6 nude ngoai, nghien cuu sieu phan tich irong ITnh \irc giao due da duac thuc hien tir nhirng nam cuoi the ky XX \k hicn nay dupe trien khai ngay cang nhieu bdi cac ehu\cn gia nghien ci
Trang 1VAI NET VE PHaONG PHAP
PGS.TS Dao Thi Oanh
1 ien N nhien cini Sit plum Truimg Dgi Iwc Suphiini Ild Npi
TOM T M '
a nudc ngodi sieu phdn lich Id mijt phuang phdp dupc su dung khd phd bien
Irnng nghien cim cdc linh vuc khoa Imc gidn due trnng dd cd Jam ly hpc gido due song dlil viri nuirc la dd cdn Id diiu nidi me licn viil di cap den nhirng Ipi ich cimg nhu nhirng thdch Ihirc Jtii viri ciic nha nghien ciru gido due Viet Nam hien nay neu mudn thue hien phuang phdp nin
Tir khoa: rhuimg phdp sii'U phdn lich: Diemphdnvi .Vlirc dp hiiu qua .\'gliien
cini sii'it phdn lich
\'gdy nhdn hin 2/6/2015: \'gdy duyet dang hdi: 25/1/2017
AB.STRAC I
.\hrixid inela-unalysis is a method widely used in the sillily pf educational science, including educational psychology', hut lor our counlry il m/.s something ne^v The article mentions advantages as well as challenges Jor the Vietnamese educational researchers ij iliey svant lo ii.se this method
Kex-xxords: Meta-uiuilylic method: Percenliles Effect-size: Meta-analysis research
1 Sir can thict ctia nghien cii'u sicu phiin tich
Vao nhirng nam eudi the kx XX khi de ciip den chat lucmg eua cac nghien cuu khoa hpc trong giao due nhicu nha nghien c u u d t r o n g xii ngoai nganh giao due cdn cd thai do thieu tin t u d n g ddi vdi dp ehinh xac hoac tinh thuxit phuc cua cae nghien eiru nay so vdi n h u n g nghien ciru trong ciic ngiinh khoa btic ty nhien nhu Vat Ix hay Hda hpc ("khoa hpc c u n g " ) Dicu niix da k h i i n Larry Hedges lien hanh khiio sat cae cdng trinh nghien c u u trong 13 ITnh xuc cua Tam Ix hpc va Giao due hpc (vdi tu each la cac cau phan cua khoa hpe mini
Trang 2K6i qua la Hedges da tim th4y mot tinh trang tircmg tir \a\ ra ca trong khoa
hpc tir nhien va khoa hpe xa hpi rang, xap xi 50% cac cong irinh nghien ciru
dira ra nhirng kcl qua khae nhau trong ca Tam 1\' hoe, Giao due hpc \ a Vat l\
Co nghTa la, eac nghien cuu trong Vat ly cung dua ra nhung ket qua trai ngupe
nhau tucmg tu nhu cac ket qua nghien cuu ve giao due Do la \ i cac nha
nghien ciiu thucmg loai bo nhung nghien cuu eo khuynh huang cho ra ket qua
cue doan khi tong hop Iai Tham ehi, dieu nay dien ra trong khoa hpc lu nhien
nhieu han trong khoa hpc xa hpi (40% so vai 10*^0) NhiJng phat hien nay da
duoe Hedges trinh bay trong ban bao cao co lua de "How Hard Is Hard Science?
