Optimization of the light dynamics in the Hydraulically Integrate

Appendix III: Data from the Metal Halide Light Attenuation Studies .……...…… Appendix IV: Data from the Metal Halide Growth Kinetic Studies .………..…… Appendix V: Four Calibration Data Sets

Louisiana State University

LSU Digital Commons

2003

Optimization of the light dynamics in the

Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal

Reactor (HISTAR)

Barbara Christine Benson

Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, bbenso2@lsu.edu

Follow this and additional works at:https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations

Part of theCivil and Environmental Engineering Commons

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Recommended Citation

Benson, Barbara Christine, "Optimization of the light dynamics in the Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor

(HISTAR)" (2003) LSU Doctoral Dissertations 3708.

https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3708

OPTIMIZATION OF THE LIGHT DYNAMICS

IN THE HYDRAULICALLY INTEGRATED SERIAL TURBIDOSTAT ALGAL REACTOR (HISTAR)

A Dissertation

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

in

The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

By Barbara Christine Benson B.S., Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi, 1977 M.S., University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 1981

August, 2003

©Copyright 2002

Barbara Christine Benson

All rights reserved

Dedication

I dedicate this dissertation to my children, Lindsey Christine Barrow and Wylie Clark

Barrow, III Since their birth, they have added so much to my life They motivate me,

they give me their unconditional love, and above all they make me laugh Throughout

my dissertation research, as always, they were and are the essence of my life

I also wish to remember three very special men They are my brother Jeffery Joseph

Benson, my father Bill Ray Benson and a close friend and fellow graduate student Robert

E Watson, Jr Though I was stunned by their departures during preparation of this

dissertation, it was remembering them, who they were, and all they had given me in life

that gave me the strength to finish They will always be in my heart, mind and soul

Acknowledgements

The Louisiana Sea Grant College Program and the Louisiana Board of Regents

Support Fund provided the funding for this research I would like to thank Mr Ronald E

Becker, Associate Director of the Louisiana Sea Grant College Program, for his

confidence in this research project and his recognition of its need for support

This dissertation was successfully brought to fruition only through the support,

patience, and cooperation of the wonderful people that I have been surrounded by during

the past seven years Of top priority is my major professor Dr Kelly A Rusch, who has

tenaciously advised, reviewed and edited my work during this time Her contribution to

this dissertation as well as my academic maturation will never be forgotten The

members of my advisory committee were also major contributors to the document and for

their patience, time and effort I would like to thank Drs Donald D Adrian, Caye M

Drapcho, Ronald F Malone and Mark L Williams I could not have selected a finer

group of people to see me through this endeavor The Graduate School’s Editor Ms

Susanna Dixon and records officer Lyn Le Jeune polished the format and heartened me

Several other individuals on the university campus must also be recognized I am

grateful for the assistantships and guidance of Dr Kyoung Sin Ro, Dr Joseph N

Suhayda and Dr Clinton S Willson received during the early part of my tenure at

Louisiana State University Financial support for a family provider such as myself, is a

necessity without which school would have been impossible I am indebted to several

people for providing technical advice throughout my research Dr Tingzong Guo

provided guidance in experimental statistics Mr Joseph M Christenson provided

technical support with HISTAR and the computer Ms Millie B Williams of the

Aquaculture Research Station gave me instructions and technical support on the bomb

calorimeter Mr Jim Layton, Jr., assisted with the design and construction of a

mechanical device used for accurate positioning of the quantum sensor The efforts of

these individuals are deeply appreciated Student technicians did much of the laborious

data collection, data entry into spreadsheets, and maintenance of HISTAR during my

research Finlay Moriasi, Marisa L Sylvester, Craig Plaisance, and Nia Harris were

always a pleasure to work with, and I thank them for their hard work, loyalty, and

commitment to the research

I would like to thank all my friends and colleagues who have contributed their ideas

or given support through conversation and companionship Special thanks go to Hong

Lin, Jennifer Ruley, Stephen D Richardson, Sarah Cooley Jones, Lance Beecher,

Barbara Ostuno, and Kathy Clawson Raul Collon of Law Environmental Carebe and the

engineers at Shiner, Moseley and Associates were my inspiration to pursue a career in

engineering Mary L White and Jan LeBlanc, both members of the small population of

mothers in graduate school, shared frustrations only we could understand Many other

parents, neighbors, teachers, coaches and friends go unnamed, but, without their help in

caring for my children this dissertation would not have been completed

My family is to be commended for their countenance I owe my parents, Barbara

Lanaux Benson and Bill Ray Benson for their life long encouragement I thank all my

brothers and sisters for their love that strengthens me I cherish my husband, Wylie Clark

