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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading

Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it

Archaeological evidence indicates that at least 5,000 years ago—and long before the Roman Empire—the Babylonians began measuring time with calendars to coordinate communal activities, organize the shipment of goods, and, in particular, regulate planting and harvesting Their calendars were anchored in three natural cycles: the solar day, defined by the day–night alternation as the Earth spins on its axis; the lunar month, which follows the Moon’s phases as it orbits the Earth; and the solar year, defined by the seasonal changes resulting from Earth’s revolution around the Sun.

Long before artificial light, the moon's cycles exerted a stronger social influence on people living near the equator, where its waxing and waning were more conspicuous than the changing seasons As a result, calendars at lower latitudes tended to follow the lunar cycle rather than the solar year In contrast, in northern climates where seasonal agriculture governed life, the solar year became the dominant measure of time As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organized its activities largely around the solar year.

IELTS FIGHTER – TRUNG TÂM LUYỆN THI IELTS HÀNG ĐẦU VIỆT NAM 10

Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year

Each ten-day span was defined by the appearance of a distinct set of stars known as decans When Sirius rose just before sunrise—an event linked to the Nile's annual flood—twelve decans stretched across the heavens, marking that cycle.

Ancient Egyptians tied time to the 12 decans, creating a system in which each interval of darkness—and later each interval of daylight—was divided into 12 equal parts These segments, known as temporal hours, varied with the seasons as days and nights lengthened or shortened; summer hours were longer and winter hours shorter, with daylight and darkness equal only at the spring and autumn equinoxes The Greeks adopted temporal hours, and the Romans spread them across their empire, cementing this decan-based, seasonally varied timekeeping method in the ancient world.

Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years

To track temporal hours across the day, inventors relied on sundials, which indicate time by the shadow’s length and direction cast by the sun Complementing them for night-time use were water clocks, where time was measured by the gradual drop of water through a small hole near the basin’s bottom, with the level crossing hour lines inscribed on the inner surface to mark each hour While these devices worked well around the Mediterranean, their reliability waned in the cloudy and often freezing climates of northern Europe.

Since the mechanical clock could be adjusted to keep temporal hours yet was naturally suited to 24 equal hours, it also raised the question of when to begin counting In the early 14th century, several timekeeping systems emerged to divide the day into 24 parts, each starting at a different moment: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday, and the 'great clock' hours used on some large public clocks in Germany began at midnight Over time these varied schemes were superseded by the 'small clock' system.

French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight

The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in

England marked a turning point in horology, where the revolutionary timekeeper was defined not by the descending weight or the centuries-old gear trains, but by the escapement—the regulator that controls energy flow to the gears In the early 1400s, the invention of the coiled mainspring, along with the fusee, began to provide a constant force to the gear train, offsetting the spring’s changing tension and enabling more accurate, compact clocks and watches—the foundations of modern timekeeping.

Pendulum clock history marks a turning point in timekeeping: by the 16th century a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc, reducing efficiency and precision This early limitation spurred refinements in pendulum design—shortening the swing, improving suspension, and refining the escapement—so that later clocks achieved greater stability and accuracy, transforming horology and setting the standard for accurate timekeeping.

To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in

In England, the anchor escapement is a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor The pendulum’s motion rocks this mechanism so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, allowing the wheel to advance by a precise amount and thus regulate the clock's timekeeping.

Compared with the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement limited the pendulum to a very small arc This allowed for a longer pendulum that could beat once per second and led to the development of a new floorstanding clock design, later known as the grandfather clock.

Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices

Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation

Time signals beamed from Global Positioning System satellites do more than calibrate precision navigation; they also synchronize mobile phones, instant stock-trading platforms, and nationwide power-distribution grids These time-based technologies have become so integral to everyday life that our dependence on them is only apparent when they fail.

Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet

1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures

2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar in farming communities

3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock

4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time using uniform hours

Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities below

Match each event with the correct nationality, A-F

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet

5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length

6 They divided the day into two equal halves

7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper

8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet

How the 1670 lever-based device worked

Câu Đáp án Giải thích

1 D …they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe

2 B In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial

3 F By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient

4 E …arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved

 Uniform hours: arose the question of when to begin counting

5 B Thông tin được tìm thấy ở đoạn C: Centuries before the

Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year

 Equal in length: having 12 months of 30 days

6 F Thông tin tìm thấy ở đoạn E: French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight

 Two equal halves: two 12-hour periods

To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670 in England: the anchor escapement, a lever-based device shaped like a ship’s anchor.

