
con-in the Mediterranean area, such as pastis
in France, ouzo in Greece, or raki in key.
Tur-annexe
annexe /neks/ noun a less important
building attached to a main building 쑗 The party was put into the hotel annexe.
announce
announce /ə|naυns/ verb to say
some-thing officially or in public 쑗 The compere announced the results of the competition 쑗
The pilot announced that there was some turbulence ahead.
announcement
announcement /ə|naυnsmənt/ noun the
act of making something known in public 쑗
the announcement of the appointment of a new hotel manager
announcer
announcer /ə|naυnsə/ noun CATERINGsame as aboyeur
annual general meeting
annual general meeting /njuəl
d$en(ə)rəl mitŋ/ noun BUSINESS anannual meeting of all the shareholders of acompany, when the company’s financial sit-uation is presented and discussed Abbr
AGM (NOTE: The US English is annual meeting or annual stockholders’ meet- ing.)
annual pass
annual pass /njuəl pɑs/ noun a pass
that entitles a person to use facilities for awhole year
Trang 2013 appetite
Annual Percentage Rate
Annual Percentage Rate /njuəl pə|
sentd$ ret/ noun BUSINESS the rate of
interest shown on an annual compound
basis, including fees and charges Abbr APR
answer
answer /ɑnsə/ noun something that you
say or write when someone has asked you a
question 쑗 I am writing in answer to your
let-ter of October 6th 쑗 My letter got no answer
or There was no answer to my letter 쑗 I tried
to phone his office but there was no answer.
쐽 verb to speak or write words to someone
who has spoken to you or asked you a
ques-tion 왍 to answer a letter to write a letter in
reply to a letter which you have received
anteroom
anteroom /ntirum/ noun a room next
to and adjoining a larger room 쑗 The disco
was held in the anteroom next to the bar.
antibiotic
antibiotic /ntiba|ɒtk/ MEDICAL
adjec-tive stopping the spread of bacteria 쐽 noun a
drug, e.g penicillin, that is developed from
living substances and stops the spread of
microorganisms 쑗 He was given a course of
antibiotics 쑗 Antibiotics have no use against
virus diseases.
COMMENT : Penicillin is one of the
com-monest antibiotics, together with
strepto-mycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and
many others Although antibiotics are
widely and successfully used, new forms
of bacteria have developed which are
resistant to them.
anticaking additive
anticaking additive /nt|kekŋ
dtv/ noun CATERING an additive added
to food to prevent it becoming solid
antimalarial
antimalarial /ntimə|leəriəl/ noun,
adjective MEDICAL treating or preventing
malaria (NOTE: Antimalarial drugs have
names ending in -oquine: chloroquine.)
antioxidant
antioxidant /nti|ɒksd(ə)nt/ noun
CATERING a substance which makes oxygen
less damaging, e.g in the body or in foods or
plastics
antipasto
antipasto /ntipstəυ/ noun a food
served at the beginning of an Italian meal or
as a snack
antiseptic
antiseptic /nt|septk/ MEDICAL
adjec-tive preventing harmful microorganisms
from spreading 쑗 She gargled with an
anti-septic mouthwash.쐽 noun a substance which
prevents germs growing or spreading 쑗 The
nurse painted the wound with antiseptic.
antivenene
antivenene /ntivə|nin/, antivenom
serum noun MEDICAL serum which is used
to counteract the poison from snake or insect
apartment /ə|pɑtmənt/ noun a set of
rooms in a large building, used as a separateliving unit Also called flat 왍 apartment
block a block of flats
apartment hotel
apartment hotel /ə|pɑtmənt həυtel/
noun HOTELS a hotel which is formed of aseries of furnished rooms or suites and whereall normal hotel services are provided,although each suite will have its own kitch-enette
APEX
APEX /epeks/ abbreviation Advance
Pur-chase Excursion
APEX fare
APEX fare /epeks feə/ noun AIR TRAVEL
a specially cheap air fare that you must book
a particular length of time before the flightand that you can only change or cancel bypaying an extra charge
‘…a cheap APEX fare has been introduced for a car and up to five passengers who book 28 days
in advance and return within five days’
[Business Traveller]
apologise
apologise /ə|pɒləd$az/ verb to say youare sorry 쑗 We apologise for the delay in unloading baggage 쑗 She apologised for being late.
apology
apology /ə|pɒləd$i/ noun a statement inwhich you say you are sorry 쑗 to write a let- ter of apology 쑗 I enclose a cheque for £10 with apologies for the delay in answering your letter 쑗 She was very annoyed and asked for an apology from the coach driver.
(NOTE: The plural form is apologies.)
appellation d’origine contrôlée
appellation d’origine contrôlée /pə|
lsiɒn dɒrd$n kɒn|trəυle/ noun BEV ERAGES a French wine classification, indi-cating that the wine comes from a particulararea and is of a particular quality Compare
-VDQS
appetiser
appetiser /ptazə/, appetizer nounCATERING a snack taken with drinks before ameal
appetising
appetising /ptazŋ/ adjective
look-ing, smelling or tasting good
appetite
appetite /ptat/ noun a need or wish to
eat 왍 good appetite interest in eating food 왍
poor appetite lack of interest in eating food
Trang 21apple 14
apple
apple /p(ə)l/ noun FRUIT the common
hard, edible fruit of the apple tree Malus
domestica 왍 cider apple an apple used for
making cider
COMMENT : 6,000 apple varieties once
grew in Britain, and all of them are
recorded in the UK’s National Apple
Reg-ister Recognised apple varieties include
Cox’s Orange Pippin, Granny Smith and
Golden Delicious (dessert varieties) and
Bramley’s Seedling (cooking apple).
apple charlotte
apple charlotte /p(ə)l ʃɑlət/ noun
DESSERTS a hot dessert made of stewed
apples cooked in a case of soft sponge cake
apple crumble
apple crumble /p(ə)l krmb(ə)l/
noun DESSERTS a dessert made of cooked
apples covered with a crumble top
apple sauce /p(ə)l sɔs/ noun
SAUCES, ETC sauce made from cooked
apples, served with meat, especially pork
(NOTE: In US English, apple sauce can be
eaten as a dessert, which in British English
is called stewed apples.)
applicant
applicant /plkənt/ noun somebody
who applies for something 쑗 Visa applicants
will have to wait at least two weeks.
application
application /pl|keʃ(ə)n/ noun an act
of asking for something, usually in writing 쑗
an application for a visa or a visa
applica-tion 쑗 an application for a job or a job
appli-cation
application form
application form /pl|keʃ(ə)n fɔm/
noun a form which has to be filled in to
apply for something 쑗 to fill in an
applica-tion (form) for a new passport or a passport
application (form)
apply
apply /ə|pla/ verb 1 to ask for something,
usually in writing 쑗 to apply for a visa or for
a passport 쑗 to apply in writing 쑗 to apply in
person 왍 to apply for a job to write offering
your services to an employer 쑗 Sixty people
applied for jobs in the new restaurant. 2. to
affect or be relevant to someone or
some-thing 쑗 This clause applies only to travel in
Africa. (NOTE: applying – applied)
approved
approved /ə|pruvd/ adjective TOURISM
formerly, the lowest grade in the English
Tourist Board grading system
APR
APR abbreviation BUSINESS Annual
Per-centage Rate
après-ski
après-ski /pre ski/ adjective taking
place in the evening after a day’s skiing
apricot
apricot /eprkɒt/ noun FRUIT the small
yellow fruit from the deciduous tree Prunus
armeniaca, similar to a small peach, but not
as juicy 쑗 You have a choice of marmalade
or apricot jam for breakfast.
apron
apron /eprən/ noun 1 a piece of clothworn over clothes to protect them whenworking 쑗 The chef in the carvery wears a long white apron. 2 AIR TRAVEL (in an air- port) a piece of tarmac on which planes can
be parked for unloading, waiting, cleaning,etc
‘…the chances are you’ll be decanted from the plane onto a hot and sticky apron for the further stifling bus ride to the cramped terminal’
[Business Traveller]
‘…much of the apron outside the hangars seems
to be overflow parking area for aircraft awaiting
departure slots’ [Airliner World]
apron congestion
apron congestion /eprən kən|
d$estʃ(ə)n/ noun AIR TRAVEL a situationwhere too many planes try to use the apron at
an airport, resulting in slower turnroundtimes
arborio /ɑ|bɔriəυ/ noun a short-grained
rice used to make risotto and other Italiandishes
Arbroath smokie
Arbroath smokie /ɑ|brəυθ sməυki/
noun SEAFOOD a small whole haddocksmoked to a brown colour (NOTE: Arbroath smokies are named after the town of
Arbroath in Scotland.)
arctic
arctic /ɑktk/ adjective referring to the
area round the North Pole 쑗 Polar bears hibernate during the long arctic winters 쑗
Two arctic explorers have reached the North Pole.쐽 noun 왍 the Arctic the area round the
North Pole 쑗 The Arctic is home to polar bears 왍 the High Arctic the most northerlypart of the Arctic
‘…a whole range of pollutants are collected by the atmosphere over central Europe, and then car- ried by air currents to the High Arctic, where they
fall back to earth in the weather’ [TGO –
The Great Outdoors]
area
area /eəriə/ noun 1 a measurement of the
space taken up by something, calculated bymultiplying the length by the width 쑗 The area of this restaurant is 3,400 square feet 쑗
We are looking for a shop with a sales area
of about 100 square metres. 2. a region of theworld 쑗 The tour will visit one of the most inaccessible desert areas in the world. 3. adistrict or part of a town 쑗 The office is in the commercial area of the town 쑗 Their factory
is in a very good area for getting to the motorways and airports. 4. part of a country,
Trang 2215 artichoke
a division for commercial purposes 쑗 Her
sales area is the North-West 쑗 He finds it
difficult to cover all his area in a week.
area code
area code /eəriə kəυd/ noun a special
telephone number which is given to a
partic-ular area 쑗 The area code for central London
is 020 7.
area manager
area manager /eəriə mnd$ə/ noun a
manager who is responsible for a part of the
country
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
/eəriə əv aυt|stndŋ ntʃ(ə)rəl bjuti/
noun TOURISM a region in England and
Wales which is not a National Park but which
is considered sufficiently attractive to be
pre-served from overdevelopment Abbr AONB
arm
arm /ɑm/ noun 1 the part of the body
which goes from the shoulder to the hand 왍
arm in arm with their arms linked 2.
some-thing shaped like an arm, or a piece at the
side of a chair to rest your arms on 쑗 The
but-tons for the music channels are in the arm of
your seat.쐽 verb to equip with weapons
armband
armband /ɑmbnd/ noun a piece of
cloth worn round your arm 쑗 The tour leader
will be wearing a red armband.
armchair
armchair /ɑmtʃeə/ noun a chair with
arms 쑗 Each bedroom is furnished with two
armchairs and a TV.
armed
armed /ɑmd/ adjective equipped with
weapons 쑗 Because of the dangerous
situa-tion, the party will travel with armed guards.
armrest
armrest /ɑmrest/ noun a part of a seat
that you put your arm on 쑗 The ashtray and
sound buttons are in the armrest 쑗 Please
put your armrests into the horizontal
posi-tion for landing.
aroma
aroma /ə|rəυmə/ noun a pleasant smell of
something you can eat or drink (formal) 쑗
the aroma of freshly ground coffee
aromatic
aromatic /rə|mtk/ adjective having a
strong pleasant smell 왍 aromatic herbs
herbs with a strong scent which are used to
give a particular taste to food, e.g rosemary
arrange /ə|rend$/ verb 1 to put in order
쑗 The hotel is arranged as a series of small
bungalows with a central restaurant and
swimming pool 쑗 In the guide, the
restau-rants are arranged in alphabetical order 쑗
Arrange the invoices in order of their dates.
