Ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu cd nhtrng sdng gian di, chan tbanb, md rdng tam ldng phong tyc an udng, ciing gid, lap dan cimg yeu Ihuong, giiip dd mgi ngudi den nhting te, phong tue chgn d
Trang 1so SANH TRUYEN CO TICH VIET - HAN
LUU IHI HONG VIET
Fiet Nam va Han Qudc la hai nude cd
nhieu diem tuang ddng ve ljch sir,
van hda, van hgc trong dd cd van hge dan
gian ndi chung, truyen ed tich ndi rieng Ben
canh nhting diem tuong ddng, chae chan kho
tang truyen ed tich eua Viet Nam va Han
Qudc cung cd nhtrng net khae biet lam nen
ban sac ddc dao cua mdi dan tdc
The nhung eho den nay, vide gidi thieu
truyen cd tich Viet Nam d Han Qude va
Iruyen cd tich Han Qudc d Viet Nam chua
nhidu, vide nghien ciru so sanh truyen ed tich
ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han van cdn dang
di nhting budc dau tien Nhieu phuang dien
ndi dung va nghe thuat cua truyen cd tich
Viet Nam va Han Qudc van can dugc tiep
luc nghien ciru trong bdi canh giao luu Viet
- Han hien nay Tiep tyc hudng nghien ciru
chung ma cae nha khoa hge di trudc da khai
md, bai viet nay di vao Sr^ sdnh truyin co
tich ngicdi Viet (Viet Nam) vd truyin co tich
ngicdi Hdn (Han Quae), de thuan tien trong
khi trinh bay, tae gia xin dugc rut ggn la So
sdnh truyen co tich Viet - Hdn
1 Sy tirong dong ciia truyen co tich
nguoi Viet va truyen co tich nguoi Han
LL Sir tuang dong ve npi dung
Dil d bat eir dan tdc, qude gia nao thi
truyen ed tich van la mdt trong nhirng the
loai tieu bieu trong loai binh ty sy dan gian
vdi ngi dung chii yeu la phan anh sinh hoat
mgi mat cua con ngudi Truyen ed tich cua
Thac sy, Trudng Dai hoc Da Lat
ngudi Viet va ngudi Han cd rat nhieu diem tuong ddng vd ndi dung, tir viec giai thich cac hien tugng tu nhien eho den sy bao luu cac gia tri van hda nhu tin ngudng, phong tyc Id hgi hoae cac ndi dung xa hdi - nhan sinh
+ Tin ngudng, phong tue, li hpi
Cac truyen cd tich giai thich cac hien tugng ty nhien trdn ca sd gat bd dan ban chat than ky, phi thudng cua tu duy than thoai nhung van giO lai each suy nghT va cam nhan nguyen thuy Cd rat nhidu loai vat khae nhau dugc ndi tdi trong truyen cd tich cua Viet Nam va Han Qudc Nhieu sy tich
ve cac cay cd, vat nudi, vat hoang da phan anh mdt sd dac diem cua loai vat, the bien nhan thirc cua dan gian ve the gidi ty nhien Vii try ddi vdi ngudi nguyen thuy ludn chira dyng nhirng bi an va qua to ldn, vi the con ngudi cd nhu cau kham pha, giai thich the gidi xung quanh va tim hieu mdi quan he cua con ngudi vdi thd gidi Do dieu kien sdng va nhu cau ty nhan thirc bang su hieu biet cd han, bang thd gidi quan than thoai nen khi giai thieh ve ngudn gdc loai vat dan gian thudng ndi tdi bat banh ciia con ngudi Cac nhan vat ngudi da boa than thanh loai vat va dya vao tieng keu hay net dac trung eua loai vat dd ma dan gian ggi la sy lich eon ng, cay kia Ngudi Viet cd truyen cd tich de giai thich nguon gdc ciia cac loai vat
nhu truyen Sir tich chim hit co, Su tich chim
tu hii, Su tich chim quoc, Su tich chim da da,
Trang 2Nghien citu khoa hqc
Su tich con nhdi Su tich con khi, Su tich ed
he, Su tich con sam, Su tich con dd trdng, Su
tich con muoi Cdn ngudi Han cd truydn
Chim Pul- kiic, Nguon goc chim Pa-khu-ky,
Hdn eon muoi Do tinh chat ciia the loai nen
khi giai thich vd ngudn gdc loai vat ciing
nhu cac bien tugng ty nhien, dan gian
thudng dat trong mdi lien quan chat che vdi
hoat ddng cua con ngudi
Dan gian hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc
deu sang tao nen nhirng cau chuyen ma qua
dd ta thay dugc ve dep ^y nhidn ciia mdi
qudc gia dan tdc vdi nhting niii cao, sdng
rdng, bidn Idn Ngudi Viet cd hang loat sy
tich vd mii, deo, sdng, sudi, ao, hd va chi can
nhd ten cac truyen cd tich nay la chiing ta se
bidt dugc ten niii, tdn sdng, ten hd gan vdi
nhtrng viing mien dan cu ngudi Viet sinh
sdng Dd la Su tich niii Ngu-hdnh, Su tich dd
Vong-phu, Su tich da Bd-rdu, Sic tich ho
Ba-bi, Su tich ddm Nhdt-dg va bai Tic nhiin, Su
tich ddm Mice, Su tich song Nhd-be, Tgi sao
sdng T6-lich va song Thiin-phii hep lgi?