Barrow, Jr., for his tolerance of an often over stressed or absent wife and acceptance of

my drastically reduced income Above all I thank my children, Lindsey Christine Barrow

and Wylie Clark Barrow, III, for being the wonderful individuals that they are

Table of Contents

Dedication ……….…

Acknowledgments ……… …………

List of Tables ………

List of Figures ………

Abstract ………

Introduction ……… …

Identification of Problem ……… ……….…

Goals and Objectives of Research ……… …… …

Background and Literature Review ……… ….…

Previous HISTAR Research ……… ……

Model Development ….……….…….…

References ……… ……

Investigation of the Light Dynamics and Its Impact on Agal Growth Rate in a Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR) … ……

Introduction ……… …

Background ……….…….….…

Methods and Materials ………

Results and Discussion ……….……

References ….………

The Effect of Biological Rhythms on Selenastrum capricornutum Culture in a Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR): Implications for Model Development …….… ……….…… ………

Introduction ……… …

Methods and Materials ………

Results and Discussion ……… …… …

Conclusions ………

References ……….…

The Development of a Deterministic Model to Investigate the Impacts of the Light Dynamics on Algal Productivity in a Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR) … ……….……

Introduction ……… …

HISTAR Description and Data Acquisition………

Model Development …… ………

Model Calibration, Validation, and Statistical Analysis ……….……

Model Simulations ……….……….….…

Conclusions……….……

References ……….……….…….…

iii

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A Comparison of the Light Dynamics and Growth Rate Kinetics of Microalgae Cultured Under Four Light Sources: Implications for the Hydraulically

Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR) ……….………

Introduction ……… ……… …

Background ……… ………

Methods and Materials ……….… ……

Results and Discussion ……… …… …

Conclusions ………

References ……….…

Optimization of the Lighting System for a Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR): Economic Implications … ………

Introduction ……… …

Methods and Materials ………

Results and Discussion ……… ……… ……… …

Conclusions ……… ……… …

References ……… ….……….…

Conclusions and Recommendations ………… ……… … …….…

Summary and Conclusions ……….……… …….….…… …

Recommendations ……….……… ………

References ……… …

Appendix I: HISTAR Productivity Model ……….………….………… … …

Appendix II: Data from the Metal Halide Light Elevation Studies ………… …

Appendix III: Data from the Metal Halide Light Attenuation Studies …… ……

Appendix IV: Data from the Metal Halide Growth Kinetic Studies ……… ……

Appendix V: Four Calibration Data Sets.……….……… … ……

Appendix VI: Data from the Experimental Unit Studies Under HPS Light.… …

Appendix VII: Data from the Experimental Unit Studies Under Fluorescent Light………

Appendix VIII: Data from the Experimental Unit Studies Under Son Agro® Light………

Appendix IX: Data from the Experimental Unit Studies Wall Growth Studies … Appendix X: Caloric Content of Selenastrum capricornutum ………… ………

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Appendix XI: Volumetric Productivity Simulations ……… ……

Appendix XII: Photosynthetic Efficiency Simulations ………….….……… ……

Appendix XIII: Lighting Cost Simulations ………….……… … …

2.3 A table of the equations, estimated metal halide parameters, and referenced comparisons associated with the various relationships describing the light and growth rate dynamics in the experimental unit………

3.1 The estimated parameters of the biological rhythm model for biomass concentration in HISTAR………

4.1 R2 values for five different growth models as reported for three experimental series in Molina Grima et al., 1996………

4.2 The summary of regression analysis statistics for experimental parameter estimations for the productivity model………

4.3 The estimated parameters of the Productivity Model for HISTAR……… 4.4 Operational parameters and forcing functions that had to be adjusted for each data set……… …

5.1 R2 values for five different growth models as reported for three experimental series in Molina Grima et al., 1996………

5.2 A table of the estimated parameters associated with the various studies on the light and growth rate dynamics in a microalgal reactor under metal halide,

6.1 The light dynamics and growth rate parameters estimated in a previous study on light sources, which were substituted into the deterministic model and used for simulation of HISTAR performance under metal halide and HPS light sources………

6.2 Summary of HISTAR productivity model simulations performed for optimizing the lighting system………

6.3 The resulting optimum Io and Ia for each CFSTR in the existing HISTAR reactor design……… 182

List of Figures

1.1 A photograph of the HISTAR system (3570 L culture volume) with its suspended 400 watt metal halide lighting system In the near ground to the left side of the photo is the two sealed turbidostats and the remainder of the photo

is dominated by the eight CFSTRs ………

1.2 A diagram of the HISTAR system (3570 L culture volume) with two sealed turbidostats and the eight CFSTRs ………

1.3 The relationship between production rate and dilution rate (after Rusch and Malone, 1998) …….………

1.4 A graphic representation of Steele’s Model… ……… 2.1 A schematic diagram of the HISTAR system (3570 L culture volume) with two sealed turbidostats and the eight CFSTRs ………