2. to organise 쑗 We arranged to have the
meeting in their offices 쑗 She arranged for a
car to meet him at the airport 쑗 The courier will arrange transportation to the airport.
(NOTE: You arrange for someone to do something; you arrange for something to
be done; or you arrange to do something.)
arrival
arrival /ə|rav(ə)l/ noun 1 the act of ing to a place 쑗 We announce the arrival of flight AB 987 from Tangiers Abbr arr 2. aperson who arrives at a place 쑗 The new arrivals were shown to the first-floor lounge.
com-arrival date
arrival date /ə|rav(ə)l det/ noun TRAVELthe day on which a traveller or tour grouparrives at a destination Also called date of arrival
arrivals
arrivals /ə|rav(ə)lz/ noun AIR TRAVEL asection of an airport where the passengersarrive
arrivals hall
arrivals hall, arrivals lounge noun AIR TRAVEL a hall or lounge where passengerscan be met or can sit and wait
arrival without notice
arrival without notice /ə|rav(ə)l
wð υt nəυts/ noun HOTELS arrival at ahotel without having made an advance book-ing
arrive
arrive /ə|rav/ verb to reach a place 쑗 The plane is due to arrive at 12.15 쑗 They arrived at the hotel in the middle of the night.
arrowroot
arrowroot /rəυrut/ noun CATERING athickening agent in the form of a white pow-der made from the root of a West Indian plant
art
art /ɑt/ noun 1 an activity in which peoplecreate beautiful or interesting objects orexperiences, e.g painting, drawing, sculp-ture, music, literature or dance 2. beautiful orinteresting objects, created e.g by painting,drawing or sculpture 쑗 When in Washington, you must not miss the Museum of Modern Art.
art gallery
art gallery /ɑt #ləri/ noun ENTERTAIN MENT a museum of paintings, drawings orsculptures
-artichoke
artichoke /ɑttʃəυk/ noun VEGETABLES
1.왍 (globe) artichoke a green vegetable like
the flower of a thistle 2. 왍 (Jerusalem)
arti-choke a root vegetable like a bumpy potato
COMMENT : Globe artichokes are in fact a type of thistle; the flower heads are cut before the flowers open and are boiled; the soft bottom parts of the outer leaves are eaten, often with vinaigrette, and then the prickly ‘choke’ in the centre has to be removed, and the base of the flower
Trang 23artificial sweetener 16
vinaigrette The ‘heart’ can also be served
by itself as a salad In a restaurant, the
artichoke will be prepared in the kitchen
before serving, so that the customer can
eat it without too much difficulty
Jerusa-lem artichokes are quite different plants,
but have a similar taste to globe
arti-chokes The roots are thick and
oddly-shaped; they are peeled and boiled like
potatoes, and eaten with butter or other
sauces, or made into soup.
artificial sweetener
artificial sweetener /ɑtfʃ(ə)l
swit(ə)nə/ noun a synthetic substance
used in place of sugar to sweeten food
arts festival
arts festival /ɑtz festv(ə)l/ noun
ENTERTAINMENT a large-scale event in which
performances, exhibitions and competitions
in music, drama, painting and handicrafts
take place
asap
asap /e es e pi, esp/, ASAP
abbre-viation as soon as possible (informal) 쑗 I
want it done asap.
ascorbic acid
ascorbic acid /ə|skɔbk sd/ noun
CATERING Vitamin C, found in fresh fruit
ASH
ASH /ʃ/ abbreviation Action on Smoking
and Health
ashore
ashore /ə|ʃɔ/ adverb SHIPS AND BOATS on
land, or onto the land from a ship 쑗
Passen-gers can go ashore for a couple of hours to
visit the town.
ashtray
ashtray /ʃtre/ noun a container for
putting ash and unsmoked parts of cigarettes
and cigars 쑗 The table was covered with dirty
plates and the ashtray was full 쑗 In the
smoking compartments, ashtrays are
pro-vided in the armrests of the seats.
asparagus
asparagus /ə|sprə#əs/ noun VEGETA
-BLES a cultivated plant the new shoots of
which you eat as a vegetable
COMMENT : Asparagus is a type of fern; the
new shoots appear above the ground in
late spring, and are cut off at ground level.
They should be boiled, and then can be
eaten hot with melted butter, or cold or
warm with a vinaigrette dressing
Aspara-gus can also be made into soup In
Eng-land, asparagus can be eaten with the
fin-gers, dipping the tip of the spear into the
dressing, and nibbling them down to the
point where they stop being tender In
other countries, asparagus is eaten with a
knife and fork.
aspic
aspic /spk/ noun FOOD 1. jelly made
from the cooked juices of meat, poultry or
fish 2. a form of salad, with small pieces of
cold meat, poultry, eggs or vegetables set in
firm aspic jelly in a mould
assign
assign /ə|san/ verb 1 to give a place to
someone 쑗 He was assigned a room on the
ground floor. 2. to give someone a job of
work 쑗 She was assigned the job of checking the bathrooms.
assist
assist /ə|sst/ verb to help somebody 쑗
The courier assisted the tourists at the toms checkpoint. (NOTE: You assist some-
cus-one in doing something or to do something
or with something.)
assistance
assistance /ə|sst(ə)ns/ noun help 쑗
Handicapped travellers may need assistance with their baggage.
‘…all travel insurers have an international gency helpline and in serious situations you will
emer-be put through to an assistance company which will have a doctor on duty at the end of the line, and normally a local agent to arrange the neces-
sary medical treatment’ [Wanderlust]
assistant waiter /ə|sst(ə)nt wetə/
noun CATERING same as commis waiter
assisted passage
assisted passage /ə|sstd psd$/
noun a journey for an immigrant to a foreigncountry which is partly paid for by the gov-ernment of that country to encourage immi-gration
Atkins diet /tknz daət/ noun a plan
to help people lose weight that suggests thatthey should eat a lot of protein and fat but lit-tle carbohydrate
gen-ATOL
ATOL /tɒl/ abbreviation Air Travel
Organisers’ Licence
attach
attach /ə|ttʃ/ verb to fasten or link
some-thing to somesome-thing else 쑗 I am attaching a copy of my previous letter 쑗 Please find attached a copy of my letter of June 24th 쑗
The tables are attached to the floor so they cannot move, even if the sea is rough 쑗 The bank attaches great importance to the deal.
attaché
attaché /ə|tʃe/ noun a junior diplomat
who does special work in an embassy 왍
attaché case a small case for carrying papers
and documents
attend
attend /ə|tend/ verb to be present at an
event 쑗 They organised the protest meeting
in the kitchen, but only a few of the kitchen
Trang 2417 Automobile Association
staff attended 쑗 The chairman has asked all
managers to attend the meeting.
attendant
attendant /ə|tendənt/ noun 1 somebody
who is on duty in a public place such as a
museum 2. somebody who is on duty to help
customers
attend to
attend to /ə|tend tu/ verb to give careful
thought to something and deal with it 쑗 The
managing director will attend to your
com-plaint personally 쑗 We have brought in
experts to attend to the problem of installing
the new computer.
attention
attention /ə|tenʃən/ noun the act of giving
careful thought to something or dealing with
it 쑗 Your orders will have our best attention.
attractive
attractive /ə|trktv/ adjective
interest-ing and able to stimulate the senses or the
mind 쑗 There are some attractive bargains in
weekend breaks 쑗 The attractive scenery
round the lake makes the hotel very popular
with older guests.
aubergine
aubergine /əυbə$in/ noun VEGETABLES
the shiny purple-black fruit of the eggplant
Solanum melongena, used as a vegetable.
Also called eggplant
COMMENT : A native of tropical Asia, it is
sometimes called by its Indian name
‘brin-jal’ Aubergines are used in Mediterranean
cooking, especially stuffed with meat, or
cooked with tomatoes in ratatouille and in
moussaka.
audit
audit /ɔdt/ BUSINESS noun an
examina-tion of the books and accounts of a company
쑗 to carry out the annual audit 쐽 verb to
examine the books and accounts of a
com-pany 쑗 to audit the accounts 쑗 The books
have not yet been audited.
auditing
auditing /ɔdtŋ/ noun BUSINESS the act
of examining the books and accounts of a
company
auditor
auditor /ɔdtə/ noun somebody who
audits 쑗 The AGM appoints the company’s
auditors.
COMMENT : Auditors are appointed by the
company’s directors and voted by the
AGM In the USA, audited accounts are
only required by corporations which are
registered with the Stock Exchange
Com-mission, but in the UK all limited
compa-nies must provide audited annual
accounts.
auditorium
auditorium /ɔd|tɔriəm/ noun a large
hall in which people can watch or listen to
something, e.g a show, concert or lecture
(NOTE: The plural form is auditoriums or
auditoria.)
auditors’ report
auditors’ report /ɔdtəz r|pɔt/ noun
BUSINESS a report written by a company’s
auditors after they have examined the
accounts of the company, certifying that, inthe opinion of the auditors, the accounts give
a ‘true and fair’ view of the company’s cial position
finan-au gratin
au gratin /əυ #rtn/ CATERING 쏡 gratin
au jus
au jus /əυ ju/ adjective referring to meat
that is served in its own cooking juices
au naturel
au naturel /əυ ntrjυ|rel/ adv, adj
served simply and plainly, e.g uncooked orwithout seasoning or salt
auto
auto /ɔtəυ/ noun ROAD TRAVEL same as
car
autobahn
autobahn /ɔtəυbɑn/ noun a motorway
in Germany, Austria and other speaking countries
automatic /ɔtə|mtk/ adjective
work-ing or takwork-ing place without any person ing it happen
mak-‘…using the new automatic ticket and boarding pass, travellers carrying hand baggage only will
be allowed to check themselves in for a flight simply by swiping the card against a magnetic reader before boarding Trials in Switzerland suggest the entire checking process for hand bag- gage carriers can be reduced to around 20 sec-
onds’ [Business Travel]
‘…airlines and airports have been working towards automated ticket and boarding passes – called ATB2s – for several years, to avoid the problem of airport overcrowding which could become worse as European deregulation stimu- lates more air travel As a result, airlines are accelerating the installation of ATB2 technol-
ogy’ [Times]
automatic landing equipment
automatic landing equipment
/ɔtəmtk landŋ |kwpmənt/ noun AIR TRAVEL computerised equipment in an air-craft, which allows it to land in bad weather
or when visibility is bad
automatic pilot
automatic pilot /ɔtəmtk palət/
noun AIR TRAVEL computerised equipment in
an aircraft which allows it to fly withoutintervention from the captain
automatic teller machine
automatic teller machine /ɔtəmtk
telə mə|ʃin/ noun FINANCE same as cash dispenser
automatic ticket and boarding pass
automatic ticket and boarding pass
/ɔtəmtk tkt ənd bɔdŋ pɑs/ nounAIR TRAVEL an electronic ticket, which con-tains information about the passenger andthe reservation on a magnetic strip Abbr
ATB
Automobile Association
Automobile Association /ɔtəməbil
ə|səυsieʃ(ə)n/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a majormotoring association in the United King-dom 쒁 RAC
Trang 25autopilot 18
autopilot
autopilot /ɔtəυpalət/ noun TRAVEL
same as automatic pilot
autumn
autumn /ɔtəm/ noun the season of the
year between summer and winter 쑗 The
air-line is offering autumn breaks of two- or
three-night stays in the capital 쑗 Fares tend
to go down in the autumn and rise again at
Christmas. (NOTE: US English uses fall in
this meaning.)