How Sort Is Soft Science'.''" Trong do, ong di den nhan xet khai quat rang, nghien
cuu trong cac nganh "khoa hpc mem" co ihc so sanh \oi nghien ciiu trong cac
nganh "khoa hpc cung" ve tinh chinh \dc va dp tin ea\ Do do can phai co
cang nhicu cang tot nhung nghien ciiu \ e ciing mpt chu de \a dem chung ra de
tong hop, phan tich Nhiing phat hien tir su phan tieh long hop do se dupc eoi
la danh gia tot nhat eo the co ve nhirng gi dupc biet den a chii de tuang ling
[dan theo 4]
Khoa hpc giao due dupc xem la ITnh \Trc cac "khoa hpc mem" boi cac hien
tuang giao due luon van dpng phat trien \a chiu tae dpng ciia nhieu yeu to
khae nhau khien nha nghiC-n cuu kho co the danh gia mpt each tuyet doi chinh
xac va khaeh quan ve hicn tupng nghien ciru thong qua phmmg phap dinh lupng
nhu doi vdi cae hicn tupng tu nhien Vi ihe bat k> mpt nghien ciru dan lc nao
du dupc ihiet kc tot den dau cung khong the khae phue hoan loan nhiTng "loi
khong kiem soal dupe"' [dan theo 3] Da\ cung la l\' do \i sao cac nghien cuu
trong ITnh vuc giao due duae phep eo xae suat sai toi da la 5% (p ^- 0,05) BSng
each ket hcTp phan tieh ket qua eiia nhicu nghien cuu nha nghien cuu c6 the
noi chac chan hon nhicu so vol khi chi dua iren mpi nghien cuu dan le rang,
mpt phucmg phap hoac mot bien phap giao due nao do la hicu qua hay khong
hicu qua
6 nude ngoai, nghien cuu sieu phan tich irong ITnh \irc giao due da duac
thuc hien tir nhirng nam cuoi the ky XX \k hicn nay dupe trien khai ngay cang
nhieu bdi cac ehu\cn gia nghien ciru giao due dac biet la d M\ nhu: Christopher
Jeneks (1972) Powell G (1980) Rcdtlcld D.L \a Rousseau i-:.W (1981), Jacob
Cohen (1988) I lunter \ a Schmidt (1990), Rosenthal R (1991) John I lallic (1992
1996 - Danh gia va bai lap MI- nha) Robert J Mar/ano (2001 2003, 2007), Debra
J Pickering Jane E Pollock (2001), David P Baker va Gerald K LeTendre
(2004) Phucmg phap sieu phan tieh eho phep xay dung nhimg khai quat hda ve
giao due ma Irudc da\ chua cd
Ket qua thu dirpc lir cae nghien ciru sieu phan tich la nhirng cdng trinh
Trang 3nghien cuu khoa hpc giao due ndi chung Tam ly hpc giao due ndi rieng ma cdn ddi vdi ca cac giao x ien ciic nha quiin ly giao due va nhiing ngudi lam chinh sach xc giao due \'icc ung dung sieu phan lich vao trong cic cdng trinh nghien cuu dd dupc the hicn rat rd d kx thuat phan tich danh gia dinh lupng
Chang ban xu hucing chung cimg nhirng dicm khac biet nhirng dicu da lam dupc hoac ehua lam dupc nhuitg nghjch Ix trpng giao due hoc dutmg hicn nay tren loan cau va d timg qudc gia nhirng khd khan ma cac qudc gia dang phai ddi mat trong x icc cung cap giao due hpc duimg cho the he Ire; dinh hucmg phat trien giao due trong tuang lai tren toan cau la nhirng van de dupc chia sc trong cudn sach "National DiTTcrcnces Global Similarilics World Culture and the T'uture
of Schooling" cua ciic tiic gia Daxid P Baker xii Gerald K I.eT'endre Day la ket qua nghien cim sieu phan tich dya triin nhflng dfl' lieu thu dutre tir eac nghien cim cua nhieu qudc gia tren the git'ri thudc ITnh xuc Tam ly hpc giao dye (van dc "Bao lye hpc duimg" ) Tam Ix hoc day hpc (xiin dc "Biii tap x'e nha" ) Xii ciic Itnh x'ye khac eUa khoa hoc giao due nhu diio tao giiio vicn danh gia giao due quan Ix nha truimg Cdng trinh sieu phiin tich nay cia cung cap eho cac nha nghien cim
