The Red Army lost 2,600 killed, wounded, or missing.. Hundreds of thousands of Poles escaped to fi ght and kill Germans another day, in North Africa, Sicily, Italy, at Falaise in Normandy
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Total German losses in the month-long campaign were 8,100 killed and 32,000
wounded or missing The Red Army lost 2,600 killed, wounded, or missing The
Poles lost 70,000 killed and 130,000 wounded, with 420,000 prisoners taken by the
Germans and 240,000 more falling into Soviet captivity Hundreds of thousands
of Poles escaped to fi ght and kill Germans another day, in North Africa, Sicily,
Italy, at Falaise in Normandy, and even inside Germany itself In 1941 many tens
of thousands of Polish prisoners still held in Red Army camps would be freed to
join all-Polish or Soviet units to kill Germans on the Eastern Front Most were later
allowed to leave the Soviet Union to fi ght instead under command of the British
However, about 20,000 Polish offi cers captured by the Red Army were instead
mur-dered in early 1940 at three different sites in the Soviet Union, the most famous
of which was in Katyn forest outside Smolensk Many thousands of other Polish
resisters died in Gestapo torture cells Even more—six million Poles died before
it was all over—were shot by Wehrmacht execution details and Einsatzgruppen
murder squads, as the long dark night of Nazi occupation settled over a benighted
and immiserated land
See also Czechoslovakia; Hungary; Lithuania; unconditional surrender
Suggested Reading: Richard Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed (1988); Robert
Kennedy, The German Campaign in Poland, 1939 (1956); Alexander Rossino, Hitler
Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity (2003); S Zaloga, The Polish Campaign
(1985)
FAR EAST COMMAND
See Manchurian offensive operation (August 1945); Stavka
FARUK I (1920–1965)
See Egypt
FASCISM The term derives from the “fasces,” a sheaf of rods carried as a
sym-bol of offi ce by Roman consuls, which was adopted as a symsym-bol by the radical,
antidemocratic movement that brought Benito Mussolini to power in Italy in
1922 From this exemplar, in common discourse “fascism” is also applied to
Na-zism, which surpassed the Italian variety in radicalism and depravity It is also
used in reference to only very roughly comparable mid-20th-century movements
in Croatia, Rumania, Spain, and on a smaller scale across Nazi-occupied Europe
Burma, China, India, and Japan had “fascist” movements and parties as well, in
a broad sense Milder variants spread to Latin America There were small fascist
movements in Great Britain, Ireland, and even a “greyshirt” movement in
Ice-land It is almost impossible to pin down the “essence” of fascism In general, it
was a romantic ideology that looked to obliterate traditional arguments of left
and right by upholding veneration of a sacralized state or nation, or people, as in
the concept of Volksdeutsche In that regard, fascism has been identifi ed by
schol-ars as partly a response to a broad decline in formal religious belief throughout
the West and an attempt to substitute for traditional faith a new civic religion;