8 A Thông tin tìm thấy ở đoạn A: the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate

IELTS FIGHTER – TRUNG TÂM LUYỆN THI IELTS HÀNG ĐẦU VIỆT NAM 15 communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting

 Public events and work schedule: the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting

Dựa vào thông tin được tìm thấy ở đoạn G:

To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel , in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc

Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floorstanding case design, which became known as the grandfather clock

Passage 2 on the following pages

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USA

An accident over the Grand Canyon in 1956 spurred the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee aircraft operations in United States airspace, which had become increasingly congested The new air traffic control system that emerged from this move greatly improved flight safety in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are now in place across much of the world.

Long before the Grand Canyon disaster, rudimentary air traffic control existed In the 1920s, air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft near airports using lights and flags, while beacons along cross-country routes established the earliest airways However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and by the 1930s radio communication began to replace or supplement visual methods for ATC The first region to have something approximating today’s ATC emerged in the United States.

York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after

During the 1940s, air traffic control centers could leverage radar and improved radio communications developed during World War II, but the system remained rudimentary The creation of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) enabled full-scale regulation of United States airspace, a fortunate turning point as jet-powered aircraft entered service and brought a flood of high-speed planes that shortened pilots’ margin for error and underscored the need for formal rules to maintain safe separation and operations in the sky.

Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of radar screens at the nation’s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do This is a very incomplete picture The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States is a complex, interconnected system that extends far beyond any single terminal, requiring coordinated flow management, precise procedures, and advanced technology across en-route centers, terminal facilities, weather services, and data communications to keep traffic moving safely and efficiently from takeoff to landing.

States would maintain a diverse fleet of aircraft at any moment—many different types designed for a wide range of missions and capable of operating in varied weather conditions To support this varied fleet, the same kind of infrastructure was needed to accommodate all of them.

ATC coverage now extends over virtually the entire United States, with controlled airspace generally beginning about 365 meters above the ground In certain areas near airports, this controlled airspace descends to roughly 215 meters, and directly around an airport it can reach the surface Controlled airspace is the portion of airspace in which FAA regulations apply; elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are governed by fewer rules This arrangement lets recreational pilots fly for pleasure by staying in uncontrolled airspace below 365 meters, while pilots who want the protection and services of ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.

The FAA recognizes two operating environments: Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in clear, good meteorological conditions, which rely on the pilot’s visual cues to maintain safety, and Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) in poor visibility, where the pilot relies on altitude data and navigational information from the aircraft’s instruments to fly safely.

On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the

FAA regulations are designed to accommodate both VFR and IFR operations within the same airspace, giving pilots the option of either visual or instrument flight However, to fly IFR, a pilot must hold an instrument rating in addition to the basic pilot certificate.

Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below

5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E All airspace above

5,490 meters is designated as Class A airspace, and the division between Class E and Class A stems from the types of aircraft that typically operate at those altitudes Class E airspace generally accommodates general aviation and commercial turboprop traffic, most of which seldom climb much above 5,490 meters Beyond this altitude, heavy jets dominate, since jet engines perform more efficiently at higher elevations The key distinction between Class E and Class A is thus driven by altitude and the operating profiles of the aircraft that fly there.

Class A airspace requires all operations to be IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, meaning licensed and skilled in aircraft instrumentation, because ATC control of the entire space is essential By contrast, Classes D, C, and B govern the vicinity of airports, corresponding roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan, and major metropolitan airports respectively.

IELTS FIGHTER – TRUNG TÂM LUYỆN THI IELTS HÀNG ĐẦU VIỆT NAM 18 an increasingly rigorous set of regulations For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter

Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC No explicit permission from

ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing

VFR flights approaching a major metropolitan airport must obtain an explicit ATC clearance before entering Class B airspace Entering Class B without authorization is prohibited, and a private pilot who does so faces enforcement actions that can include the loss of their license.