Nhtrng tac phim nay da the hidn niem ty hao
va tinh yeu thidn nhien dit nudc, vd dep dd
hda quyen vdi tinh cam con ngudi cang tao
cho cd tich ve dep vira lung linh vira gan gui
Cach ly giai ciia ngudi Viet ve cac hien
tugng ty nhien gin vdi ve dep van hda
truydn thdng ciia dan tdc mang tinh giao due
cao, lieu bidu la cac truydn: Su tich trau, cau
vd vol, Su tich cdy huyit du Ngudi Han ed
Su tich hdn da Mong Su, Su tich hdn da hinh
eon hd, Su tich ngpn mil Ok Nan Ngoai ra,
cac hien tugng nhu chdm sao Bac Dau, mat
irang, mat trdi, nude bidn man cung dugc
dan gian Han Qudc ly giai rit thu vj: Chuyin
bdy anh em chdm sao Bdc Ddu, Mat trdng
vd mat trdi, Tgi sao nudc biin man
Cd the ndi, Idp truyen luong ddi phd bien
ma ca ngudi Viet Nam va Han Qudc luu giir lai dugc la nhung truyen giai Ihich bien tugng ty nhien qua dd con ngudi tir the be nay den the he khae truyen lai cho nhau nhtrng hieu biet ve the gidi ly nhien phong phu, da dang Va tir dd con ngudi tim ra con dudng de chinh phye ty nhien va sir dyng nd mdt each phii hgp, giiip ich cho cugc sdng con ngudi mdl each thiet thyc
Dan gian bai nudc deu cd quan niem van vat huu linh, van vat luong giao bdi cude sdng ludn gan bd vdi thien nhien, vdi mudn loai Vdi nhtrng rirng niii menh mdng, sdng sudi day dac va bien ca rdng Idn da tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho con ngudi tdn tai, phat tridn ddng thdi cac tin ngirdng dan gian cimg tir dd ma ra ddi Dan gian tin rang linh bdn khdng chi cd trong con ngirdi ma cdn tdn tai trong cac thd lyc thien nhien va loai vat, dd vat Vi thd trong truyen cd tich ciia ngudi Vict va ngudi Han deu cd nhirng cude ddi thoai rit sinh ddng gitra ngudi vdi cac loai vat thd hien sy bidu bidt, cam thdng, chia se gitra mudn loai vdi nhau Ngudi Viet cd
truyen Ngicdi hpc tro vd con ho, Tdm Cam,
Hai CO gdi vd cue bicdu, Co Chip Ngudi
Han cd truyen Ldi phdn xu ciia tho, Cdi
bicdu biit hdt, Bd vd, bd vdng, Ldi gido hudn ciia chim
Nhiing tin ngudng thd cay, thd da, thd thin sdng, thin niii, thd ddng vat cung cd vai trd quan trgng chi phdi den ddi sdng vat chat
va tinh thin cua con ngudi Ngudi Viet da ndi tdi tin ngudng thd da trong truyen
Nguyin Khoa Ddng, thd thin cay nhu truyen
Su tich con sam Ngoai ra, dan gian cdn cd
nidm tin vao cac than sdng bdi sdng sudi la
ca sd sinh sdng cua con ngudi Truyen Ldy
bdy nhu Cao Biin day non luy ndi tdi luc
Trang 3Nghien citu khoa hqc
chgn huyet dat tdt nhung qua dd ngudi Viet tang cd tich cua ca ngudi Viet lan ngudi ciing mudn ndi tdi tin ngudng thd than sdng Han
Ngudi Viet eiing phan nao tin vao "Trdi", Mdi mgt cgng ddng ngudi do nen san
vao Nggc Hoang thugng de {Npf nhu chua xuat hay la do nghe nghiep sinh sdng, se tao cham), hy vgng dugc trdi giiip dd mdi khi nen nhtrng phong tyc cua cdng ddng ngudi