availability
availability /ə|velə|blti/ noun 1 the
fact of being easy to obtain 왍 offer subject
to availability the offer is valid only if the
goods or services are available 2 AIR TRAVEL
the number of tickets available for a flight at
a certain price
available
available /ə|veləb(ə)l/ adjective possible
to obtain or buy 쑗 available in all branches
쑗 item no longer available 쑗 items available
to order only 쑗 funds which are made
avail-able for investment in small businesses 왍
available capital capital which is ready to
be used
avalanche
avalanche /vəlɑntʃ/ noun a heavy
mass of snow sliding down a mountainside
avalanche season
avalanche season /vəlɑntʃ
siz(ə)n/ noun late spring, when increasing
temperatures make the snow melt on high
mountains, and cause avalanches
average
average /v(ə)rd$/ noun a number
cal-culated by adding together several figures
and dividing by the number of figures added
쑗 the average for the last three months or the
last three months’ average쐽 adjective in the
middle 쑗 average sales per restaurant 쑗 the
average occupancy rates for the last three
months 쑗 the average increase in prices
average achieved room rate
average achieved room rate
/v(ə)rd$ ə|tʃivd rum ret/ noun
HOTELS the average price received for room
sales in a hotel, calculated by dividing thetotal amount charged for all rooms, eachnight, by the number of rooms occupied
avocado
avocado /və|kɑdəυ/ noun VEGETA BLES the pear-shaped green fruit of a treeoriginally growing in South and CentralAmerica, but now cultivated in Israel, Spain,the United States and elsewhere
-COMMENT : The fruit has a high protein and fat content, making it very nutritious It is normally served as an hors d’oeuvre The fruit is cut in half and the stone removed The hollow left by the stone can be filled with shrimps, etc., or the fruit can be served with vinaigrette which is poured into the hollow (‘avocado vinaigrette’) Avocado made into a puree is called
‘guacamole’.
avoid
avoid /ə|vɔd/ verb to try not to do
thing, or not to collide with or meet body or something 쑗 You must avoid travel- ling on Friday evenings 쑗 If you leave before
some-3 p.m you will avoid the rush hour traffic 쑗
He should try to avoid fatty food. (NOTE: You
avoid something or avoid doing
some-thing.)
award
award /ə|wɔd/ noun a prize, medal, ment or money that is given to somebody toshow recognition of something good that he
docu-or she has done 왍 award-winning having
won a prize 쑗 an award-winning restaurant
away
away /ə|we/ adverb not here, somewhereelse 쑗 The managing director is away on business 쑗 My assistant is away sick.
azo dye
azo dye /ezəυ da/ noun CATERING a stance extracted from coal tar and added tofood to give it colour
sub-COMMENT : Many of the azo dyes (such as tartrazine) provoke allergic reactions; some are believed to be carcinogenic.
Trang 26baby
baby /bebi/ noun a very young child who
is not yet old enough to talk or walk
baby-listening service
baby-listening service /bebi
ls(ə)nŋ svs/ noun HOTELS a service
provided by a hotel, with a small microphone
to put over a baby’s cot, so that the parents
can hear if the baby cries when they are not
in the room
baby-sit
baby-sit /bebi st/ verb to look after
chil-dren while their parents are out
baby-sitter
baby-sitter /bebi stə/ noun somebody
who baby-sits
baby-sitting service
baby-sitting service /bebi stŋ
svs/ noun HOTELS a service provided by
a hotel, where a baby-sitter comes to the
hotel room to look after a baby when the
par-ents are out of the room
bacillary
bacillary /bə|sləri/ adjective MEDICAL
referring to bacilli 왍 bacillary dysentery
dysentery caused by the bacillus Shigella in
contaminated food
bacillus
bacillus /bə|sləs/ noun MEDICAL a
bacte-rium shaped like a rod (NOTE: The plural
form is bacilli.) 왍 Bacillus cereus a
micro-organism found in cereals such as rice
back
back /bk/ noun 1 the opposite side to the
front 쑗 Write your address on the back of the
envelope 쑗 The conditions of sale are
printed on the back of the invoice. 2. the
opposite part to the front 쑗 We want two seats
at the back of the plane 쑗 If you sit at the
back of the bus, you may feel travel sick 쑗
They complained that they couldn’t see the
stage from the back of the stalls.쐽 adjective
referring to the past 왍 back rent rent owed 쑗
The company owes £100,000 in back rent.쐽
verb 1 ROAD TRAVEL to drive a car
back-wards 쑗 He backed into the parking space 쑗
She backed into the car behind. 2. 왍 to back
a bill to sign a bill promising to pay it if the
person it is addressed to is not able to do so
back cabin
back cabin /bk kbn/ noun AIR
TRAVEL a section of seating in the back part
of a plane, usually reserved for economy
class
backcountry snowboarding
backcountry snowboarding
/bkkntri snəυbɔdŋ/ noun SPORT
snowboard riding that is done away fromresorts or in specially marked areas
backdate
backdate /bk|det/ verb BUSINESS to put
an earlier date on a cheque or invoice 쑗 date your invoice to April 1st 쑗 The pay increase is backdated to January 1st.
Back-back door
back door /bk dɔ/ noun a door at the
rear of a building
background
background /bk#raυnd/ noun 1 the
experiences, including education and familylife, which someone has had 쑗 What is his background or Do you know anything about his background? 쑗 His background is in the fast-food business 쑗 The company is looking for someone with a background of success in the international hotel field. 2. informationabout a situation 쑗 She explained the back- ground of the claim for compensation 쑗 I know the contractual situation as it stands now, but can you fill in the background details?
backhander
backhander /bk|hndə/ noun a sum
of money given secretly and illegally tosomebody to persuade him or her to help you
(informal )
backlog
backlog /bklɒ#/ noun work which has
piled up waiting to be done 쑗 The airport is trying to cope with a backlog of flights held
up by fog 쑗 My assistant can’t cope with the backlog of paperwork.
back-of-house services
back-of-house services /bk əv
haυs svsz/ plural noun HOTELS ices that are based in the back part of a hotel,e.g cleaning and providing supplies for therestaurant and bar Also called back-of-the- house services
serv-back-of-the-house staff
back-of-the-house staff /bk əv
haυs stɑf/ noun HOTELS staff who work inthe back of a hotel, e.g kitchen staff andcleaners
back out
back out /bk aυt/ verb 1 to stop being
part of a deal or agreement 쑗 The bank backed out of the contract 쑗 We had to can- cel the project when our German partners backed out. 2 ROAD TRAVEL to drive a carbackwards out of a place 쑗 He backed out of the garage.
Trang 27backpack 20
backpack
backpack /bkpk/ noun a large bag
carried on the back when walking 쑗 I’ll have
to take something out of my backpack – it’s
much too heavy Also called rucksack 쐽
verb to go walking, carrying your gear in a
backpack 쑗 If you backpack, you will become
aware of how difficult the terrain is.
backpacker
backpacker /bkpkə/ noun somebody
who travels, or goes walking, carrying a
backpack 쑗 We picked up two backpackers
who were hitching a lift into the Rockies.
backpacking
backpacking /bkpkŋ/ noun TOUR
-ISM the activity of going on long-distance
trips or walks, carrying your clothes and
equipment in a backpack 쑗 We went
back-packing round Greece.
back pay
back pay /bk pe/ noun salary which
has not been paid 쑗 I am owed £500 in back
pay.
back payment
back payment /bk pemənt/ noun a
payment that is due
back pocket
back pocket /bk pɒkt/ noun a pocket
in the back of a pair of trousers 쑗 His wallet
was stolen from his back pocket.
bk ə|rend$mənt/ noun HOTELS an
arrangement covering travel and hotel
accommodation, organised so that when one
group arrives they occupy the same rooms as
the previous group, who leave by the same
plane
back up
back up /bk p/ verb 1 to help or
sup-port someone or something 쑗 He brought
along a file of documents to back up his
claim 쑗 The waiter said the manager had
refused to back him up in his argument with
the customer. 2. to become jammed, because
of not being able to go forwards 쑗 Following
the accident, traffic backed up along the
motorway for several miles 3 US ROAD
TRAVEL to make a car go backwards 쑗 Can
you back up, please? I want to get out of the
parking lot. (NOTE: The British English for
this is simply to back.)
backup
backup /bkp/ adjective supporting or
helping 쑗 We offer a free backup service to
customers 쑗 After a series of sales tours by
representatives, the sales director sends
backup letters to all the contacts 왍 backup
copy a copy of a computer disk to be kept in
case the original disk is damaged or lost 쐽
noun US AIR TRAVEL a delay in a flight
caused by too much air traffic
bacon
bacon /bekən/ noun MEAT salt meat from
a pig, which is sliced into thin strips and
cooked before serving ( : There is no
plural form: some bacon; a pound of bacon;
for a single piece say a rasher.) 왍 bacon
and eggs fried bacon and fried eggs, usually
served at breakfastCOMMENT : There are various types of bacon: back bacon (which has more meat) and streaky bacon (which has more fat); bacon can be smoked (i.e cured in smoke) or unsmoked (also called ‘green’
in British English) In the United States, bacon is sliced more thinly and cooked more than in the United Kingdom and is called ‘crispy bacon’ Bacon is mainly eaten at breakfast, but it is often used in sandwiches (such as bacon, lettuce and tomato or BLT).
bacteria
bacteria /bk|təriə/ plural noun MEDICALsubmicroscopic organisms which help in thedecomposition of organic matter, some ofwhich are permanently present in the intes-tines of animals and can break down food tis-sue, and some of which cause disease (NOTE:
The singular form is bacterium.)
COMMENT : Bacteria can be shaped like rods (bacilli), like balls (cocci) or have a spiral form (such as spirochaetes) Bacte- ria, especially bacilli and spirochaetes, can move and reproduce very rapidly.
products’ [Caterer & Hotelkeeper]
bacterial contamination
bacterial contamination /bk|təriəlkən|tm|neʃ(ə)n/ noun CATERING thestate of something such as water or food thathas been contaminated by bacteria
bactericidal
bactericidal /bk|tər|sadəl/ adjectiveMEDICAL referring to a substance thatdestroys bacteria
bag /b#/ noun 1 a soft container made of
plastic, cloth or paper, and used for carryingthings 쑗 She brought her lunch in a Harrods bag 쑗 We gave away 5,000 plastic bags at the exhibition. 2. a soft case for carryingclothes when travelling 쑗 He left his bag in the cabin 쑗 The porter will carry your bags
to the room.
bagel
bagel /be#(ə)l/ noun BREAD, ETC a shaped bread roll with a slightly chewy tex-ture
ring-baggage
baggage /b#d$/ noun TRAVEL suitcases
or bags for carrying clothes when travelling
Trang 2821 baker
(NOTE: There is no plural form: to show one
suitcase, etc., you can say a piece of
bag-gage Note also that British English uses
luggage more often than baggage.)