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet

Disobeying FAA regulations undermines air safety and often triggers investigations and corrective actions, while aviation disasters prompt faster, tighter responses across the industry Two coincidental developments—advances in technology and changing traffic patterns—have accelerated changes to how airspace is managed and how pilots operate Authorities codify altitude zones and define airspace categories to organize flights, reduce conflicts, and enhance situational awareness An oversimplified view of airspace and regulation can obscure the real trade-offs between capacity, safety, and access, underscoring the need for nuanced policy Controlling pilots’ licenses remains a core mechanism for enforcing safety standards and ensuring operators meet rigorous qualifications Setting rules tied to weather conditions helps prevent weather-related accidents by guiding decisions on when to fly, hold, or divert Taking off safely depends on meticulous preflight procedures, strict adherence to published guidelines, and clear communication with ATC The path from regulation to practice begins with early steps toward enhanced air traffic control, where standardized procedures and effective coordination support safer and more efficient skies.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine

21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956

22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today

23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II

24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports

25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR

26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city

14 Ii Aviation disaster prompts action (Thảm họa hàng không đã tạo ra/ gây nên những giải pháp phản hồi)

Tai nạn tại Grand Canyon năm 1956 cho thấy nhu cầu thành lập một tổ chức chuyên trách để quản lý vận hành máy bay ở Hoa Kỳ, từ đó dẫn đến sự ra đời của Cục Hàng không Liên bang Hoa Kỳ (FAA).

15 Iii Two coincidental developments (Hai sự phát triển trùng hợp)

Comprehensive regulation of America’s airspace only emerged after the creation of the FAA, a fortuitous development because the jet engine ushered in a surge of fast aircraft The resulting tighter margins for error among pilots demanded clear rules to keep planes well separated and operating safely in the skies.

16 V An oversimplified view (Một cái nhìn quá đơn giản hóa, chưa toàn diện)

Many people think air traffic control is just a row of controllers stationed in front of radar screens at the nation’s airports, directing arriving and departing traffic That view captures only a fraction of ATC In reality, air traffic control is a complex, integrated system that combines precise flight sequencing, clearances, and ongoing coordination across multiple sectors, using radar, surveillance data, and communications to keep every aircraft safe and efficiently routed from takeoff to landing.

17 Iv Setting altitude zones (Đặt ra altitude zones) (altitude: Độ cao so với mặt nước biển)

Can humans really communicate through thoughts alone? For more than a century, the question of telepathy has divided the scientific community, and it still sparks intense controversy among top academics today.

Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and major research institutes around the world have endured skepticism as they rigorously test telepathy claims in dozens of scientific studies The results and their implications have sparked controversy, dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.

Some researchers view the results as compelling evidence that telepathy may be genuine, while other parapsychologists argue the field is near collapse after failing to yield definitive scientific proof Yet both skeptics and proponents concur that the most impressive evidence to date comes from the so-called ganzfeld experiments—the German term for "whole field." The idea originated from reports of telepathic experiences during meditation, leading parapsychologists to suspect that faint signals pass between people and are usually overwhelmed by normal brain activity; in a calm, meditation-like state, such signals might be more easily detected.

'whole field' of light, sound and warmth

The ganzfeld experiment recreates a controlled sensory environment, with participants seated in soft reclining chairs inside a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered by filters that admit only a soft pink light In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identifying a target image chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank, with one participant acting as the 'sender' attempting to beam the image to the 'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room.

After the session, participants were asked to identify which of four images had been used If guessing randomly, the expected hit-rate would be 25 percent; a higher hit-rate could suggest telepathic information transfer In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analyzed by American parapsychologist Charles, a pioneer in the field.

Honorton They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent - a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance

The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy

Disproving chance does not prove telepathy; a fundamental flaw often overlooked in conventional science is that there are many other ways to obtain positive results, such as sensory leakage where clues inadvertently reach the receiver, or outright fraud To address this, researchers conducted a comprehensive review of all ganzfeld studies up to 1985 and found that about 80% reported statistically significant findings, yet they also acknowledged ongoing methodological problems that could produce false positives and called for stricter standards to guide future telepathy research.

Many researchers shifted to autoganzfeld tests, an automated variant of the Ganzfeld technique that uses computers to perform key tasks such as the random selection of images By minimizing human involvement, this approach aimed to reduce the risk of flawed results In 1987, Honorton conducted a meta-analysis of hundreds of autoganzfeld studies to synthesize the overall results across the field Although the findings were less compelling than earlier work, the outcome remained impressive.

Some parapsychologists remain unsettled by the lack of consistency among individual ganzfeld studies Defenders of telepathy note that demanding strong evidence from every study ignores a basic statistical fact: detecting small effects requires large samples If telepathy produces hit rates only marginally above the 25 percent expected by chance, as current results suggest, a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 participants is unlikely to detect it because the group is simply not large enough.

Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become apparent And that is what researchers do seem to be finding

Mainstream scientists show no change in attitude toward telepathy; they largely reject the very idea The problem, at least in part, is the absence of any plausible mechanism to explain telepathic phenomena.