gap khd khan Tir nhtrng ngudi dan vdi cude dd Ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu cd nhtrng sdng gian di, chan tbanb, md rdng tam ldng phong tyc an udng, ciing gid, lap dan cimg yeu Ihuong, giiip dd mgi ngudi den nhting te, phong tue chgn dat tdt, phan chia thira ke bac quan vuang sdng hgp Idng dan, dugc tai san, kdt nghTa anh em, hdn nhan phu he dan tin ydu cting la hgp dao trdi se duge trdi Ciing vdi phong tyc la cae Id hdi cua dan thuang va che chd gian hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc dugc
Vd tin ngudng dan gian, ta cd the thay phan anh qua truyen ed tich, tieu bieu cd hdi dugc phan nao trong kho tang truyen cd tich xuan, hdi "vd gia" eiing Phat
eua Han Qudc Thdng qua nhtrng truyen + Cdc quan he xd hpi - nhdn sinh
duac gidi thieu trong tap Truyin c6 Han Gia dinh la ea sd cua xa hdi phong kien Qudc chiing ta hidu them vd tin ngudng thd ndng nghiep Viet Nam eiing nhu Han Qudc
thin niii, thd Hanunim (Nggc Hoang thugng Tinh anh em rudt thjt trd thanh ddi tugng dd) cua ngudi Han Dan gian tin rang ciia nhieu truyen dan gian cua ca hai nudc Hanunim ed sire manh va quyen lyc tdi cao, Trong truydn cd tich cua ngudi Viet va thiu hidu mgi ndi khd, nhirng tim Idng, ngudi Han, quan he anh em dugc the hien rd nhtrng khat khao cua con ngudi Mdi khi rai net qua nhirng mau thuan, xung dot ve su vao canh khd dau, bit hanh, khdng ldi thoat, phan chia, thira ke tai san khi cha me mat di
ngudi dan thudng clu khin Hanunim, mong (truyen Cdy khi cua ngudi Viet va truyen dugc ciru giup, ban thudng: Chuyin bdy anh Hung Pu vd Nan Pu eua ngudi Han)
em chdm sao Bdc Ddu, Mat trdng vd mat Quan he gitra me ghe - con chdng, gitra trdi, Liia ciia trdi, Cd chip miia dong, Chdo me chdng - nang dau cung la mdt trong giun ddt Nidm tin cua ngudi Han vao than nhirng quan he gia dinh da duge de cap trong niii da dugc phan anh qua truyen Man qud truyen cd tich cua bai nudc Ndi dung ciia cua than niii cac Iruyen xoay quanh sy dd kj, ghen ghet
Ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han ddu de cao eua ngudi di ghe ddi vdi con chdng, ngudi
chir hidu, ca nggi nhirng tim ldng hieu thao me chdng ddi vdi nang dau
ciia con cai ddi vdi cha me, dng ba, ciia the Ben canh dd dan gian cung nhan manh
he con chau ddi vdi td tien, vi thd tin ngudng mdi quan he khdng the thieu trong mdi gia thd cung td tien cua hai dan tdc Viet Nam va dinh, mdi xa hdi dd la tinh yeu ddi lira, tinh
Han Qude vin edn dugc luu gitr va cd vj tri, cam vg chdng Ngudi Viet ed truyen Ndng vai trd quan trgng ddn ngay nay Ciing vdi Xudn Huong, ngudi Han cd truyen Choon tin ngudng dan gian, cac ydu td Nho giao, Hyang-Huang miia xudn deu cd ngi dung
Phat giao, Dao giao chi phdi sy sang tao gidng nhau ndi vd tinh yeu thuy chung, son truyen ed tich va ciing dugc luu lai trong kho sat ciia ddi trai tai gai sac
6 0 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl SO 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009
Trang 4Nghien ciiu khoa hoc
Qua day ta thay mdt trong nhtrng van de
truyen cd tich bay de cap den la mdi quan he
gitra ngudi vdi ngudi ma ndi bat la nhung
xung dot trong gia dinh gitra anh va em, con
cai va di ghe theo kidu ngudi tren ke dudi
Mau thuan trong gia dinh chu yeu xoay
quanh van de ciia cai, quyen lyc, dja vj Tac