COMMENT : Certain items are not allowed
onto aircraft, and should not be packed in
baggage These include ammunition,
explosives, radioactive substances,
flam-mable liquids, and compressed gases.
Battery-driven appliances such as clocks
should be declared when checking in.
baggage allowance
baggage allowance /b#d$ ə|laυəns/
noun AIR TRAVEL the weight of baggage
which an air passenger is allowed to take free
when travelling Also called free baggage
allowance (NOTE: The baggage allowance
is usually 30kg for first-class or business
class passengers and 20kg for tourist class
passengers.)
baggage cart
baggage cart /b#d$ kɑt/ noun US
same as luggage trolley
baggage check
baggage check /b#d$ tʃek/ noun AIR
TRAVEL 1. an examination of passengers’
baggage to make sure it contains nothing
dangerous or illegal 2. a receipt given to a
passenger for baggage which has been
checked in, and which is usually stapled to
the passenger’s ticket counterfoil
baggage check-in
baggage check-in /b#d$ tʃek n/
noun AIR TRAVEL a place where air
passen-gers have their bags and suitcases weighed
and hand them over to be put on the aircraft
baggage handler
baggage handler /b#d$ hndlə/
noun AIR TRAVEL somebody who works at an
airport, taking baggage off or putting it on
planes
baggage label
baggage label /b#d$ leb(ə)l/ noun
TRAVEL a label attached to a piece of
bag-gage, with the owner’s name and address on
it
baggage lift
baggage lift /b#d$ lft/ noun HOTELS
same as luggage lift
baggage lockers
baggage lockers /b#d$ lɒkəz/
plu-ral noun TRAVEL a set of small cupboards,
e.g in an airport or railway station, where
passengers can leave baggage locked away
safely
baggage rack
baggage rack /b#d$ rk/ noun
HOTELS same as luggage rack
baggage reclaim
baggage reclaim /b#d$ riklem/
noun TRAVEL same as luggage claim
baggage room
baggage room /b#d$ rum/ noun US
same as left luggage office (NOTE: The
British English is left luggage office.)
baggage stand
baggage stand /b#d$ stnd/ noun
same as luggage stand
baggage ticket
baggage ticket /b#d$ tkt/ noun apiece of paper showing that you have left apiece of baggage with someone
baggage trolley
baggage trolley /b#d$ trɒli/ noun
same as luggage trolley
bagna cauda
bagna cauda /bnjə kaυdə/ nounSAUCES, ETC a warm sauce of olive oil, gar-lic and anchovies, served as a dip for rawvegetables
baguette
baguette /b|#et/ noun BREAD, ETC along loaf of French bread
bain-marie
bain-marie /bn mə|ri/ noun CATERING
a pan holding hot water into which anothervessel containing food to be cooked orheated is placed (NOTE: The plural form is
bains-marie.)
COMMENT : In a large kitchen, bains-marie are used to keep food hot: items of cooked food are placed in trays over hot water.
baize
baize /bez/ noun a soft felt cloth, usually
greenCOMMENT : Baize is used to cover restau- rant tables to prevent the tablecloth from slipping off, to cover card tables or billiard tables, and to cover the door leading from
a kitchen into a dining room to prevent the door from banging.
bake
bake /bek/ verb CATERING to cook in anoven 쑗 To cook the dish, bake in a hot oven for 30 minutes 쑗 Pizzas are baked in a pizza oven 왍 to bake blind to cook a pastry case
without a filling by covering it with paperand weighting it down with dried peas
baked
baked /bekt/ adjective CATERING cooked
in an oven
baked Alaska
baked Alaska /bekt ə|lskə/ noun
DESSERTS a dessert made of ice cream ered with meringue, baked in an oven for ashort time to cook the meringue, eatenbefore the ice cream melts
cov-baked apple
baked apple /bekt p(ə)l/ noun DES SERTS an apple which has been cored andfilled with raisins and brown sugar, thenbaked in an oven
-baked beans
baked beans /bekt binz/ plural noun
FOOD haricot beans, cooked in a tomatosauce, traditionally baked in the oven withpieces of pork and molasses, and called
‘Boston baked beans’, but now more ally available in cans
gener-baked potato
baked potato /bekt pə|tetəυ/ noun
FOOD a potato cooked ‘in its jacket’, that is,baked in an oven without being peeled, thenserved cut open, with butter or various fill-ings such as cheese, chopped ham, bakedbeans, chilli, etc Also called jacket potato
baker
baker /bekə/ noun a person whose job is
to make bread and cakes
Trang 29bakery 22
bakery
bakery /bekəri/, baker’s shop noun a
shop where bread is baked and sold
Bakewell tart
Bakewell tart /bekwel tɑt/ noun DES
-SERTS a tart that has a pastry base covered
with jam and topped with almond-flavoured
sponge
baking
baking /bekŋ/ noun a method of
cook-ing by placcook-ing somethcook-ing such as a bread or
cake mixture in an oven
baking apple
baking apple /bekŋ p(ə)l/ noun
FRUIT same as cooking apple
baking dish
baking dish /bekŋ dʃ/ noun CATERING
a fireproof dish which can be put in the oven
baking powder
baking powder /bekŋ paυdə/ noun a
mixture containing sodium bicarbonate,
starch and acids that is used to make cakes
rise when they are cooked
baking sheet
baking sheet /bekŋ ʃit/, baking tray
/bekŋ tre/ noun a flat sheet of metal for
baking e.g biscuits on
baking soda
baking soda /bekŋ səυdə/ noun
sodium bicarbonate, especially when used as
a raising agent in cookery
baklava
baklava /bk|lɑvə/ noun DESSERTS a
Turkish or Greek dessert made of thin pastry
filled with chopped nuts and covered with
honey
balance brought forward
balance brought forward , balance
carried forward noun FINANCE a balance
which is entered in an account at the end of a
period and is then taken to be the starting
point of the next period
balanced diet
balanced diet /blənst daət/ noun a
diet which contains the right quantities of
basic nutrients
balance in hand
balance in hand /bləns n hnd/
noun BUSINESS cash held to pay small debts
and running costs Also called cash in hand
balance sheet
balance sheet /bləns ʃit/ noun BUSI
-NESS a statement of the financial position of
a company at a particular time, such as the
end of the financial year or the end of a
quar-ter, showing the company’s assets and
liabil-ities 쑗 The company balance sheet for 2001
shows a substantial loss 쑗 The accountant
has prepared the balance sheet for the first
half-year.
COMMENT : The balance sheet shows the
state of a company’s finances at a certain
date; the profit and loss account shows
the movements which have taken place
since the end of the previous accounting
period A balance sheet must balance,
with the basic equation that assets (i.e.
what the company owns, including money
owed to the company) must equal
liabili-ties (i.e what the company owes to its
creditors) plus capital (i.e what it owes to
drawn up either in the horizontal form, with liabilities and capital on the left-hand side
of the page (in the United States, it is the reverse) or in the vertical form, with assets
at the top of the page, followed by ties, and capital at the bottom Most are usually drawn up in the vertical format, as opposed to the more old-fashioned hori- zontal style.
liabili-balcony
balcony /blkəni/ noun 1 a small terrace
jutting out from the upper level of a building
쑗 Each room has a balcony overlooking the sea 쑗 Breakfast is served on the balcony. 2.
ENTERTAINMENT an upstairs section of theauditorium of a theatre or cinema, above thestalls (NOTE: The plural form is balconies.)
ball
ball /bɔl/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a formaldance
balloon
balloon /bə|lun/ noun 1 a large round
object which is inflated 2 CATERING abrandy glass with a wide body tapering to anarrower mouth
ballooning
ballooning /bə|lunŋ/ noun the sport of
racing large passenger-carrying balloons
ballroom
ballroom /bɔlrum/ noun a large room
for formal dances
ball supper
ball supper /bɔl spə/ noun CATERING
a supper consisting of many light dishes,served as a continuous buffet during a ball
balsamic vinegar
balsamic vinegar /bɒl|smk vn#ə/
noun SAUCES, ETC thick rich Italian vinegarfrom unfermented grape juice, stored foryears in wooden barrels
balti
balti /blti/ noun a spicy dish originallyfrom Pakistan that is traditionally served inthe bowl-shaped pan it is cooked in
bamboo shoots
bamboo shoots /bm|bu ʃut/ plural noun VEGETABLES young shoots from thebamboo plant, used in Chinese and Malay-sian cooking
banana
banana /bə|nɑnə/ noun FRUIT the longyellow curved fruit of a large tropical plant
banana split
banana split /bə|nɑnə splt/ noun a
dessert made of a banana cut lengthwise andfilled with ice cream, cream and chocolatesauce
band
band /bnd/ noun ENTERTAINMENT a group
of people who play music together
bandage
bandage /bndd$/ MEDICAL noun a
piece of cloth which is wrapped around awound or an injured limb 쑗 The waitress had
a bandage round her hand.쐽 verb to wrap a
piece of cloth around a wound or an injuredlimb 쑗 She bandaged his leg 쑗 His arm is bandaged up.
bandana
bandana /bn|dnə/ noun a long scarfworn tied around your head to stop your hair
Trang 30bangers and mash
bangers and mash /bŋəz ənd mʃ/
noun FOOD grilled sausages and mashed
potatoes
bank
bank /bŋk/ noun 1 the edge of a river,
canal or lake 2 FINANCE a business which
holds money for its clients, which lends
money at interest, and trades generally in
money 쑗 He put all his earnings into his
bank 쑗 I have had a letter from my bank
tell-ing me my account is overdrawn 쑗 Payment
was made by a cheque drawn on a Swiss
bank. 3 ENTERTAINMENT the money held by
the organiser in a gambling game 쐽 verb
FINANCE to deposit money into a bank or to
have an account with a bank 쑗 He banked the
cheque as soon as he received it 왍 where do
you bank? where do you have a bank
account? 쑗 I bank at or with Barclays.
bank account
bank account /bŋk ə|kaυnt/ noun
FINANCE an account which a customer has
with a bank, where the customer can deposit
and withdraw money 쑗 to open a bank
account 쑗 to close a bank account 쑗 How
much money do you have in your bank
account? 쑗 If you let the balance in your
bank account fall below £100, you have to
pay bank charges.
banker’s order
banker’s order /bŋkəz ɔdə/ noun
FINANCE same as standing order쑗 He pays
his subscription by banker’s order.
bank holiday
bank holiday /bŋk hɒlde/ noun a
public holiday when most people do not go
to work and the banks are closed
COMMENT : Bank holidays in England and
Wales are: New Year’s Day, Good Friday,
Easter Monday, the first Monday in May
(May Day), the last Monday in May
(Spring Bank Holiday), the last Monday in
August (Summer Bank Holiday),
Christ-mas Day and Boxing Day (December
26th) In Scotland, the first Monday in
August and January 2nd are also Bank
Holidays, but Easter Monday and the last
Monday in August are not In the United
States, New Year’s Day, 21st January
(Martin Luther King Day), February 12th
(Lincoln’s birthday), the third Monday in
February (Washington’s birthday), the last
Monday in May (Memorial Day), July 4th
(Independence Day), the first Monday in
September (Labor Day), the second
Mon-day in October (Columbus Day), 11th
November (Veterans’ Day), the fourth
Thursday in November (Thanksgiving)
nationally, although there are other local holidays.
banking
banking /bŋkŋ/ noun BUSINESS thebusiness done by banks
banking account
banking account /bŋkŋ ə|kaυnt/
noun FINANCE same as bank account
banking hours
banking hours /bŋkŋ aυəz/ plural noun FINANCE the time when a bank is openfor its customers 쑗 You cannot get money out
of a bank outside banking hours.
banking services
banking services /bŋkŋ svsz/
plural noun FINANCE the services provided
by a bank, e.g withdrawal of money, cashingcheques and foreign currency exchange 쑗
Banking services are available in the ture lounge on the second floor.