Researchers have proposed a variety of theories, many drawing from esoteric ideas in theoretical physics Among these concepts is quantum entanglement, a phenomenon in which measurements or changes in one group of atoms appear to instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they are This counterintuitive effect continues to fuel discussions across physics and philosophy, and it remains a focal point for ongoing research into the nature of information, causality, and reality.

Although physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, it remains unknown whether such effects exist between the atoms that compose human minds Answering this would transform parapsychology, prompting researchers to move from gathering more evidence for telepathy to probing possible mechanisms Some work has already begun, with researchers identifying people who perform particularly well in autoganzfeld trials; early results indicate that creative and artistic individuals excel, with a University of Edinburgh study reporting musicians achieving a 56 percent hit rate If more tests like these are conducted, they could eventually provide the evidence researchers are seeking and strengthen the case for telepathy.

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet

A the discovery of a mechanism for telepathy

B the need to create a suitable environment for telepathy

C their claims of a high success rate

D a solution to the problem posed by random guessing

E the significance of the ganzfeld experiments

F a more careful selection of subjects

G a need to keep altering conditions

27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on

28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated

29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with

30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve with

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer

Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer sheet

Name/Date Description Result Flaw

Involved a person acting as a 31…………, who picked out one 32………… from a random selection of four, and a 33…………, who then tried to identify it

Hit-rates were higher than with random guessing

Positive results could be produced by factors such as 34………… or 35…………

36………… were used for key tasks to limit the amount of 37………… in carrying out the tests

The results were then subjected to a

The 39………… between different test results was put down to the fact that sample groups were not 40………… (as with most ganzfeld studies)

27 E Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called 'ganzfeld' experiments

Reports of telepathic experiences among meditators led parapsychologists to theorize that telepathy may involve faint signals passing between individuals, signals so subtle that they are usually overwhelmed by ordinary brain activity.

…such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation-like tranquillity in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound and warmth

29 A …most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy

30 F Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in

IELTS FIGHTER – TRUNG TÂM LUYỆN THI IELTS HÀNG ĐẦU VIỆT NAM 26 autoganzfeld trials Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average

31 Sender The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the ' receiver ' relaxing in the sealed room

In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank

 Pick out on e picture = a picture chosen from …

33 Receiver The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the ' receiver ' relaxing in the sealed room

 Try to identify = Attempt to beam

These ranged from ' sensory leakage ' - where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver - to outright fraud

Following this shift, many researchers adopted autoganzfeld tests—an automated variant of the original technique in which computers took on key tasks, such as the random selection of images.

By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results

 To limit the amount of = To minimize

In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a ' meta-analysis ', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies

Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies

 Different test = individual ganzfeld studies

…it's unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big enough

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive The table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant

Gợi ý - Mở đầu bằng việc dùng từ ngữ của chính mình giới thiệu lại hai biểu đồ

- Phần thân bài, cấu trúc bài theo dạng block, block đầu nói về pie chart, block sau nói về table

- Liệt kê chi tiết các số liệu bằng phép so sánh

- Kết bài chốt lại những nguyên nhân được liệt kê trong bài

Bài mẫu The pie chart and table show how land around the world was degraded during the 1990s –the former on a worldwide scale and the latter in three different regions

Worldwide, over-grazing was the biggest cause of land degradation (35%), with deforestation causing 30% and over-cultivation causing slightly less (28%) Other factors caused 7% of land degradation

During the 1990s, Europe experienced 23% of its land degraded—the highest among the regions, compared with 13% in Oceania and 5% in North America In Oceania, over-grazing was the primary driver of land degradation, with deforestation accounting for far less and over-cultivation not contributing at all In North America, over-cultivation was the main cause, with roughly one third of degradation attributed to over-grazing and deforestation contributing only a small share.

In Europe, deforestation was responsible for about 40% of the land degradation, over-cultivation about 30% and over-grazing about 20%

To summarise, land degradation was due to three main factors and these factors differed in proportion in different regions

Phân tích - Người viết áp dụng biện pháp paraphrase để tránh lặp lại từ trong bài Ví dụ: cause, responsible for, account for

Using adverbs and adjectives effectively makes quantity and quality clear in your writing Degree modifiers such as primarily, far more than, slightly less, and very little let you scale measurements and nuance, so readers understand the magnitude of data without ambiguity Adjectives can highlight the main characteristics of a topic—using terms like main or none to establish core attributes—while adverbs adjust the intensity of statements to emphasize trends and comparisons For SEO, weave these degree words into natural phrases to boost keyword relevance and readability; examples include primarily, far less, none, main, very little, far more than, slightly less, among others This nuanced language helps you present actionable insights, compare metrics, and guide readers through your analysis with clarity.