gia dan gian la ngudi binh dan, ngheo khd,
vj tri xa hdi thap kem ndn cting de hieu vi
sao hg ludn dirng vd nhirng ngudi ngheo,
yeu the Truyen ed tich quan tam den sd
phan cua nhieu ldp ngudi trong xa hdi trudc
bet la nhirng ngudi ngheo, chju nhieu thiet
thdi ludn mudn thoat khdi eai trat ty rang
budc, tap tyc khdng binh dang, vd ly trong
gia dinh phy quyen Sy len an, td cao nhtrng
nhan vat be tren, ngudi anh, ngudi me ke
chinh la sy phan khang lai nhtrng bat edng,
chdng lai sy phan biet ddi xir trgng trudng
khinh thir, coi trgng con de ban con chdng
vdn tdn tai trong xa hdi phong kien
1.2 Su tuong dong ve nghe thuat
+ Cdch dgt tin truyin
Khi sang tac truyen cd tich, dan gian hai
nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc thudng dat ten
truyen theo ldi dan gian, de hieu, de nhd
Khi mudn giai thich mdt bien tugng ty nhien
nao dd bay nhtrng dac diem ciia cac loai vat,
dan gian lly ngay ten ggi cua cac bien tugng
tu nhidn, cac dac diem loai vat de dat ten cho
truyen cd tich Ngudi Viet cd cac truyen tieu
bidu: Su tich chim da da, Su tich con sam,
Su tich ong ddu rau, Sir tich con dd trdng,
Su tich ho Ba-bi, Su tich da Vpng-phu, Goc
tich edi ndt dudi co con trau Sic tich cdi
chdn sau con cho Con day la cac truy?n
cua ngudi Han: Tgi sao lan co mid ngdn,
Ngudi duac "Khen vi bica dn ", Bi mat vi ve
ngodi eiia cdc Tgi sao ngicdi ddn ong bi
biin thanh con trau, Tgi sao nudc biin man
Nhiing tam guong ve Idng hieu thao linh that tha duge nggi ca va tran Irgng vi the ten ciia cae nhan vat chinh dugc lay de dat cho
cac truyen ke: Tdm Cam, Thgeh Sanh, Ndng
Xudn Hicang, Quan Am Thi Kinh (ngudi
Viet) va cae truyen Shim Ch 'ong ngudi eon
gdi hiiu thdo, Cong chua Pyonggang vd anh ngoc Ondal, Choon Hyang-Huang tniia xudn, Ndng tiin 6c, Chii ri cdc (ngudi Han)
Den vdi Iruyen cd tich Viet - Han chiing
ta Ihay cd nhieu truyen lay hinh dang ben ngoai ciia nhan vat, tinh each cua nhan vat
lam ten iruyen Dd la cac truyen Ngicdi lay
cdc, Ldy chong di, Ngicdi lay ich, Ndi ddi nhu Cupi, Em be thong minh, Gdi ngoan dgy chong, Chdng Ngoc duac kien ciia ngudi
Viet va truyen Chdng ri cdc, Ndng 6c sin,
Viin quan dien r6, D6i va ch6ng uang budng Ngicdi va thong minh cua ngudi Han
Ngoai ra, dan gian cdn lay nhtrng vat quan trgng cd quan be nhieu vdi chii de va cac nhiin vai trong Iruyen cung dugc chgn
lam ten cho tac pham nhu Iruyen Cdy tre
trdm ddt (ngudi Viet), Cdy gay ciia nhicng con Tokkaebi (ngudi Han)
Tim hidu sy tuong ddng ve each dat ten Iruyen cd tich ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han
ta cang thiy sy gin gui Irong quan niem ve thd gidi ty nhien, ve xa hdi va con ngudi, dac biet la vd nghe Ihuat truyen cd tich
+ Cdc kiiu nhdn vgt
Nhan vat trong truyen cd tich ciia dan gian hai nudc rit phong phu, da dang, cd nhidu kidu nhan vat khae nhau: quan lai, ngudi giau, ngudi anh, di ghe, me chdng; ngudi em, nhan vat md cdi nhan vat mang ldi, nhan vat ngirdi con dau Nhan vat Ihudng dugc chia thanh hai tuyen: nhan vat
Trang 5Ngh ien citu khoa hqc
chinh didn va nhan vat phan dien phii hgp