The US English is bill.)
bank on
bank on /bŋk ɒn/ verb to be sure thatsomething will happen 쑗 He is banking on getting a loan from his father to set up his restaurant 쑗 Do not bank on having fine weather in November.
bank statement
bank statement /bŋk stetmənt/
noun FINANCE a written statement from abank showing how much money is in anaccount and what transactions have beenmade
banoffee
banoffee /b|nɒfi/ noun a creamy filling
made from bananas and soft toffee, in a try or biscuit base
-banqueting chef
banqueting chef /bŋkwtŋ ʃef/ nounCATERING a chef who specialises in cookingfor formal dinners 쑗 He worked as a ban- queting chef in a large London hotel.
banqueting manager
banqueting manager , banquets
man-ager noun HOTELS somebody in a hotel who
is responsible for organising formal tions
func-banqueting room
banqueting room /bŋkwtŋ rum/
noun HOTELS a room in a hotel where quets are organised
ban-banqueting suite
banqueting suite /bŋkwtŋ swit/
noun a series of rooms where banquets areorganised
Trang 31banquette 24
banquette
banquette /bɒnket/ noun CATERING a
seat along a wall in a restaurant 쑗 Shall we sit
on the banquette?
‘…banquette seating secures privacy’
[Evening Standard, Business Travel section]
bap
bap /bp/ noun BREAD, ETC a small round
loaf of white bread
bar
bar /bɑ/ noun 1 BARS a place where you
can buy and drink alcohol 쑗 The group met in
the bar of the hotel. 2 BARS a long counter in
a pub from which drinks are served 쑗 The
bar only opens at 6 p.m 쑗 He was sitting at
the bar. 3 CATERING a small shop, serving
one special type of food
barback
barback /bɑbk/ noun a person whose
job is to ensure that a bar is kept clean and
supplied with drinks
barbecue
barbecue /bɑbkju/ CATERING noun 1.
food cooked in the open air, over a charcoal
fire 쑗 Here is a recipe for chicken barbecue.
2. a meal or party, where the food is cooked
on a barbecue 쑗 We held a barbecue for
twenty guests 쑗 They were invited to a
bar-becue. 3. a metal holder for charcoal over
which food is cooked in the open air 쑗 Light
the barbecue at least half an hour before you
start cooking.쐽 verb to cook food over a
bar-becue 쑗 She was barbecuing sausages for
lunch when it started to rain 쑗 Barbecued
spare ribs are on the menu.
barbecue sauce
barbecue sauce /bɑbkju sɔs/ noun
a spicy sauce containing tomato, chilli and
garlic, used on barbecued meat
barber
barber /bɑbə/ noun somebody who cuts
men’s hair
COMMENT : Traditionally, a barber’s shop
has a red and white pole outside, as an
advertisement.
barber’s shop
barber’s shop /bɑbəz ʃɒp/, barber
shop /bɑbə ʃɒp/ noun a shop where men
have their hair cut
bar chart
bar chart /bɑ tʃɑt/ noun a diagram
where quantities and values are shown as
thick columns of different heights or lengths
bar code
bar code /bɑ kəυd/ noun BUSINESS a
system of lines printed on a product which
can be read by a computer to give a reference
number or price Also called Universal
Product Code
COMMENT : Bar codes are found on most
goods and their packages; the width and
position of the stripes can be recognised
by a bar-code reader and give information
about the goods, such as price, stock
quantities, etc Many packaged foods,
even fresh foods, are bar-coded to allow
quicker data capture in the supermarket.
bard
bard /bɑd/ verb CATERING to put a strip of
fat or fatty meat, such as a rasher of bacon,
over meat to prevent it from drying out whencooking
bareboat charter
bareboat charter /beəbəυt tʃɑtə/
noun SHIPS AND BOATS a system of ing a ship where the owner provides only theship, but not the crew, fuel or insurance
charter-bargain
bargain /bɑ#n/ noun 1 an agreement on
the price of something 왍 to drive a hard
bargain to be a difficult negotiator 왍 to
strike a hard bargain to agree a deal which
is favourable to you 왍 it is a bad bargain it
is not worth the price 2. something boughtmore cheaply than usual 쑗 That car is a (real) bargain at £500.쐽 verb to discuss the
terms of an agreement or sale 쑗 You will have
to bargain with the shopkeeper if you want a discount 쑗 They spent two hours bargaining about or over the price. (NOTE: You bargain
with someone over or about or for
some-thing.)
bargain sale
bargain sale /bɑ#n sel/ noun MAR KETING the sale of all goods in a store atcheap prices
-barley
barley /bɑli/ noun FOOD a common cereal
crop Hordeum sativum, grown in temperate
areasCOMMENT : Barley is grown in colder coun- tries; it is used in the production of beer and whisky; it is also used to make Scotch broth.
barley sugar
barley sugar /bɑli ʃυ#ə/ noun FOOD asweet made of boiled sugar, originally fla-voured with barley
barman
barman /bɑmən/ noun BARS a man whoserves in a bar 쑗 The barman didn’t know how to make cocktails. (NOTE: The plural
form is barmen.)
COMMENT : In the UK the terms ‘barman’ and ‘barmaid’ are not used in job adver- tisements to avoid sex discrimination;
‘barperson’ is used instead.
barometer
barometer /bə|rɒmtə/ noun an
instru-ment for measuring atmospheric pressure,and therefore for forecasting the weather
barometric
barometric /brə|metrk/ adjective
referring to a barometer
barometric pressure
barometric pressure /brəmetrk
preʃə/ noun atmospheric pressure indicated
by a barometer
barperson
barperson /bɑ|ps(ə)n/ noun BARS aman or woman who serves in a bar
Trang 3225 bathroom linen
barrel
barrel /brəl/ noun a large round
con-tainer for liquids 쑗 beer served from the
bar-rel 쑗 to sell wine by the barrel
barrier cream
barrier cream /briə krim/ noun a
cream used to prevent damage to the skin
from the sun
bar service
bar service /bɑ svs/ noun 1 service
in a bar 2. a system where the customer
orders, pays for and collects a drink or food
from a bar
bar snacks
bar snacks /bɑ snks/ plural noun
CATERING small items of food available in a
bar, e.g pies or sandwiches
bar staff
bar staff /bɑ stɑf/ noun BARS people
who work in a bar in a hotel or behind a bar
in a pub
bar stool
bar stool /bɑ stul/ noun BARS a high
seat used for sitting at a bar or counter
bartender
bartender /bɑtendə/ noun BARS
some-body who serves in a bar
bar trolley
bar trolley /bɑ trɒli/ noun AIR TRAVEL
same as drinks trolley
base jumping
base jumping /bes d$mpŋ/ noun the
extreme sport of parachuting from the tops
of very tall natural objects or buildings
basement
basement /besmənt/ noun an
under-ground section of a building 쑗 The central
heating boiler is in the basement.
basic discount
basic discount /besk dskaυnt/ noun
a normal discount without extra percentages
쑗 We give 25% as a basic discount, but can
add 5% for cash payment.
basic pay
basic pay /besk pe/, basic salary
/besk sləri/ noun BUSINESS a normal
salary without extra payments
basic tax
basic tax /besk tks/ noun BUSINESS
tax paid at the usual rate
basic wage
basic wage /besk wed$/ noun BUSI
-NESS normal pay without any extra
pay-ments 쑗 The basic wage is £110 a week, but
you can expect to earn more than that with
overtime.
basil
basil /bz(ə)l/ noun SAUCES, ETC a herb
Ocimum basilicum with strongly scented
leaves, used especially in Italian cuisine
basin
basin /bes(ə)n/ noun a large bowl
basket
basket /bɑskt/ noun a container made
of thin pieces of wood, wire or fibre woven
together 쑗 a basket of apples
basket meal
basket meal /bɑskt mil/ noun CATER
-ING a simple meal, usually of fried chicken,
sausage or scampi, served in a basket with
chips
basmati
basmati /bz|mɑti/ noun FOOD a type of
long-grained rice with a special smell and
flavour
bass
bass /bes/ noun a type of fish that is found
in rivers, lakes and seas and is caught forfood
a bath, to take a bath to wash the whole
body in a bath 2. same as bathtub쑗 The chambermaid has not cleaned the bath.
(NOTE: The US English is bathtub or tub.)
쐽 verb to wash yourself or someone else in a
bath 쑗 She baths twice a day in hot weather.
bathe
bathe /beð/ noun a swim, especially in the
sea or in a river 쑗 We went for a bathe before breakfast.쐽 verb 1 to swim 2 MEDICAL towash something such as a wound carefully 3.
US to have a bath
bather
bather /beðə/ noun somebody who is
swimming 쑗 The beach was crowded with bathers when the shark was sighted.
bathing
bathing /beðŋ/ noun the activity ofswimming in the sea, river or a pool 쑗 The bathing is very safe here because the water is shallow.
bathing cap
bathing cap /beðŋ kp/ noun a
rub-ber hat worn when swimming to preventyour hair getting wet
bathing costume
bathing costume /beðŋ kɒstjum/
noun SPORT same as swimming costume
bathrobe
bathrobe /bɑθrəυb/ noun 1 a loose coat
of towelling worn before or after a bath 2.