X e giao due nhflng thdng tin cd gia tri khoa hpc ldn ddng thdi goi x x i nhflng kx' thuat dinh lutmg can Ihiet trong ciic nghiiin cuu ndi chung 11 ]
Cudn sach "Quan ly hicu quii Itip hpc" eua Robert J Mar/ano va cting sir
la ket qua cua cdng trinh lap hcrp lu hon 100 nghien cuu thyc nghiem rieng lc vi quan Ix hip hpc ddi vdi ca 3 cap hiic phd thdng d cii hinh thirc giao due thdng thuimg lan chuyen bii-t Ndi dung eua nd cung luc di cap ldi nhiiu khia canh Tam Ix hpc giiio due: Ndi dung xii qux liic ung xu trong Idp hpe k> luat hpc tap, Inich nhiem ea nhan, mdi quiin he thiix - trd trong ItVp hpc, dinh huting lain ly hpc sinh trong Itrp hoc , Nhicu khuxiii nghj trong cudn sach nay dutrc dua ra dya tren mdt each ticp can nghien ciru mdi, trudc dd chua lung dupe van dune tidi xdi cae nghien cim xi- quan ly Itip htic Dd chinh la phuong phap sieu phiiii lich \'e mat ky thuat xii-c van dung siiiu phan tieh vao cdng trinh nghien cuu mix khien cho van de djrih lutmg trd nen phiic lap hon nhiiu khi ma sd lutmg cae "mirc dd hicu qua" can dupc \cm \ct linh loan Icn ldi con so 134 Irong khi
d hau bet eac trudng hirp thuimg chi cd mot mire dp hieu qua duae tinh loiin doi xdi mdi nghien cim (3|
Tutmg ty de danh gui hieu qua tdng thi cua cac phuone phap mdi trong
day bpc va danh gia kcl qua hpc lap eua hpc sinh Robert J M.^ry.uw x;i cpng sy
da phan tich hang tram nghien euu xe chu di nay d cac Idp hoc tu mSu giao cho den lap 12 Phutmg phap nghien cuu su dung cho vice dd chinh la sicu phan tich
("Classroom Instruction Ihat W oiks" - cUa Robert J Mar/ano) p]
Trang 4due da khang dinh ring, khong cd nghien eiru nao cd the dua ra cau ira ldi \ c
phuang phap giao due hieu qua cho tirng hpc sinh va eho mpi tinh hudng day
hoc Cimg mot kieu hanh vi song cd the dupc thuc hien theo nhirng trinh tu
nhung each thue khae nhau, do dd cd the dua den nhu'ng ket qua khdng gidng
nhau d hai giao \ ien khac nhau Bang chung la khi cac nha nghien euu tap hap
cac cdng trinh don lc lai de danh gia hp phat hien ra rang, da ed nhirng nghien
cihi thuc nghiem tac ddng cd muc dp hieu qua la am va diem phan vi giam
Nhirng phat hicn na\ ed duac la do cac nha nghien cuu da su dung phuong
phap sieu phan lich |4]
2 Phirong phap sicu phan tich la gi?
Sicu phan tich (Meta-analysis) la mdi phuang phap nghien ciru da dupc
Gene Glass va cpng sir ehinh thuc xa> dung vao dau nhirng nam 70 cua the ky
XX Hieu dem gian ihi dd la k\ thuat ket hop djnh luong cac ket qua tir nhieu
nghien cuu \ c cung mpt ehii de Ngay tir khi mdi ra ddi, phuang phap nay da
dupc sir dung rpng rai trong cac ITnh \ irc nghien euu Tam l> hpc Y hpe, Giao
due hpe Tpi pham hpc va nhicu ITnh vuc khac, ma d dd ngudi ta bat budc phai
dua ra nhQ-ng quyet dinh ddi \'di hinh thire can thiep hoac hinh thue tac dpng
tdt nhat cd the cd Lien quan den \an de nay nha nghien euu Morton Hunt
(1997) da neu ra nhiJng tae dpng manh me eua phuong phap sicu phan tich den