- Cấu trúc bài rõ ràng, có đề cập đến các số liệu được cung cấp

- Câu ghép, câu phức nhiều

Từ vựng - To be responsible for = To account for= To be accountable for

The examiner asks the candidate about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies and other familiar topics

1 How well do you know the people who live next door to you?

2 How often do you see them? [Why/Why not?]

3 What kinds of problem do people sometimes have with their neighbours?

4 How do you think neighbours can help each other?

Câu hỏi 1 How well do you know the people who live next door to you?

Để tập trung trả lời vào mức độ thân quen với hàng xóm, ta phân loại thành ba mức độ: rất thân, xã giao và chưa bao giờ trò chuyện Ở nông thôn, mối quan hệ với hàng xóm được xem là rất quan trọng cho sự an tâm và sự hỗ trợ lẫn nhau trong sinh hoạt hàng ngày Ngược lại, ở các thành phố, mối quan hệ này thường mang tính xã giao và dễ có vẻ mờ nhạt, khiến sự gắn kết giữa hàng xóm trở nên thưa thớt.

I don’t know my neighbors well, and that’s part of urban life and city living I wake around 7 a.m to a daily commute to work and often return late, trapped in the cycle of work stress, transportation delays, and traffic jams By the time I get home, I just want to sleep, leaving little free time or energy to learn who my neighbors are or socialize with them In this busy routine, safety matters most, so I’m content keeping my distance unless someone poses a real threat—terrorists or homicide fugitives would be the kind of people I’d want to avoid.

Well, I can’t say I know my neighbors very well, but I guess I do know something about them, like where they’re from and what they do for a living

Từ vựng gợi ý well, rarely, meet, encounter, come across with, be acquainted with, stranger, amicable, hospitable

Câu hỏi 2 How often do you see them? [Why/Why not?]

Gợi ý Tập trung vào tần số "thường xuyên", có thể là "rất thường xuyên", có thể là "hiếm" hoặc "không bao giờ" Thí sinh cũng có thể nói thêm hàng xóm của họ phải làm gì, hoặc những loại phản ứng của bản thân mình khi gặp hàng xóm

Though I can’t help bumping into them from time to time, we never really talked You know, it’s like you just don’t feel like talking to a stranger unless he/she first speaks to you And I guess he thinks the same about me

I often run into coworkers in the hallway before and after work, especially while we’re waiting for the elevator Those short moments let us catch up with quick updates and light small talk about everyday things, turning a mundane routine into a small daily connection.

Từ vựng gợi ý everyday, in the morning, at night, once in a while, from time to time, frequently, bump into, run into

Câu hỏi 3 What kinds of problem do people sometimes have with their neighbours?

Việc sống gần nhau đồng nghĩa với dễ phát sinh xung đột vì mỗi người có tính cách và vấn đề riêng Các mâu thuẫn thường xuất hiện từ sự khác biệt trong thói quen sinh hoạt và quan niệm sống Những phàn nàn phổ biến nhất về hàng xóm là tiếng ồn và việc vứt rác bừa bãi, hai yếu tố làm giảm chất lượng sống và khiến không gian chung trở nên căng thẳng.

I've never had any real problems with my neighbors yet, though I've heard people talk about it from time to time It seems that people complain about the noise their neighbors make quite a lot Apart from that, I just can’t think of anything else right now.

The biggest problem a lot of people have with their neighbors is the public space in the hallway Look, I have a neighbor who puts his

IELTS Fighter, a leading IELTS training center in Vietnam, has a motorbike parked inside the premises Not only does the bike detract from the facility’s appearance, but it also creates safety risks in emergencies such as fires or earthquakes I really dislike this setup and hope management addresses it to improve safety and the overall image of the center.

Từ vựng gợi ý trouble, quarrel, fight, dispute, conflict, interest, selfish, public space, communal space

Câu hỏi 4 How do you think neighbours can help each other?