US a man’s dressing gown
bathroom
bathroom /bɑθrum/ noun 1 a room in
a house or hotel with a bath, a washbasin andusually a toilet 왍 room with private bath-
room or with its own bathroom hotel room
with its own bathroom attached 2. a roomcontaining a toilet (said instead of ) 쑗
Where’s the bathroom? 쑗 My daughter wants to go to the bathroom.
bathroom fittings
bathroom fittings /bɑθrum ftŋz/
plural noun fittings in a bathroom, such as ashower, wash basin, bidet, etc
bathroom linen
bathroom linen /bɑθrum lnən/ nountowels and other cloth articles that are pro-
Trang 33bath salts 26
vided in a bathroom 쑗 Guests complained
that there was no fresh bathroom linen.
bath salts
bath salts /bɑθ sɔlts/ plural noun
scented crystals to put in a bath
bathtowel
bathtowel /bɑθtaυəl/ noun a very large
towel for drying yourself after a bath 쑗
Remind me to give you a clean bathtowel.
bathtub
bathtub /bɑθtb/ noun especially US a
large container filled with water to wash the
whole body in Also called bath noun 2, tub
(NOTE: The British English term is bath.)
batter
batter /btə/ noun FOOD a thin liquid
mix-ture of flour, eggs and milk, used e.g for
making pancakes or toad-in-the-hole, or for
coating fish before frying
battered
battered /btəd/ adjective CATERING
covered with batter and cooked 쑗 battered
prawns
battery
battery /bt(ə)ri/ noun 1 an object that
fits into a piece of electrical equipment to
provide it with electric energy 쑗 My
calcula-tor needs a new battery 쑗 The battery has
given out so I can’t use my radio 쑗 My
mobile phone has a rechargeable battery. 2.
a series of small cages in which thousands of
chickens are kept
battery farming
battery farming /bt(ə)ri fɑmŋ/
noun a system of keeping thousands of
chickens in a series of small cages
COMMENT : Battery farming is a method of
egg production which is very
energy-effi-cient It is criticised, however, because of
the quality of the eggs, the possibility of
disease and the polluting substances
pro-duced, and also on grounds of cruelty
because of the stress caused to the birds.
battery hen
battery hen /bt(ə)ri hen/ noun a
chicken which spends its life confined in a
small cage
battle site
battle site /bt(ə)l sat/ noun a place
where a battle was fought
bay
bay /be/ noun 1 SAUCES, ETC a fragrant
shrub whose leaves are used in cooking 2. a
large rounded inlet in a coast 쑗 the Bay of
Biscay 쒁 Dublin Bay prawn
BBQ
BBQ abbreviation CATERING barbecue
beach
beach /bitʃ/ noun an area of sand or small
stones by the edge of the sea 쑗 They spent the
afternoon on the beach 쑗 You can hire
par-asols on the beach 쑗 There are lifeguards on
duty at the beach.
beach chalet
beach chalet /bitʃ ʃle/ noun a small
wooden holiday home, near or on a beach
beach hotel
beach hotel /bitʃ həυ|tel/ noun a hotel
that is on or near a beach
beach hut
beach hut /bitʃ ht/ noun a small
wooden building on a beach, where you can
change, keep deckchairs, etc
beach towel
beach towel /bitʃ taυəl/ noun a large
towel usually used on the beach
beach umbrella
beach umbrella /bitʃ m|brelə/ noun a
large coloured umbrella to use on a beach
bean
bean /bin/ noun VEGETABLES 1. a seed orthe long thin pod of various different plants,cooked and eaten 쑗 runner beans 쑗 butter beans 2. a dried seed that is ground and isused in cooking or to make drinks 쑗 coffee beans
COMMENT : Kidney beans must be cooked thoroughly, as undercooked beans can contain a toxin which causes nausea.
bean curd
bean curd /bin kd/ noun same as tofu
bean sprouts
bean sprouts /bin spraυts/ plural noun
VEGETABLES shoots of beans, eaten cially in Chinese cooking
espe-bear
bear /beə/ noun a large wild animal ered with fur 쑗 There are bears near the campsite in the mountains.
cov-‘…the danger Arctic explorers fear most is the
polar bear’ [TGO – The Great Outdoors]
béarnaise sauce
béarnaise sauce /beənez sɔs/ noun
a savoury sauce for meat, thickened with eggyolk and flavoured with tarragon
beat
beat /bit/ verb 1 to win a game against
another player or team 쑗 They have beaten their rivals into second place in the package holiday market. 2. 왍 to beat a ban to dosomething which is forbidden by doing itrapidly before the ban is enforced 3. to mixfast 쑗 Beat the egg whites in a bowl (NOTE:
beating – beat – has beaten)
Beaufort scale
Beaufort scale /bəυfət skel/ noun a
scale from 0 to 12 used to refer to thestrength of wind
COMMENT : The Beaufort scale was devised in the 18th century by a British admiral The descriptions of the winds and their speeds in knots are: 0: calm (0 knots); 1: light air (2 knots); 2: light breeze (5 knots); 3: gentle breeze (9 knots); 4: moderate breeze (13 knots); 5: fresh breeze (19 knots); 6: strong breeze (24 knots); 7: near gale (30 knots); 8: gale (37 knots); 9: strong gale (44 knots); 10: storm (52 knots); 11: violent storm (60 knots); 12: hurricane (above 60 knots).
Beaujolais
Beaujolais /bəυ$əle/ noun BEVERAGES alight French red wine from Burgundy whichcan be drunk cool
Beaujolais Nouveau
Beaujolais Nouveau /bəυ$əle nu|
vəυ/ noun BEVERAGES Beaujolais winewhich has just been made, sold from Novem-ber onwards of the year in which the grapesare picked
beauty
beauty /bjuti/ noun the quality of beingbeautiful
Trang 3427 beer
beauty parlour
beauty parlour /bjuti pɑlə/ noun a
shop specialising in women’s appearance
Also called beauty salon, beauty shop
beauty spot
beauty spot /bjuti spɒt/ noun a famous
beautiful place 쑗 The Lake District has some
of the most famous beauty spots in England.
béchamel sauce
béchamel sauce /beʃəmel sɔs/ noun
a rich sauce made from milk thickened with
butter and flour and served hot
bed
bed /bed/ noun a piece of furniture on
which you sleep
bed, breakfast and evening meal
bed, breakfast and evening meal
/bed brekfəst ənd ev(ə)nŋ mil/ noun
HOTELS a tariff in a hotel or guesthouse,
cov-ering a night’s accommodation, breakfast
and a meal taken in the evening
bed and board
bed and board /bed ən bɔd/ noun a
hotel charge that includes all meals as well as
the room charge
bed and breakfast
bed and breakfast /bed ən brekfəst/
noun HOTELS 1. a tariff in a hotel or
guest-house, covering a night’s lodging and
break-fast 쑗 bed and breakfast: £32.00 쑗 I only
want to have bed and breakfast. 2. a
guest-house or private guest-house, offering
accommo-dation and breakfast 쑗 We got a list of bed
and breakfasts or B&Bs from the tourist
office.왘 abbr B & B
bedclothes
bedclothes /bedkləυðz/ plural noun the
coverings, e.g sheets and blankets, on a bed
bedcover
bedcover /bedkvə/ noun a cloth which
covers a bed during the daytime
bedding
bedding /bedŋ/ noun the items, e.g a
mattress, sheets and pillows, that are put on
a bed so that somebody can sleep in it 쑗
Bed-ding is provided at extra cost 쑗 Visitors are
requested to bring their own bedding.
bed linen
bed linen /bed lnn/ noun sheets,
pil-lowcases or duvet covers
bednight
bednight /bednat/ noun HOTELS one
night’s stay in a hotel, as considered for
administrative purposes
‘…the group is offering regional corporate deals,
based on a minimum number of bednights: for
example, 100 bednights would trigger a discount
of a minimum of 10%, while over 1,000
bed-nights could mean up to a 45% discount’
[Business Traveller]
bedroom
bedroom /bedrum/ noun a room with a
bed, in which someone sleeps 쑗 a
42-bed-room hotel
bedroomed
bedroomed /bedrumd/ adjective with a
particular number of bedrooms 쑗 a
42-bed-roomed hotel
bedside
bedside /bedsad/ noun a space at the
side of a bed 왍 bedside lamp a lamp next to
a bed 왍 bedside table a table next to a bed
bedside panel
bedside panel /bedsad pn(ə)l/ noun
HOTELS an electronic device placed on aguest’s beside table, with controls for heat-ing, lighting, air-conditioning, automaticcurtain pulling, messaging, etc
‘…hanging the ‘Do Not Disturb’ sign on your door is so 20th century Now bedside panels which allow you to adjust the room environment from the comfort of your bed may eradicate such hotel inconveniences At home you have a bed- time routine, but in a strange hotel room you’re constantly jumping out of bed to draw curtains or turn off lights Now it’s all in one place’
[National Geographic Traveler]
bedspread /bedspred/ noun a decorative
cloth to put over a bed
beef olives
beef olives /bif ɒlvz/ plural nounFOOD a dish made from thin slices of beef,stuffed and rolled
beefsteak
beefsteak /bifstek/ noun MEAT same as
steak
beefsteak tomato
beefsteak tomato /bifstek tə|
mɑtəυ/ noun VEGETABLES a large fleshyvariety of tomato suitable for stuffing
beef stir-fry
beef stir-fry /bif st fra/ noun FOODthin strips of beef cooked quickly with vege-tables in hot oil
beef stroganoff
beef stroganoff /bif strɒ#ənɒf/ noun
a dish consisting of thin strips of beef cookedwith onions and mushrooms in a sour creamsauce
beef suet
beef suet /bif sut/ noun FOOD suetfrom cattle
beef Wellington
beef Wellington /bif welŋtən/ noun a
dish consisting of a fillet of beef covered inpâté de foie gras, wrapped in pastry, andbaked
beer
beer /bə/ noun BEVERAGES 1. an alcoholicdrink made from grain and water 쑗 She asked room service for a bottle of beer 쑗 He drank
a glass of beer. 2. a glass of beer 쑗 Two beers, please 쒁 draught, real ale
COMMENT : In Great Britain, the most ular beers are ‘bitter’ and ‘lager’ ‘Lager’ is
Trang 35pop-beer cellar 28
cooler than room temperature In Australia
and the USA, all beers are served cold.
Beer is either served from a bottle (or a
can if you are buying it to drink away from
the place where you bought it), but in
pubs, can be served direct from the barrel.
This is called ‘draught beer’ In Great
Brit-ain, draught beer is sold in a glass mug
(with a handle) or in a tall straight glass.
Bottled beer is usually served in a goblet
(i.e a glass with a stem).
beer cellar
beer cellar /bə selə/ noun BARS a cellar
where beer is kept or served
beer festival
beer festival /bə festv(ə)l/ noun 1 a
festival to celebrate the making of beer 쑗 the
Munich Beer Festival 2. an exhibition for
advertising, sampling and selling different
types of beer
beer garden
beer garden /bə #ɑd(ə)n/ noun BARS
a garden attached to a pub, in which people
can sit to have their drinks
beermat
beermat /bəmt/ noun a small
card-board mat, usually with an advertisement for
a brewery on it, placed under a glass to
pro-tect a surface in a pub or restaurant
beer pull
beer pull, beer pump handle noun BARS
one of a series of tall handles arranged on the
bar of a pub, which draw beer up from casks
in the cellar when pulled towards the
beetle /bit(ə)l/ noun an insect with hard
covers that protect its folded wings
beetroot
beetroot /bitrut/ noun a vegetable with
a dark red root, often eaten cooked as salad,
or pickled with vinegar (NOTE: The US term
is beet.)
COMMENT : In Russian cuisine, beetroot is
the main ingredient of borscht.
behave
behave /b|hev/ verb to act 쑗 One of the
group started to behave very strangely.
behaviour
behaviour /b|hevjə/ noun a way of
doing things 쑗 Guests complained about the
behaviour of young men in the bar on
Satur-day night. (NOTE: The US spelling is
behav-ior.)
bell
bell /bel/ noun 1 a metal cup-shaped object
which makes a ringing sound when hit, or a
mechanism to make a similar ringing sound
2.왍 to give someone a bell to phone
some-one (informal) 쑗 I’ll give you a bell when
we’ve sorted out the details.
bellboy
bellboy /belbɔ/, bellhop US /belhɒp/
noun HOTELS a messenger boy employed in
a hotel
bell captain
bell captain /bel kptn/ noun US
HOTELS somebody in charge of the
messen-gers in a hotel
bellpush
bellpush /belpυʃ/ noun a button which
rings a bell when pushed
below-the-line advertising
below-the-line advertising /b|ləυ ðəlan dvətazŋ/ noun MARKETING adver-tising that is not paid for, such as work bystaff manning an exhibition, and for which
no commission is paid to the advertisingagency
benchmarking
benchmarking /bentʃmɑkŋ/ noun theprocess of comparing the performance offirms within an industry against a set ofstandards
Bermuda plan
Bermuda plan /bə|mjudə pln/ noun ahotel tariff including accommodation and afull English or an American breakfast
berry
berry /beri/ noun FRUIT a small fleshyseed-bearing fruit of a bush, usually withmany seeds in the same fruit, and the seedsenclosed in a pulp 쒁 blackberry, blueberry, raspberry, strawberry (NOTE: The plural
There are six ferry berths at Dover. 2.