vdi motif va col truyen Cac loai nhan vat
nay khae nhau vd canh ngd, pham chat, lai
nang va ket cue sd phan Truyen cd tich hap
dan ngudi dgc bdi truydn da chieu rgi anh
sang lac quan tin ludng vao cugc sdng (J
day cugc dau tranh gitia cai thien va eai ac
ral quyet liet nhung bao gid cai thien ciing
chien thang Vdi dae diem diing hinh thire ky
ao lam phuang thire chuyen tai ngi dung, eac
truyen cd tich ed sire hap dan mgi lira tudi,
mgi the he Ngudi dgc se ciing eac nhan vai
cua truyen phieu didu trong the gidi vira hu
vira thyc, cd ca cai thap hen, cai cao thugng,
ed ca nhirng cai sinh hoat thudng ngay, an
oan, ghen tudng, dd ky, Ige lira
+ Cdc kiiu truyin, dgc diim cot truyin vd
yiu to thdn ky
Ndi bat trong truyen cd lich Viet - Han la
cac kieu truyen: Cdy khi, Co gdi lay chong
hodng tic, A Chicc chdng Ngicu, kidu truydn
vd nhan vat mang Idt, kieu truyen ve sy
thdng minh
Do dac tinh ude Id va tugng trung nen cdt
truyen cua truyen ed tich hai nude cdn kha
dan gian, trong dd con ngudi xuat hien mang
tinh phidni chi Mac dii vay, thdng qua cdt
truyen ngudi ta ed the hinh dung duge mdt
each ca ban nhat con ngudi va xa hdi duong
thdi Truyen cd tich cua hai dan tdc deu
duge xay dyng theo mgt true thdi gian va
khdng gian, cd trinh ty dau cudi, trudc sau,
vide gi xay ra trudc kd trudc, vide gi xay ra
sau kd sau Khdng gian va thdi thdi gian qua
khir, khdng xae djnh Cdt truyen eua cac
truyen cd tich hai nudc Viet - Han ca ban
ddu cd dly du cae thanh phan: trinh bay,
khai doan (thit nut), phat trien, dinh diem
(cao trao) va kdt thuc (md mil) Md dau
truyen, dan gian danh nhtrng Idi ngan ggn de
gidi Ihieu ve nhan vat chinh cua truyen ve than the, gia canh, tinh net sau dd la mdt chudi nhtrng hanh ddng ciia nhan vat, tieu
bieu ed truyen Ndng Xudn Hicang ciia ngudi Viet va Choon Hyang - Hicang miia xudn
cua ngudi Han
Trong truyen cd tich hai nudc chiing ta thay yeu td than ky gdp phan tao ndn gia Irj ciia truyen, tao cho tae pham mdt ve dep lung linh, huyen ao, vira hu vira thyc Ldi giai quyet the hien thai do, quan diem ciia dan gian qua viee sir dyng yeu td than ky
nhu truyen Ai mua hdnh toi hay Id Ip nudc
than ciia ngudi Viet, truyen Cdi Ip thdn cua
ngudi Han Yeu td than ky the hien sy phat trien d mdt chirng mye nhat djnh eua tu duy nghe ihuat ciia dan gian
+ Nhicng motif chu yiu
Ciing vdi ydu td than ky la cac motif da tao nen sy hap dan cua truyen cd tich, la thanh td tao nen cac kieu cdt truyen cd tich Viet - Han.^Cac motif giup ngudi dge de dang tim thay sy tuang ddng trong truyen cd tich hai nudc Chiing tdi chi neu mdt sd motif ehu yeu ciing xuat bien trong truyen cd lich ngudi Viet va truyen cd tich ngudi Han:
su kit hon, su tricng phgt, sic tha thu, va motif vi trdi
2 Su- khae biet cua truyen co tich nguoi
Viet va truyen co tich nguoi Han
2.L Sir khdc biet ve npi dung + Sic khdc biit vi tin ngudng, phong tue,
li hpi
Ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu tdn tai tin ngudng thd dgng vat nhung ngudi Viet
thd thudng ludng {Sic tich dam Mice) cdn