2.2 A schematic diagram of the experimental unit (447 L culture volume) which was designed to replicate an individual CFSTR in the HISTAR system………

2.3 Spectral makeup of light from a metal halide light source ………

2.4 A plot of the relationship of surface PPFFR (µmol s-1 m-2) in the reactor under metal halide light with respect to the elevation (cm) of the light source

2.5 The nine light attenuation curves developed during the light attenuation study: A plot of average metal halide light irradiance (PPFFR) at a given depth (distance from the water’s surface) with respect to the depth…………

2.6 A plot of the average metal halide light irradiance (PPFFR) within the reactor with respect to the concentration of biomass in the reactor……… ………

2.7 The change in light and biomass concentration in the experimental unit over time during a growth rate study ……… ……

2.8 The change in biomass concentration and light in the experimental unit over time during the five growth rate studies ……….………

2.9 The plot of net specific growth rate with respect to average PPFFR for five different growth rate studies under metal halide light ………

3.1 A schematic diagram of the HISTAR system (3570 L culture volume) with two sealed turbidostats and the eight CFSTRs ………

in the last CFSTR of HISTAR ……… …………

3.4 The studentized residuals generated from the regression analysis of the comparison (illustrated in Figure 3.3) of the simple model simulation segment

(static or without biological rhythm component) to the actual steady-state biomass concentration in the last CFSTR of HISTAR, over time … ………

3.5 A non-linear regression model of the first harmonics (Equation 5) and the

residuals illustrated in Figure 3.4 generated from the regression analysis comparing the simple productivity model simulation segment to the actual steady-state biomass concentration in CFSTR 8, over time) ………

3.6 A non-linear regression model of the second harmonics (Equation 6) and

residuals generated from the comparison illustrated in Figure 3.5………

3.7 Scatter diagrams of the (a) fist, (b)second, and (c)third generation residuals with respect to their best fitting harmonic model ………

3.8 Simulation segments of the models representing the first and second harmonics (biological rhythms) identified in HISTAR by non-linear regression analyses illustrated in Figures 3.5 and 3.6 and the combined Fourier model……… ………

3.9 An illustrative comparison of the combined Fourier Model (p) simulation

segment of the biological rhythm in HISTAR and the actual residuals……

3.10 An illustrative comparison of the final productivity model and the static productivity model as they relate to actual data of steady-state biomass in the

last CFSTR of HISTAR over a time segment………

4.1.A schematic diagram of the HISTAR system (3570 L culture volume) with two sealed turbidostats and the eight CFSTRs ………

4.2 The Stella diagram of the first module of the productivity model of the light dynamics and growth kinetics in HISTAR……….…

4.3 The relational diagram of the model of light dynamics and growth kinetics

4.4 Diagram of intervals in a CFSTR as used in a light averaging component

of a productivity model of HISTAR………

4.5 The comparison of four data sets to the calibrated productivity model simulations of the change in biomass concentration over time in CFSTR 8 of HISTAR………

4.6 The productivity model simulations of the change over time of (a) growth rate and (b) biomass concentration in CFSTR 8, and (c) productivity………

4.7 A productivity model simulation of the change in biomass concentration over time in the various CFSTRs of HISTAR………

4.8 A productivity model simulation segment of the change in biomass concentration and concurrent changes in average PPFFR over time in a CFSTR of HISTAR………

4.9 A comparison of actual data (reflecting the change in biomass concentration over time in a CFSTR of HISTAR) to simulation segments of two different version of the productivity model: one a simple static steady state version of the model and one a version including the periodic component……… …

4.10 A productivity model simulation of the changes in growth rate in response

to concurrent changes in average PPFFR and growth periodicity ………

4.11 Productivity model simulations at five different Ds to investigate the effect

of Ds on productivity and to optimize Ds ………

4.12 The average Hs Htb-1 for four productivity model simulations when the average Htb is 31 g d-1, 62gd-1, 93 g d-1, and 125 g d-1 , which were performed

to investigate the effect of Htb on Hc and to estimate the optimum Htb…… …

5.1 A schematic diagram of the experimental unit (447 L culture volume) which was designed to replicate an individual CFSTR in HISTAR …………

5.2 The light spectra of four light sources; a) metal halide (after Philips Lighting Co, 1994), b) HPS (after Philips Lighting Co, 2001), c) Son Agro®(after Philips Lighting Co, 1997), and d) Fluorescent light (after Ogawa et al., 1978) and that part of the absorption which is active in photosynthesis by Chorella cells at the various wave lengths of light (after Emerson and Lewis, 1943)………

5.3 A plot of the relationship of surface PPFFR (µmol s-1 m-2) in the experimental unit under metal halide, HPS, Son Agro®, and fluorescent light with respect to the elevation (cm) of the light source………