TRAVEL a bed on a ship or a train 쐽 verb
TRAVEL to tie up at a berth 쑗 The ship will berth at Rotterdam on Wednesday.
‘…hire this new ship for the day when it is thed alongside HMS Belfast in the Port of Lon-
ber-don from 23–28 June’ [Evening Standard]
best-before date
best-before date /best b fɔ det/
noun CATERING a date stamped on the label
of a food product, which is the last date onwhich the product is guaranteed to be ofgood quality Compare sell-by date, use-
by date
best end
best end /best end/ noun MEAT a cut ofmeat, especially lamb, taken from the neckand formed of a series of chops joinedtogether 쒁 crown roast, rack of lamb
best practice
best practice /best prkts/ noun the
most effective and efficient method ofachieving an aim or providing a service
Best Practice Forum
Best Practice Forum /best prkts
fɔrəm/ noun a system sponsored by the
UK government to encourage high standards
of professionalism in the hotel, catering andtourism industries
better
better /betə/ adjective of higher quality
than something else 쑗 This year’s results are better than last year’s 쑗 We will shop around to see if we can get a better price.
beurre manié
beurre manié /b mnie/ noun FOOD
a mixture of butter and flour, added at the lastminute to soups or stews to make them
Trang 3629 billion
thicken (NOTE: beurre manié comes from
the French and means ‘kneaded butter’.)
beverage
beverage /bev(ə)rd$/ noun a drink,
either alcoholic or non-alcoholic
beverage cycle
beverage cycle /bev(ə)rd$ sak(ə)l/
noun BUSINESS the cycle by which beverages
pass from supplier to hotel or restaurant and
then to the ultimate consumer
beverage manager
beverage manager /bev(ə)rd$
mnd$ə/ noun BUSINESS somebody in
charge of sales of drinks in a hotel
beverage sales
beverage sales /bev(ə)rd$ selz/
plu-ral noun BUSINESS the turnover from the sale
of drinks
beware
beware /b|weə/ verb 왍 beware of watch
out for 쑗 ‘Beware of pickpockets!’
bhaji /bɑ$i/ noun an Indian food,
consist-ing of chopped vegetables in a spicy batter,
deep-fried 쑗 onion bhaji
bhindi
bhindi /bndi/ noun VEGETABLES okra, as
used in Indian cooking
B hotel
B hotel /bi həυtel/, B tariff hotel /bi
trf həυtel/ noun HOTELS same as
four-star hotel
‘…an increasing number of business travellers
from the US and Europe are becoming budget
conscious and are spending less on hotel
accom-modation and are staying in B tariff hotels Such
hotels usually have the same service and facilities
as five-star hotels, except that the rooms may be
slightly smaller and the decor may be different’
[South China Morning Post]
BHT
BHT abbreviation butylated
hydroxytolu-ene
bicarb
bicarb /bakɑb/ noun FOOD same as
sodium bicarbonate (informal)
bicarbonate of soda
bicarbonate of soda /ba|kɑbənət əv
səυdə/ noun same as sodium bicarbonate
bicycle
bicycle /bask(ə)l/ noun ROAD TRAVEL a
vehicle with two wheels, which you ride on
and pedal with your feet 쑗 Bicycles can be
hired by the hour or by the day Also called
pushbike
bicycle path
bicycle path, bike path noun ROAD
TRAVEL a special path for bicycles to ride on,
either by the side of a road or as part of the
pavement
bidet
bidet /bide/ noun a small low bath for
washing your buttocks 쑗 Each bathroom has
a shower and a bidet.
big game
big game /b# #em/ noun large wild
animals which are hunted and killed for
sport, e.g elephants, tigers and lions
some-biking
biking /bakŋ/ noun the activity of
travel-ling on a bicycle 쑗 They went for a biking holiday in Holland.
bilberry
bilberry /blb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a wildberry, which is blue when ripe, eaten rawwith sugar and cream, or cooked in pies andjams 쑗 The menu includes bilberry tarts.
bilharziasis
bilharziasis /blhɑ|tsaəss/ noun MED ICAL a tropical disease caused by parasiticworms in the intestine or bladder (NOTE:
-Although, strictly speaking, Bilharzia is the
name of the fluke, it is also generally usedfor the name of the disease.)
COMMENT : The disease is found in certain parts of Africa, Brazil and China and can
be caught from bathing in rivers and lakes The larvae of the fluke enter the skin through the feet and lodge in the walls of the intestine or bladder They are passed out of the body in stools or urine and return
to water, where they lodge and develop in the water snail, the secondary host, before going back into humans Patients suffer from fever and anaemia.
bill
bill /bl/ noun 1 a written list of charges to
be paid 쑗 The receptionist printed out the bill 쑗 Does the bill include VAT? 쑗 The bill
is made out to Smith Ltd 쑗 He left the hotel without paying his bill. 2. a list of charges in
a restaurant 쑗 Can I have the bill please? 쑗
The bill comes to £20 including service 쑗
The waiter has added 10% to the bill for service.쐽 verb to present a bill to someone
so that it can be paid 쑗 The tour operators billed him for the extra items.
‘pockets’ at the edge of the table 쒁 pool, snooker왍 billiard ball a small hard ballused in the game of billiards 왍 billiard room
a room in a hotel or pub with a billiard table
왍 billiard table a table on which billiards isplayed
billion
billion /bljən/ noun one thousand million
(NOTE: In the US billion has always meant
one thousand million, but in British English
it formerly meant one million million, and it
is still sometimes used with this meaning
Trang 37bill of exchange 30
With figures it is usually written bn: $5bn
say ‘five billion dollars’.)
bill of exchange
bill of exchange /bl əv ks|tʃend$/
noun FINANCE a document signed by the
per-son authorising it, which tells, e.g a bank to
pay money unconditionally to a named
per-son on a particular date
COMMENT : A bill of exchange is a
docu-ment raised by a seller and signed by a
purchaser, stating that the purchaser
accepts that he owes the seller money,
and promises to pay it at a later date The
person raising the bill is the ‘drawer’, the
person who accepts it is the ‘drawee’ The
seller can then sell the bill at a discount to
raise cash This is called a ‘trade bill’ A bill
can also be accepted (i.e guaranteed) by
a bank, and in this case it is called a ‘bank
bin /bn/ noun 1 a large container 2. a
sec-tion in a warehouse, store or wine cellar 왍 a
32-bin wine list a wine list with 32 sections
왍 bin card a card saying what is stored in the
bin, e.g the type and date of wine
binder
binder /bandə/ noun US FINANCE same
as cover note
binding
binding /bandŋ/ adjective 1 왍 this
con-tract is binding on both parties both parties
have to do what the contract says 2. the act of
sticking things together 쐽 noun a small belt
for attaching boots to skis
binding agent
binding agent /bandŋ ed$(ə)nt/
noun CATERING an additive which makes
prepared food remain in its proper form and
not disintegrate
biodegradability
biodegradability /baəυd#redə|
blti/ noun the degree to which a material,
e.g packaging, can be decomposed by
organisms such as bacteria or by the effect of
sunlight or the sea
biodegradable
biodegradable /baəυd|#redəb(ə)l/
adjective easily decomposed by organisms
such as bacteria or by the effect of sunlight or
the sea 왍 biodegradable packaging boxes,
cartons, bottles, etc., which can be
decom-posed by organisms such as bacteria or by
the effect of sunlight or the sea
‘…human sewage is a totally biodegradable
product, and sea and sunlight will break it down
through the natural process of oxidation’
[Environment Now]
COMMENT : Manufacturers are trying to
produce more biodegradable products, as
the effect of non-biodegradable
sub-stances (such as PVC) on the
environ-biodegradation
biodegradation /baəυde#rə|deʃ(ə)n/
noun the breaking down of a substance bybacteria
biotechnology
biotechnology /baəυtek|nɒləd$i/
noun the use of technology to manipulateand combine different genetic materials toproduce living organisms with particularcharacteristics 쑗 Artificial insemination of cattle was one of the first examples of bio- technology 쑗 A biotechnology company is developing a range of new pesticides based
on naturally occurring toxins.
birdwatcher
birdwatcher /bdwɒtʃə/ noun ENTER TAINMENT somebody who looks at birds forpleasure, or for scientific purposes 쑗 Bird- watchers set up hides all round the lake.
-(NOTE: A fanatical birdwatcher is called a
쑗 He goes birdwatching every weekend 쑗
She belongs to a birdwatching club.
birth certificate
birth certificate /bθ sə|tfkət/ noun
a document which shows when and wheresomeone was born
biryani
biryani /bri|jɑni/ noun FOOD in SouthAsian cooking, a dish containing spicy col-oured rice mixed with meat, fish or vegeta-bles
biscotto
biscotto /bs|kɒtəυ/ noun a hard oblong
biscuit, often containing nuts
bitter lemon
bitter lemon /btə lemən/ noun a fizzy
nonalcoholic drink flavoured with lemon
Trang 38col-31 blind
black bean
black bean /blk bin/ noun a
black-seeded soya bean that is fermented for use in
East Asian cookery
blackberry
blackberry /blkb(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a
small soft black berry, growing on plants
with long spines, eaten in jams and pies
Also called bramble
blackboard
blackboard /blkbɔd/ noun a board on
a wall, which can be written on using white
chalk 쑗 Some dishes are not on the menu, but
are written on a blackboard.
black box
black box /blk bɒks/ noun AIR TRAVEL
same as flight recorder쑗 After a crash, the
first thing crash investigators do is to find the
plane’s black box.
black bread
black bread /blk bred/ noun a very
dark rye bread that is particularly popular in
Germany and Slavic countries
black coffee
black coffee /blk kɒfi/ noun BEVER
-AGES coffee without milk or cream
blackcurrant
blackcurrant /blk|krənt/ noun FRUIT
a small round cultivated black berry, eaten
cooked in jams and pies, used also in making
soft drinks and liqueurs 쑗 blackcurrant
yoghurt 쑗 a pot of blackcurrant jam 쑗 a glass
of blackcurrant juice 쒁 kir
black economy
black economy /blk |kɒnəmi/ noun
BUSINESS work which is paid for in cash or
goods, but not declared to the tax authorities
black-eyed bean
black-eyed bean /blk ad bin/ noun
a small beige bean with a black spot
Black Forest
Black Forest /blk fɒrst/ noun an area
of forest in south-west Germany
Black Forest gâteau
Black Forest gâteau /blk fɒrst
#təυ/ noun DESSERTS a chocolate cake
with cream and cherry filling covered with
whipped cream and chocolate shavings
black market
black market /blk mɑkt/ noun a
sys-tem for buying and selling goods in a way
which is not allowed by law, e.g in a time of
rationing 쑗 There is a flourishing black
mar-ket in secondhand jeans 쑗 You can buy gold
coins on the black market 왍 to pay
black-market prices to pay high prices to get items
which are not easily available
black olive
black olive /blk ɒlv/ noun VEGETA
-BLES a ripe olive
blackout
blackout /blkaυt/ noun AIR TRAVEL a
day, usually a public holiday, when cheaper
fares are not available on flights
black pepper
black pepper /blk pepə/ noun dark
brown seasoning made by grinding pepper
seeds that have not had their black outer
cov-ering removed
black pudding
black pudding /blk pυdŋ/ noun
MEAT a dark sausage made with blood,
usu-ally fried in slices and eaten for breakfast
black tie
black tie /blk ta/ adjective referring to
a formal evening banquet or reception atwhich men wear a bow tie and dinner jacket,both usually black 쑗 The invitation to the gala performance was marked ‘black tie’ 쒁
white tie
black treacle
black treacle /blk trik(ə)l/ noun
FOOD same as treacle
blade
blade /bled/ noun 1 the sharp cutting part
of a knife 2 SPORT a sharp metal stripattached to a boot to make an ice skate 쒁 roll- erblades
blanch
blanch /blɑntʃ/ verb CATERING to cookvegetables for a short time in boiling waterCOMMENT : Vegetables should be blanched before being frozen They can also be blanched before frying Nuts and vegetables can also be blanched to remove their skins.