cac ITnh vue nghien cuu khae nhau I dan Iheo 3]
Sieu phdn tich hieu mdi each dan gian nhat, la mot phuang phdp nghien
ciru trong do sir dung ky thugt thong ke xdc sudt nhdm ket hap dinh luang
nhirng dir lieu tir nhieu nghien ciru ihuoc ve citng mot chu de chung, tren co sd
do hogc ddnh gid thtrc trgng dua tren minh chirng hogc xdc dinh linh hieu qud
ciia cdch thirc can thiep hay cdch ihirc tdc dong Khi mue dp hicu qua d lat ca
cae nghien ciru dupc tap hpp Iai la phii hpp va nhat quan thi sicu phan tich ed
the dupc sii dung dc xac djnh mue dp hieu qua chung dd Cdn khi mirc dp hieu
qua ciia cac nghien euu la khac nhau thi sicu phan tich cd the dupc su dung de
xac dinh nguyen nhan ciia su khae nhau dd
Ddi vdi cac ITnh \TJC khoa hpc giao due, phuang phap sieu phan tich ed the
dupe su dung ca trong nghien euu co ban lan trong nghien cuu img dung Trong
nghien cuu umg dung, sicu phan tieh dupc sOr dung nham \ac dinh each thirc can
thiep hieu qua nhat [2| [3] [4] Cdn trong nghien cim co ban, sieu phan tich duac
sii dung dc danh gia thuc trang dua tren minh ehung trong cac ITnh \ uc khoa hpc
khac nhau nhu; Giao due hoe Xa hpi hpe Tam ly hpc giao due, Tam ly hpc xa
hpi, Kinh te - Tai chinh Khoa hpc ehinh tri Khoa hpc moi Uudng [1]
Trang 5phan tich
Cung vdi sy phat trien cua khoa hpc do luimg va irng dung cdng nghe thdng tin xao nghien euu cic ITnh xuc khoa hpc giao due ky thuat thdng ke xac suat dupc sir dung irpng nghien cuu sieu phan tich da cd nhOrng buiic ticn quan trpng giiip cho ki-t qua danh gia trd nen de hicu chinh xac Trong nhflng
nghien ciru sieu phan lich ky thuat dupc sir dung la linh toan mirc dp hiiu qua
X a diim phdn vi Idng dya Ircn eac md hinh loan hpc
Thdng thucmg trong nghien cim khoa hpc giao due, sieu phan tieh bao gdm nhung kcl qua thu ducrc tit mdt sd nghien cim cung loai de xac dinh hicu qua trung binh cua mcit phuong phap/bicn phap lac ddng giao due nao dd Khi thyc hien phucmg phap sicu phan lich nha nghien ciru chuxcn ddi ket quii cua nghien cim nay thanh don x j do luimg dupc gpi ki "muc dp hieu qua" (en'cet size) Nhu xax ed the ndi mdc dp hieu qua la mdt chuan do lutmg dupc sir dung trong nghiiin cim sicu phan tich Chang ban trong mdt nghien cuu xc phuang phap dax' hpe hieu qua thi nd cho biet muc dp khac bicl giiia hanh x i (ma ngudi nghien cim cd the kx vpng) cua kip hpc cd ap dung hicu qua mdt phuong phap day hoc niio dd so xcii nhung Idp hpc khdng dupc ap dung phucmg phiip dd Muc dp hicu qua biiiu thj sy tang len hax giiim di ciia ket qua dat ciupe trong nhdm hpe sinh tham gia thyc nghiem (la nhdm hire sinh dupc licp can xdi mdt phuang phap day hpc nao dd) boi nhimg don x i dp lech chuan (standard deviation) Nhflng dim xi' dp lech chuan nay se dupe phien sang dicm phiin x i Cd dicm phan