5.4 One example for each of the four light sources (metal halide, HPS, Son Agro®, and fluorescent) of the nine light attenuation curves developed during the light attenuation study: four plots of average light irradiance (PPFFR) at a given depth (distance from the water’s surface) with respect to the depth Each example light attenuation regression was taken at different but similar biomass concentrations as indicated in the figure……… ………

5.5 Regressions of the average metal halide, HPS, Son Agro®, and fluorescent light irradiance (PPFFR) within the experimental unit with respect to the concentration of biomass in the reactor………

5.6 The change in biomass concentration in the experimental unit over time during growth rate studies under metal halide, HPS, Son Agro®, and fluorescent light ………

5.7 The linear regressions of ln (TSS) (biomass concentration) in the experimental unit over eight hour periods during maximum growth rates under metal halide, HPS, Son Agro®, and fluorescent light……… ……

5.8 Wall-growth coverage on wall of experimental unit after 28 days of operation under four light sources; metal halide, Son Agro®, HPS, and fluorescent………

5.9 The plot of net specific growth rate with respect to average PPFFR for five different growth rate studies under metal halide and HPS light fitted to Steele’s Equation………

6.1 A schematic diagram of the HISTAR system (3570 L culture volume) with two sealed turbidostats and the eight CFSTRs ………

6.2 The Steele’s Model curve developed for S capricornutum under HPS lamps during a previous study (Chapter 5)………

6.3 The simulations segment by the HISTAR productivity model of the daily productivity of 19-day runs at Ds of 6.41day-1 under metal halide and HPS lights………

6.4 The simulation by the HISTAR productivity model of average daily (a) Eoand (b) LC of HISTAR under metal halide and HPS at two different Ds (0.641

6.6 The average daily (a) Eo and (b) LC for the 19-day simulations by the HISTAR productivity model for eight different HISTAR configurations……

6.7 Simulations of (a) Ia and (b) µ by the HISTAR productivity model with

6.8 A plot of the average LCs simulated by the HISTAR productivity model for scenarios which involve replacing 1 to 4 of the 400 watt lamps, over the last four CFSTRs, with 1000 watt lamps starting with the eighth CFSTR and working back……… ………

6.9 The average (a) Eo and (b) LC simulated by the HISTAR productivity model for scenarios with E set at 25 cm and the existing 37 cm………

6.10 A plot of the Ias forecasted for various depths of CFSTRs (calculated by the integration of Beer-Lambert Law over the various depths with Io and Xn

equal to the average values of the optimum scenario modeled; HPS lamps,

Ds=1.127, E=25.4cm and d=0 to 45.2cm) for each of the eight CFSTRs in HISTAR The optimum depth was defined as the depth below which the Ia is below 260 µmol s-1 m-2 The optimal depth for the last four CFSTRs was estimated to be 34.2, 26.8, 23.2, and 19.5cm………

Abstract

The research objective was the optimization of light dynamics in a Hydraulically

Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR) A deterministic model of

HISTAR productivity that was responsive to manipulations of photosynthetic photon flux

fluence rate (PPFFR) was developed, calibrated, and applied A series of experiments

was conducted to define the mathematical equations that best describe three relationships

The first relationship was between the elevation (E) of the light source and the culture

surface PPFFR (Io) The second relationship was between the biomass concentration (X)

in the experimental unit and the average PPFFR in the reactor (Ia) The final relationship

was between average PPFFR and the net specific growth rate (U) Parameters for these

three relationships varied for light sources having different spectra The light source

specific parameters investigated were the light attenuation coefficient (kaw), maximum

specific growth rate (µmax) and optimum average PPFFR (Iopt) These parameters were estimated experimentally (using Selenastrum capricornutum as the surrogate microalgal species) for metal halide, high-pressure-sodium (HPS), fluorescent, and Son Agro® lights

Using the experimentally estimated parameters for metal halide and the three

experimentally defined relationships, a HISTAR productivity model was developed using

the Stella® modeling platform and calibrated using actual HISTAR data Biorhythms

were discovered in the residuals during a calibration attempt These harmonics were

modeled and incorporated into the productivity model before completing calibration The

HISTAR productivity model was then used to simulate the effects of light source type,

system dilution rate (Ds), number of CFSTRs, wattage, lamp elevations, and culture depth

on daily productivity in HISTAR It was concluded from simulation studies that using

HPS lamps, a Ds of 0.641 d-1, changing lamp elevations to 25.4 cm, and changing culture

depth in the last four CFSTRs of HISTAR would be cost beneficial The production

lighting cost (LC, based on $0.10 killowatthour-1) may be reduced from $48 (kg dry wt)-1

to $36 (kg dry wt)-1 Decreasing the number of CFSTRs in HISTAR or increasing lamp

wattage was not predicted to be cost effective The outcome of this type of research for

other species adapted to different habitats would probably differ

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