Gợi ý cho cộng đồng: hàng xóm có thể hỗ trợ lẫn nhau về các việc lặt vặt như di chuyển bàn ghế và trông nhà khi bạn vắng mặt, đồng thời giúp đỡ trong các trường hợp khẩn cấp khác Mạng lưới hỗ trợ hàng xóm sẽ tiết kiệm thời gian, tăng cường an toàn cho ngôi nhà và củng cố tinh thần đoàn kết Khi thiết lập hệ thống này, cần thống nhất lịch trình, phạm vi công việc và kênh liên lạc để mọi người nắm bắt và ứng phó nhanh chóng Việc xây dựng sự giúp đỡ lẫn nhau từ hàng xóm mang lại sự yên tâm khi bạn đi công tác, đi du lịch ngắn ngày hoặc gặp sự cố bất ngờ.

Neighbors who aren’t well acquainted find it hard to help each other, even with small favors, but taking steps to know one another builds a reliable support network When neighbors are familiar with one another, they can provide practical help in emergencies and everyday life—checking in on someone, sharing tools, or lending a ride Building acquaintance and strong neighborhood ties turns small acts of kindness into real support when trouble arises.

Neighbors can support each other in a variety of practical ways, such as moving furniture, helping with childcare, sharing rides, and keeping an eye on each other’s property Nothing beats the value of communal support when you really need it, making neighborly help the most reliable resource in a tight spot To build this network, everyone should invest in socializing with their local neighbors more often, turning casual chats into lasting community connections that boost safety, convenience, and everyday well-being.

Từ vựng gợi ý While the grass grows, the horse starves; Slow remedy cannot meet an emergency; urgency, lend a hand, come handy, aid, assist, watch over, look after

Describe a time when you were asked to give your opinion in a questionnaire or survey

The questionnaire was about user experiences with our new product feature and overall satisfaction with the service, designed to gather insights to guide product development and customer support I was asked to give my opinions to help researchers understand customer needs and prioritize improvements I shared that the feature was generally intuitive and helpful, but onboarding could be clearer; I suggested faster load times, improved onboarding, clearer labels, and some enhancements to accessibility, as well as pricing that reflects value I felt a mix of responsibility and curiosity: I wanted to be honest so the team could make meaningful changes, even if some feedback was hard to hear, but I also felt empowered knowing my input could influence future updates.

You will have to talk about the topic for one to two minutes

You have one minute to think about what you are going to say

You can make some notes to help you if you wish

Hãy kể về một lần bạn được mời cho ý kiến trong bảng câu hỏi hay khảo sát và cách bạn trả lời sao cho ý kiến của bạn được ghi nhận đầy đủ Nội dung của các cuộc khảo sát rất đa dạng, từ khảo sát xu hướng tiêu dùng đến đo lường sự hài lòng của khách hàng đối với dịch vụ, hay thậm chí là các chủ đề liên quan đến trải nghiệm người dùng Các hình thức điều tra cũng có thể thay đổi, từ điều tra đường phố, khảo sát trực tuyến cho tới các phương thức thu thập dữ liệu khác, mang lại dữ liệu phản hồi hữu ích để cải thiện sản phẩm và dịch vụ.

Trong một khảo sát, có thể bạn được chọn ngẫu nhiên hoặc phải đáp ứng một số yêu cầu đặc biệt để tham gia Khi tham gia khảo sát, chúng ta đã trả lời các câu hỏi như thế nào và cảm xúc của bản thân trong quá trình làm khảo sát ra sao Cuối cùng, nhận định về hiệu quả của khảo sát dựa trên mức độ hài lòng của người tham gia, tính trung thực của câu trả lời và sự phù hợp của nội dung khảo sát với mục tiêu nghiên cứu.

One time there was a student of mine who asked for my opinions on consumers’ choice of healthy food In the beginning, I tried to politely decline his request, but he was persistent and kept bugging me until I offered a few observations I explained that healthy food choices are shaped by a mix of factors—taste preferences, price, convenience, marketing, and access to reliable information—rather than willpower alone I added that knowing what is healthy doesn’t automatically translate into action, because behavior is influenced by habit, environment, and social norms We talked about how marketing tactics, grocery layouts, and time constraints steer daily decisions, and how educators and policymakers can support better choices through clear labeling, affordable pricing, and easier access to nutritious options By the end, I realized that understanding consumer choices requires empathy and context: it’s not about blaming individuals but about identifying practical steps to make healthy eating more achievable for everyone.

I finally gave up and agreed to fill out his questionnaire I asked him,

“Why me?” He smiled and said nothing It’s not until recently did he tell me that it was actually not a survey on any food preference, but actually

IELTS FIGHTER – TRUNG TÂM LUYỆN THI IELTS HÀNG ĐẦU VIỆT NAM 37 a psychological test on how people would react to persistent request

At first I felt tricked and hoodwinked, but I still answered patiently when he handed me the questionnaire, detailing my definition of healthy food and how often I actually eat healthy I just wish I’d never have to go through something like this again, because the experience left me feeling used and betrayed.