XI tang Xii dicm phan vj giam Phan xi la mtit thuat n g u cUa t h i n g kc toiin hpc the hien vi tri cua mdt ca nhan trong phan b i c h u n g ctia n h d m m a u M d t phan xi bieu dicn cho I trong 100 n h d m biing nhau d u o c chia ra lir m o t l a p h a p Vi d u mdt hpc sinh dat d u p c dicm phan xi la 21 trong m p t bai trac n g h i e m cd nghia rang hoc sinh dd lam bai cd kin quii ktim htm 7 9 % t d n g sd h p e sinh t h a m gia lam bai trac nghiem dd | d a n theo 4 | Gia s u mirc d p hicu q u a tinh dutrc c h o mpt phuimg phap uic d d n g giao due nao dd bang l.O, ed nghTa la d i i m trung binh cua hpe sinh tham gia nhdm thyc n g h i e m phucmg phap d d c a o hem m d t d p lech chuiin so xdi dicm Irung binh c u a h p c sinh trong n h d m ddi chirng (hi nhdm khdng nhan dircrc s y lac d d n g thyc nghiem) I lax ndi each k h a c m p t hpc sinh dat 50 dicm phan xj trong n h d m thyc nghiem si; d t h u h a n g c a o hem I d p Icxh chuan so vdi here sinh cd cimg dicm phan vi trong n h d m d i i chfl'ng N h u xiix neu mdi nghien cim cho thiix m u c d p hieu quii e u a m d t p h u c m g p h a p d a y hoc bang I dp lech ehuan (1.0 SD) thi ngucri ta cd t h i phien sang d i i m phan vi tang
^ Mdi nghien eiru sicu phan tich vi bit eu linh vyc nao cung diu ed gang ldng hcrp lai nhung phat hien lu eac cdng irinh nghien cuu thudc ITnh x yc dd
Trang 6"mirc dp hieu qua"
- Trong trudng hop sicu phan tich hudng vao danh gia tac dpng len mgt
nhdm/l&p hoc muc dp hicu qua sc duac xac dinh theo cdng thuc:
\firc dil hieu ana = ^"^ "'^ ^^ ^"" "^^""' '^"•'^ nghiem - Gid tri TB cua nhdm did chimg
Do lech chudn
Theo each dd hicu sd giira gia tri trung binh cua nhdm thuc nghiem va gia tri trung binh cua nhdm ddi chung sc dupc phien sang dem vi eiia dp lech chuan Vi du nhdm thue nghiem la mdt Idp hpc cd sir dung mdt phuomg phap day hpc mdi nao dd cdn nhdm ddi chung la mpt lap hpc khdng sir dung phuang phap day hpc nay Khi dd mirc dp hieu qua sc la dp tang len eiia diem trung binh cpng ciia toan bp Idp hpc
- Trong trudng hop sicu phan tieh hudng vao danh gia cd nhdn hoc sinh
vice tinh toan mue dp hicu qua se dua tren dp tang len cua diem trung binh ciia timg hpc sinh (Crosbic 1993) Tuy nhien eho dii thue nghiem dupe thiet ke ddi vdi loan Idp hpc hay ddi \ di timg ddi tuong hpc sinh thi mirc dp hicu qua \ an cd ihe ehu\cn sang dicm phan vi Od la vi muc dp hieu qua thutmg dupc bieu dicn bang dan \i la dp lech chuan cdn dp lech chuan tai dc dang dupc phien sang dicm phan vi Dieu nay hoan toan cd the de tha\ khi quan vit dudng cong ciia phan bd chuan \a dd la mdi trong nhirng diem loi the ciia sicu phan tich trong nghien ciru khoa hpc giao due
Dudi da\ la mot \ I du ve trinh bay ket qua sicu phan tich lien quan den Ciic npi qu\ va qu\ tae ung xu ciia hpc sinh phd ihdng
Nhu da neu d tren, sicu phan tich la mdt phutmg phap ket htrp dinh luomg ket qua lir nhieu nghien cuu Trtmg trudng htrp na\ ket qua lir 10 nghien euu dutTc tdng htirp lai de dua ra mire dp hicu qua irung binh -0.763 cho eac nt)i qu\ \a t]u\ tac irng xir \Urc dti hieu qua nay chi ra rang, d cac cap ItVp ht>e khac nhau, sd hanh \i sai pham trung binh irong nhiimg lap thuc hicn hicu qua cac nt)i qu\ \a quy lae img xu cd 28 dicm phan vj thap hom so \di sd hanh vi sai pham irung binh d nhiing Itirp khdng thuc hien Dicu dd khien ta tin tudng vice de ra va thirc hien cac niii quy qu> tac ung xu cd tae ddng tieh cue mdi each rd rang den hanh vi ciia hpc sinh (giam sd lupng cac hanh vi vi pham k\ luat trung binh cua htKsinh)[3.tr 24|