blancmange
blancmange /blə|mɒn$/ noun a cold sert similar to jelly made with milk, sugar,flavourings and cornflour
des-bland
bland /blnd/ adjective referring to foodwhich is not spicy, irritating or acid 왍 bland
diet a diet which contains mainly milk-based
foods, boiled vegetables and white meat
blanket
blanket /blŋkt/ noun a thick coverwhich you put over you to keep warm 쑗 Ask the reception for another blanket if you are cold 쑗 Stewardesses bring round blankets and pillows on overnight flights.
blanquette
blanquette /blɒn|ket/ noun a dish
con-sisting of white meat such as veal cooked in
a white sauce
blast chiller
blast chiller /blɑst tʃlə/ noun CATER ING a machine for chilling food in a blast offreezing air 쑗 It is best to use a blast chiller
-to cool hot food rapidly.
blast freezing
blast freezing /blɑst frizŋ/, blast chilling /blɑst tʃlŋ/ noun CATERING amethod of quick-freezing oddly shapedfood, by subjecting it to a blast of freezing air
blend
blend /blend/ noun a mixture, used
espe-cially of mixtures of different types of tea 쐽
verb to mix things together 쑗 Blend together the melted butter and sugar.
blender
blender /blendə/ noun CATERING akitchen device for mixing different fooditems together thoroughly
blind
blind /bland/ noun 1 a covering over a
window 쑗 The maid closed the blinds to keep out the sun. 2.왍 the blind people who can-
not see 쐽 adjective not able to see 쐽 adverb
without seeing 왍 to taste blind to taste aseries of items, such as cheeses or wines,without being able to see their labels 쑗 This evening we have 37 wines to taste blind.
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blind-tasting
blind-tasting /blan testŋ/ noun
ENTERTAINMENT a party where a series of
items, such as cheeses or wines, are tasted
without the tasters being able to see their
labels 쑗 a table with a series of bottles of
sweet wine lined up for the blind-tasting
blini
blini /blini/ noun BREAD, ETC a small
pan-cake made with yeast and buckwheat flour,
traditional in Russia and other parts of
East-ern Europe
blizzard
blizzard /blzəd/ noun a heavy snowstorm
with strong winds
bloater
bloater /bləυtə/ noun SEAFOOD a dried
whole salt herring
block
block /blɒk/ noun a group of things
together 쑗 They booked a block of seats in
the middle of the plane.쐽 verb 왍 to block a
room to keep a room reserved for someone
who has booked it, so as to prevent
double-booking
block booking
block booking /blɒk bυkŋ/ noun
HOTELS a reservation in which a series of,
e.g seats or hotel rooms are all booked at the
same time
blood poisoning
blood poisoning /bld pɔz(ə)nŋ/
noun MEDICAL a condition in which bacteria
are present in the blood and cause illness
Bloody Mary
Bloody Mary /bldi meəri/, bloody
mary noun BEVERAGES a cocktail of vodka
and tomato juice with ice and Worcester
sauce, lemon juice, salt and pepper
bloom
bloom /blum/ noun 1 a powdery
sub-stance on the surface of a fruit such as grapes
2. fine hair on the skin of some fruit such as
peaches 3. a flower 왍 the apple trees are in
full bloom the apple trees are in flower
blowfly
blowfly /bləυfla/ noun the name for a
number of species of fly, which deposit their
eggs in flesh, especially meat
blow torch
blow torch /bləυ tɔtʃ/ noun CATERING a
device which produces a gas flame used to
heat the surface of dishes such as crème
brûlée
BLT
BLT /bi el ti/ abbreviation CATERING
bacon, lettuce and tomato in a sandwich
blueberry
blueberry /blub(ə)ri/ noun FRUIT a wild
berry, which is dark blue when ripe, eaten
raw with sugar and cream, or cooked in pies
and jams 쑗 a portion of blueberry pie and
whipped cream 쑗 Two blueberry muffins and
coffee, please.
bluebottle
bluebottle /blu|bɒt(ə)l/ noun a
two-winged fly, with a shining blue body, whose
maggots live in decomposing meat
blue channel
blue channel /blu tʃn(ə)l/ noun BUSI
-NESS the exit from customs through which
you pass if you are arriving from another EU
country and are not importing goods whichare liable to duty
blue cheese
blue cheese /blu tʃiz/ noun DAIRY atype of cheese with blue fungus growth in it,e.g Stilton or Roquefort
blue-cheese dressing
blue-cheese dressing /blu tʃiz
dresŋ/ noun SAUCES, ETC a dressing forsalad, made of mayonnaise or vinaigrettewith blue cheese in it
blue flag beach
blue flag beach /blu fl# bitʃ/ noun
a beach with sea water that meets the liness requirements of the European Com-mission
clean-Blue Ribbon Award
Blue Ribbon Award /blu rbən ə|
wɔd/ noun HOTELS an award given by theRAC to hotels which are committed to highstandards 쑗 This year, there are 76 Blue Rib- bon Award winners.
왍 she was asked to join the board she wasasked to become a director 왍 board meeting
a meeting of the directors of a company 쐽
verb AIR TRAVEL to go onto a ship, plane ortrain 쑗 Customs officials boarded the ship in the harbour 쑗 The party will board buses at the temple and proceed to the hotel for lunch.
board and lodging
board and lodging /bɔd ən lɒd$ŋ/
noun room and food 쑗 Board and lodging for three nights comes to £175.00 Also
called room and board
boarding
boarding /bɔdŋ/ noun TRAVEL the act ofgoing onto a ship, plane or train 쑗 Have your passport ready before boarding.
boarding card
boarding card /bɔdŋ kɑd/, boarding
pass US /bɔdŋ pɑs/ noun AIR TRAVEL acard given to passengers who have checked
in for a flight to allow them to board theplane, or a card given to passengers going onboard a ship
boarding house
boarding house /bɔdŋ haυs/ nounTOURISM a small, privately run house whereresidents pay for accommodation and meals
board of directors
board of directors /bɔd əv da|
rektəz/ noun BUSINESS a group of directorselected by the shareholders to run a companyCOMMENT : Directors are elected by share- holders at the AGM, though they are usu- ally chosen by the chairman or chief exec- utive A board will consist of a chairman
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utive or managing director, and a series of
specialist directors in charge of various
activities of the company (such as a
finance director, production director or
sales director) The company secretary
will attend board meetings, but need not
be a director Apart from the executive
directors, who are in fact employees of the
company, there may be several
non-exec-utive directors, appointed either for their
expertise and contacts, or as
representa-tives of important shareholders such as
banks.
boardroom
boardroom /bɔdrum/ noun a room
where the directors of a company meet
boast
boast /bəυst/ verb to possess something,
and be proud of it 쑗 The hotel complex
boasts an 18-hole golf course.
boat
boat /bəυt/ noun a small vehicle that
peo-ple use for moving on water 쑗 rowing boat
boatel
boatel /bəυ|tel/ noun a waterside hotel
where people travelling in boats can stay and
moor them
boating
boating /bəυtŋ/ noun SPORT the activity
of going in small boats for pleasure,
espe-cially rowing or sailing 쑗 a boating holiday
on the Norfolk Broads
boil /bɔl/ verb CATERING 1. to heat water
until it reaches 100°C 쑗 You must boil the
water or You must let the water boil before
making tea 쑗 They recommend you to boil
the tap water before drinking it. 2. to cook
something by putting it in boiling water 쑗 Do
you want boiled potatoes or chips with your
steak? 쑗 The cabbage has been boiled too
long 쑗 I want my eggs boiled for three
min-utes.
boil down
boil down /bɔl daυn/ verb to make a
liq-uid mixture thicker by heating it rapidly until
much of the liquid turns to steam
boiled egg
boiled egg /bɔld e#/ noun FOOD an egg
which has been cooked by boiling in water
boiled hock
boiled hock /bɔld hɒk/ noun MEAT a
joint of ham from the leg of a pig
boiler
boiler /bɔlə/ noun CATERING a piece of
kitchen equipment, which heats water for
making hot drinks and also provides steam
boiling chicken
boiling chicken, boiling fowl noun
MEAT a chicken which is older and tougher
and needs to be boiled to make it tender
boiling pan
boiling pan /bɔlŋ pn/ noun CATERING
a large container used in a kitchen for boiling
food and making soup
boil-in-the-bag
boil-in-the-bag /bɔl n ðə b#/
adjec-tive stored in a sealed plastic bag
and cooked by placing the bag in boilingwater 쑗 boil-in-the-bag frozen boeuf bour- guignon
boil off
boil off /bɔl ɒf/ verb to remove liquid,e.g alcohol, from a mixture by heating themixture rapidly so that the liquid turns tosteam
boil over
boil over /bɔl əυvə/ verb to reach
boil-ing point and be so full of bubbles that someliquid spills from the container
bok choy
bok choy /bɒk tʃɔ/ noun VEGETABLES aChinese cabbage with long white stalks andnarrow green leaves
bolster
bolster /bəυlstə/ noun 1 a long thick low, which is as wide as a double bed 2. athick round part of a knife, linking the blade
pil-to the handle
bombay mix
bombay mix /bɒmbe mks/ noun aspiced mixture of fried lentils and other driedfoods, eaten as a snack or appetiser
bond
bond /bɒnd/ noun FINANCE a piece of papershowing that money has been deposited 왍 to
post a bond to deposit money with an
organ-isation, as a form of surety 쑗 The company was required to post a bond with ABTA.쐽
verb BUSINESS to deposit money with anorganisation as surety against potentialfuture loss 쑗 The travel centre was bonded through the Association of British Travel Agents.
‘…the company is a fully bonded member of ABTA, which gives you that extra security and financial peace of mind You know your money
is secure.’ [Travel company brochure]
boneless
boneless /bəυnləs/ adjective referring to
meat or fish from which the bones have beenremoved in preparation for cooking or eating
boner
boner /bəυnə/ noun CATERING a kitchentool designed for boning meat or fish
boning
boning /bəυnŋ/ noun the action of
removing the bones from a chicken, rabbit,etc 쑗 the intricate boning of a quail
hotel or onto a flight to order a room or a
plane ticket for someone 쑗 He was booked