During dinner with friends, I encountered a restaurant’s customer satisfaction survey moment After we paid the bill, a manager-like figure approached with a smile and asked if we would kindly provide feedback on the food and service to help them improve in the future I half-joked about what perks they might offer, but before I could say more, he said that, as a gesture of gratitude, we would receive a $100 coupon I replied that the food was good and the service was superb, so there wasn’t much to improve, and I left feeling very positive about the dining experience.

I felt I was really treated like god I hope every other restaurants or business firms could learn from this restaurant and pay due attention to their customers’ opinions

Market researchers study consumers’ preference and customers’ satisfaction to understand demand and guide product and service strategy Data can be collected via paper-based surveys or internet-based questionnaires, with interviews conducted face-to-face or remotely, and attention paid to the duration and length of the survey to minimize fatigue Participation should target a representative sample obtained through random selection to ensure findings can be generalized Respondents present opinion on products, experiences, and expectations, but designers must guard against a biased view and prejudice against any group Finally, the researcher should summarize the results clearly, turning raw responses into actionable insights for stakeholders.

1 What kinds of organisation want to find out about people’s opinions?

2 Do you think that questionnaires or surveys are good ways of finding out people’s opinions?

3 What reasons might people have for not wanting to give their opinions?

4 Do you think it would be a good idea for schools to ask students their opinions about lessons?

5 What would the advantages for schools be if they asked students their opinions?

6 Would there be any disadvantages in asking students’ opinions?

Câu hỏi 1 What kinds of organisation want to find out about people’s opinions?

Thông thường, các doanh nghiệp quan tâm rất nhiều đến ý kiến của khách hàng và các bên liên quan khác, đặc biệt là khách hàng, để hiểu cảm nhận và đóng góp của họ đối với công ty, sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ Ý kiến của khách hàng giúp doanh nghiệp cải thiện chất lượng, tối ưu hóa trải nghiệm người dùng và điều chỉnh chiến lược để đáp ứng nhu cầu thị trường Tuy nhiên, nhiều doanh nghiệp nhà nước thường không chú trọng đủ đến ý kiến khách hàng, dẫn đến khó khăn trong việc nâng cao hiệu quả dịch vụ và sự hài lòng của khách hàng.

Many organizations, particularly non-governmental enterprises, listen closely to the perspectives of their customers and staff, because the choices and decisions shaped by those voices directly influence the company's survival or demise.

Determining which organizations actually care about public opinion is hard, but one thing is clear: government bodies at every level in an authoritarian regime don't care about what people think and only demand blind submission.

Từ vựng gợi ý customer, client, staff, enterprise, care about, be concerned about, be interested in, feedback, improve, renovate

Câu hỏi 2 Do you think that questionnaires or surveys are good ways of finding out people’s opinions?

Gợi ý: Phương pháp này có thể được xem là hiệu quả và có chi phí thấp, phù hợp cho nhiều dự án khảo sát Tuy nhiên, vẫn tồn tại một số hạn chế, nổi bật là đôi khi không mô tả đầy đủ các phản hồi của người trả lời khảo sát, dẫn tới khó diễn giải dữ liệu và ảnh hưởng đến độ tin cậy của kết quả.

Questionnaires and surveys offer a cost-effective, easy-to-operate data collection method They require minimal training for surveyors, and samples can be gathered quickly and reliably With inexpensive data sources and a straightforward administration process, you have few better options—so I’m fully in favor of using questionnaires or surveys.

I don’t believe data collected through questionnaires or surveys truly reflects how people think; after all, would you happily share your thoughts when someone keeps bugging you for information? For that reason, I never trust questionnaires or surveys.

Từ vựng gợi ý Yes: low cost, cheap, affordable, easy to plan/operate. No: ineffective, not representative, false information, slow response, difficult to digitize/process

Câu hỏi 3 What reasons might people have for not wanting to give their opinions?

Trong các tình huống đòi hỏi đưa ra ý kiến, nhiều người ngại chia sẻ vì câu hỏi hoặc vấn đề liên quan đến thông tin cá nhân Khi không muốn trả lời, họ thường viện ra các lý do như đang bận rộn hoặc đang suy nghĩ để cân nhắc kỹ trước khi đưa ý kiến.