Ngay nav \di su phat trien nhanh chdng eiia cdng nghe thdng tin, da co nhung phiin mcni ung dung dupc viel ra giiip eac nha nghien ciru de dang
TAP CHI TAM l y HOC .V^ 2 {215) 2 - 2017
Trang 7giao due ndi rieng khoa hpe giao due ndi ehung Thue te la hicn nay da cd san mpt bang diem phan \ i tang hoac giam tuang irng ma cae nha nghien euu dua
ra de tien tra cuu su dung eho mpi ngudi khi ticn hanh sieu phan tich Muc dp hieu qua trong bang nay duac bao quat tCr 0.00 den 2.33 \ a lioac -2.33
Bdng 1: Mirc do hieu qud doi v&i noi quy va quy tac irng xir trong lap hoc
De ra \ a thirc hien cac ngi
quy, quy lac img xir
T H P T ( l a p 1 0 - 12)
THCS (Icrp 7 - 9)
Cuoi tieu hpc (lop 3 - 6)
Dau tieu \\<^ (lap 1 - 2}
M i r c do
hieu qua
-0,763 -0.772 -0,617 -0.772 Khong CO
so lieu
So lirong
doi t u-ong nghien curu
636
425
48
163 Khong CO s6 li^u
So luwng
cac nghien ciru
10
3
1
6
K h o n g CO
so li^u
Dicm phan vi (giam h^nh vi vi pham ky lual)
28
28
23
28
K h o n g CO so li?u
iNgiiini Quan ly Idp hgc hiiu qua - Robert,/, \ lurztmol [3],
4 Nghien ciru sieu phan tich co ich lo'i gi?
Nghien cuu sieu phan lich la nhu'ng nghien cuu vd cung cdng phu, ddi hdi thdi gian x a sy ti mi kT ludng dac biet ddi hdi sy thanh thao trong viec van dung
ky thuat dinh lupmg ciia thdng ke tnan hpc vao ITnh vyc khoa hpc giao due Diiu nay khdng de thuc hien cho du nha nghien cuu mong mudn Bii lai, niu thyc hieii dupc thi ket ijua nghien cuu sieu phan tich mang lai cho ngudi nghien cuu nhicu tac dung thiet thyc
Tir vice phan tich cac tu lieu tham khao, cd thi dua ra mdt s6 lpi diim rd rel cua sieu phan tich trong nghien ciru Tam ly hpc giao due cung nhu khoa hpc giao due nhu sau:
- Ket qua nghien ciru sieu phan tich cung cip nhirng danh gia khach quan nhat ddi vdi khuynh hudtig chung trong nhung phat hien tu cac nghien ciru don lc vi cung mdt chu di dya tren viec xax dyng nha:ng khai quat ma trudc dd chua cd Mdt thuc te dupc cac nha nghien ciru dua ra la khdng ed mpt phuong phap tac ddng giao due nao cho kit qua gidng nhu nhau trong mpi tinh hudng day hpc va x di mpi ddi tupng hpc sinh
Trang 8giao due/danh gia kk qua hpc tap/quan ly lap hpc ddi \di timg loai hpc sinh trong nhirng hoan canh cu the \a \6i nhung mdn hpc cu the la mpt nhu eau cap
thiet can phai dupc cac nha nghien euu quan tam dung mirc Tuy nhien cho ldi liic dd thi vice ap dung eac phuong phap khac nhau \ao thuc te Idp hpe hien na\ can dupe eae giao \icn het sue can nhac \a phai dua \'ao su hieu biet ciia minh vc hpc sinh, vc hoan canh da} hpc Bdi \ i, cac phucmg phap cho dii la tdi thi eung chi la nhiJng cdng cu nghien euu
- Nghien cuu sicu phan tieh gdp phan xay dung, cung cap ca sd dir lieu dinh luong va djnh tinh quan trpng ve nhieu khia eanh khae nhau ciia giao due nha trudng cho cac ddi tupng quan tam (can bd nghien cuu giao due, eac cap quan ly giao due giao vien, giao due vien .) thdng qua nhirng ket qua \ e hieu qua tdng the ciia cac phucmg phap nha trutmg
- Vc mat ky thuat thdng ke xac suat vice do ludng bang muc dp hicu qua
