The evidence for hospitals in early indi 3

The Evidence for Hospitals in Early IndiaDominik Wujastyk University of Alberta 1 INTRODUCTION IN 1999, Guenter Risse published his magisterial history of hospitals, Mending Bodies, Savi

The Evidence for Hospitals in Early India

Dominik Wujastyk

University of Alberta

1 INTRODUCTION

IN 1999, Guenter Risse published his magisterial history of hospitals, Mending

Bodies, Saving Souls The work was rapturously received amongst medical

his-torians, and deservedly so.1 It remains a landmark contribution to the history

of hospital institutions What are we to conclude, therefore, from the fact that Risse’s study is silent about the history of hospitals in East, South-East and South Asia? The words “Asia,” “India” and “China” do not appear in the index, and the story of the hospital is presented as a Christian, and mainly Eurocentric, phe-nomenon Turkey is treated not as a component of Western Asia but, under the Greek name Anatolia, “The Rising,” it is implicitly assimilated to Byzantine and

Christian culture Risse does in fact mention India, in the context of being part

of the caravan route that passed through Edessa in the early centuries CE.2 The

establishment of the bīmāristān of Baghdād in the early 790s under Caliph Hārūn

Ar-Rašīd is said by Risse possibly to be “initially oriented” towards Persian and Hindu therapeutics But this interesting suggestion is not pursued.3

I have used Risse’s book, which is excellent in so many ways, to illustrate a blind spot that has been pervasive in the study of hospital history.4 I wish to

1 E.g., Labisch ( 2001 : 182): “Risse’s great

book has already achieved the status of a

standard, and it surely will reach the status

of a classic, which it well deserves.” Some

reviews are rather effusive Jones ( 2001 : 404,

405): “a tour de force which matches

consid-erable intellectual and historiographical

am-bition with humane and punctilious

schol-arship,” an “erudite and compelling study

[that is] memorable and often moving.”

2 Risse 1999 : 70 But we have long known

from Isidore of Charax’s Parthian Stations

that a caravan route between Antioch and Kandahar was already known in the reign

of Augustus (Schoff 1914 ) See further Wu-jastyk 2016

3 Risse 1999 : 125 Shefer-Mossensohn and Hershkovitz ( 2013 ) have since explored this topic in the light of the discoveries of van Bladel ( 2011 ) See further below.

4 Other prominent examples include Gran-shaw ( 1993 ), Miller ( 1997 ), and Nutton ( 2004 ) and other otherwise distinguished studies.

DOI: 10.18732/HSSA70HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN SOUTH ASIA 10 (2022) 1–43