Well, I can’t speak for everyone, but I often use being busy or being occupied at the moment as an excuse to slip away I suspect there are plenty of others who do the same.

#2 I guess some people would feel reluctant if asked to give their personal information or asked to give opinions on sensitive issues Of course nobody wants any trouble

Từ vựng gợi ý busy, occupies, none of someone’s business, sensitive topic, too personal, too private, having no idea, being clueless

Câu hỏi 4 Do you think it would be a good idea for schools to ask students their opinions about lessons?

Có hai hướng suy nghĩ về việc học sinh tham gia vào bài giảng: mặt tích cực là học sinh có thể tham gia và đưa ra những ý kiến hay, giúp tăng sự tương tác và chất lượng buổi học; mặt hạn chế là ý kiến của học sinh có thể bị thiếu sót kiến thức ở lĩnh vực liên quan, dẫn tới tính sai lệch và nội bộ không thống nhất trong lớp.

Sorry, I don’t have a clear answer on this topic because it’s heavily debated by many experts and educationists; to date, there is no consensus, and several prevailing ideas even contradict each other, leaving me unsure.

Seeking students' opinions is a significant step toward education reform, capturing both the potential benefits of student input and the realities of implementation The advantages include greater engagement and relevance, while the disadvantages—such as logistical hurdles, uneven participation, and possible biases—must be carefully weighed and measured before any major changes are pursued.

Từ vựng gợi ý school administrator, board, management team, solicit opinions, construct questionnaire/ interview/survey, developmental psychologists, educationists, contradictory views

Câu hỏi 5 What would the advantages for schools be if they asked students their opinions?

Thiết kế chương trình theo nhu cầu của học viên là lợi ích đầu tiên và nổi bật, giúp nhà trường điều chỉnh nội dung, phương pháp giảng dạy và thời lượng học tập sao cho phù hợp với từng người học Việc này tăng tính cá nhân hóa và từ đó cải thiện chất lượng dạy và học, đồng thời nâng cao sự tham gia của học sinh và sự liên kết giữa lý thuyết với thực hành Chương trình được tối ưu hóa dựa trên mục tiêu học tập và nhu cầu nghề nghiệp, mang lại kết quả học tập thiết thực hơn Thêm vào đó, phản hồi từ người học được tích hợp để cải thiện liên tục, giúp chương trình bắt kịp xu hướng giáo dục và thị trường lao động.

One major advantage is that schools can customize courses to meet students' needs by allowing them to freely select teachers and textbooks, which can increase student motivation and lead to more active engagement in learning.

One clear benefit for schools is obtaining timely, first-hand feedback from students about the education services they provide, which enables educators to make targeted adjustments that better meet student needs While there are many other advantages, this stands out as the most obvious one at present.

Từ vựng gợi ý construct course according to needs, promote active learning, address students’ needs, meet students’ demands

Câu hỏi 6 Would there be any disadvantages in asking students’ opinions?

Gợi ý Điểm trừ là những ý kiến tiêu cực, và không suy nghĩ kỹ của học sinh có thể khiến mọi thứ trở nên lộn xộn và rắc rối

Allowing student input triggers a flood of ideas—some practical and actionable, others less feasible or even counterproductive Failing to acknowledge or respond to student suggestions can make a school appear out of touch Some students may push for less homework and more play, reflecting a desire for balance between academics and well-being, especially among younger learners who aren’t yet ready for full governance For meaningful education reform, schools should listen to student voices but ground decisions in their own experience, professional expertise, and sustainable policies, turning feedback into realistic improvements that support learning.

What disadvantages could there possibly be? I don’t believe there are any disadvantages We should regularly consult students’ opinions on how we should do better about education After all, we

IELTS FIGHTER – TRUNG TÂM LUYỆN THI IELTS HÀNG ĐẦU VIỆT NAM 41 as“cook”should“cater to”the taste of our guests, in this case, our students

Từ vựng gợi ý unrealistic thoughts, hard to put into operation, inoperable, reform, overhaul, high cost, unexpected consequence, lack of foresight

Sheet glass manufacture: the float process

Glass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime When heated to about 1500 degrees

Tiêu đề	Giải chi tiết Cambrigde IELTS 8
Tác giả	Đội Ngũ Giáo Viên IELTS Fighter
Trường học	Trung tâm luyện thi IELTS Fighter
Chuyên ngành	Tiếng Anh
Thể loại	Sổ tay hướng dẫn luyện thi IELTS

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