se giiip nha nghien ciru de dang chuyen sang diem phan vj tang, do dd giiip xac dinh mdt each khach quan ve tinh hicu qua ciia mdt phuang phap nao dd cho dil each dien giai mure dp hieu qua d cae nha nghien ciru cd the la khac nhau (chang han theo Jacob Cohen, khi mirc dp hieu qua = 0.20 - dupe eoi la thap;
= 0,50 - dupe eoi la trung binh va 0.80 dupc coi la cao)
- Nghien cim sicu phan tieh cung cap ky thuat dinh luong giiip dua ra nhirng danh gia khach quan ddi vdi ket qua ciia cac nghien cuu \ e Tam ly hpe giao due, Tam ly hpc da\' hpc cung nhu cac ITnh vuc kh;ic eiia khoa hpc giao due
da dupc thuc hicn, dac biet la nhihig nghien cuu thuc nghiem Ky thuat linh loan mirc dp hicu qua va diem phan vi tang cd the van dung \ao eac nghien cuu thirc nghiem giao due dim lc nham danh gia hicu qua tac dpng den ngudi hpc cua cac phuimg phiip img dung Ddng ihdi ket qua sicu phan tich giiip eiing cd quan dicm cho rang, trong ITnh vue khoa hpc giao due de ed dupc nhtmg qu\ct sach giao due tdt nhat cd the thi can phai thuc hien cang nhieu cang tdt cac nghien cim \e eiing mpt ehii dc va ehiing phai dupc phan tich kcl hpp
- Ket qua sicu phan tich cd vai trd hd trp cho \ ice thicl kc eac nghien ciru khoa hpe mdi khi eac nha nghien cuu thay dupe nhirng van dc nao ve ca ban da dupc giai quyet cdn van dc nao can phai dupe tiep tuc nghien ciru sau hem Ben canh dd nghien cuu sicu phan lieh cd the tao dicu kicn eho viec Irien khai irng dung ket qua nghien cuu vao thuc tien giao due bdi tinh thuyel phuc cua nd Hicn na\ nhicu tap chi chu\cn nganh \e giao due d nudc ngoai thudng khuyen khich cac nha nghien euu dua vao bai viet ciia minh nhirng k6l qua sieu phan tich, duac the hicn d phan tdng quan nghien cuu
TAP CHl TAM LV HOC Sd 2 (215) 2 - 2017
Trang 9Mac dil theo nha thdng ke toan hpc George Box cac md hinh toan hpe tao nen co sd cua cae nghien cuu dinh lupng chi la su gan gidng vdi hien thuc nhung chiing \an giiip chiing ta hicu dupe su van ddng ham an trong tinh hudng
cu the [dan theo 4] Nghien ciru sieu phan tieh trong Tam l\ hpc giao due, trong khoa hpe giao due cung cap cae dinh hudng chung de cac nha quan ly giao due irudng hpc \a cac giao \icn cd the hieu \an dung hieu qua vao hoan canh cu the ciia minh Nghien euu khoa hpc giao due la cudc tim kicm lien luc eung gidng nhu cac nghien euu trong \ hpe khi ma d dd, ngirdi lha> thudc phai dua vao \o
sd nghien cuu va nhirng y kien trao ddi dc cd dupc ca sd kien thiic mang tinh ca biet trong viec trao ddi \di timg benh nhan
Tai lieu tham khao
1 David P Baker Gerald K l.c Tcndre Khdc biel qudc gia - Ddng dgng todn cdu
I dn hda the gidi vd tirang lai cita gido due hpc dudng NXB Van hoa Sai Gdn, Dai
hpc lloa Sen, thanh pho Ho Chi Minh 2010 (Ban djch ciia Pham Tan Hoang Son)
2 Robert J Marzano Debra J Pickering Jane E Pollock Cdc phuang phdp dgy hgc
hieu qua \ X B Giao due Vicl \ani Ha Noi 201 1 (Ban djch ciia Nyuycn l-i6ng Van)
3 Robert J Marzano, Ouan ly hieu qua lap hgc NXB Giao due Vicl Nam Ha Noi
2011 (Ban dich ciia Pham Tran Long)
4 Robert J Mar/ano SghO thugt vd khoa hgc dgy hgc, NXB Giao due Vict Nam, I la Ngi
2011 (Ban dich ciia Ngu\en Hiiu Chau)