ngudi Han cd tyc thd huau va gac huau bdi
nd la bidu tugng ciia su sinh sdi hay sy hdi
sinh {Chang don cui vd nang tien, Ngudi
duac "khai vi bua dn ") Truyen cd tich cua
Trang 6Nghien citu khoa hqc
ngudi Viet khdng de cap tdi tin ngudng thd
huau nhu truyen ciia ngudi Han
Ngudi Viet cd tin ngudng thd than nghd
nhu than nghe diic ddng dugc ndi tdi trong
truyen Khong Lo due chudng hay ld*su tich
trdu vdng Ho Tdy va truyen Ngicdi tha due
vd anh hpc nghi, trong khi tin ngudng thd
than nghe khdng dugc ngudi Han nhac ldi
trong nhirng Iruyen cd lich ma chung ldi
nghien ciru
Didm khae biet trong tin ngudng ciia
ngudi Viet va ngudi Han cdn the hidn d ehd:
trong van hoa Han Qude, tin ngudng ban dja
Shaman dugc the hidn dam net Ngudi dan
thd cac thin linh ma tren tat ca la
"Hanunim" Trong 81 truyen cd tich ciia
ngudi Han cd tam truyen ndi tdi tin ngudng
thd Hanunim, nhung trong 201 truyen cd
tich cua ngudi Viet ebi cd hai truyen ndi ve
tin ngudng nay
Qua cac truyen cd tich eiia ngirdi Viet,
chiing ta thiy sy anh hirdng ciia tam giao
Nho, Phat, Dao duge thd bien ro net trong dd
ndi bat ban la Phat giao, cdn d truyen cd tich
Han Qudc, Nho giao dugc the hidn dam net
ban, tit nhien la chi trong pham vi de tai ma
chiing tdi khao sat
Ngudi Viet cd phong tue an trau the hien
tinh nghTa thlm thidt gitra ngirdi vdi ngudi,
la bidu tugng ciia tinh ydu, sy gan bd va boa
hgp ma ngudi Han khdng cd phong tyc nay
Triu cau gin chat vdi phong tue tap quan lau
ddi ciia Viet Nam, gin vdi tinh each con
ngudi Viet Nam thuy chung nhan nghTa {Su
tich trau cau vd vol, Tdm Cam )
Ao md ba cai sdng lua va cai ydm lua
didu ciing vdi chide khan nhieu kdt hgp vdi
nhau thanh mdt bd trang phuc dy hdi that
dep, Ihd hien sy dju dang cua cac cd gai
ngudi Viet da dugc ndi tdi trong truyen Tdm
Cam Ve dep the bien trong trang phuc nay
chi cd d Viet Nam, mang dam ban sac dan tdc Viet Nam, that khae ve dep cua trang phuc Han Qudc
Khae vdi phong tyc lam banh chung banh day cua ngudi Viet vao ngay mimg mdt let Nguyen dan, ngudi Han dang cung td lien mdn ttok-kuk va cho rang an llok-kuk cd nghTa "an" mdl nam khae, phong tue nay
dugc ndi tdi trong truyen cd tich Tiing keu
cua chim gdy
Ngoai ra, van hda ngudi Viet cdn cd sy khae biet vdi van hda ngudi Han thdng qua mdt sd phong tue khae Ngudi Viet cd phong tyc diic kim nguu (trau bang vang hay la bing kim khi) dd ydm cac mii sdng va phong luc nay cd tir thdi Bac thudc, da dugc phan
anh qua truyen Khong Lo diie chuong hay Id
su tich trdu vdng Ho Tdy Ddi vdi ngudi
Han qua mdt sd tai lieu vd van hda, dat nudc, con ngudi Han Qudc Cac tac gia cd ndi vd phong tue due chudng ddng cd tir thdi Tam qudc nhirng cac iruyen cd lich ma chiing tdi nghien ciru cung khdng ndi tdi nghe diic ddng truyen Ihdng nay
Ld hdi Viet Nam kha phong phii dugc phan anh ro net trong cac truyen cd tich Didm khae biet ve le hdi ciia ngudi Viet va ngirdi Han thdng qua cac truyen cd tich ma chung ta dd dang nhan thay nhat dd la le hdi dugc cd tich ngudi Viet phan anh ro net ban,
dd cap tdi nhidu Id hgi ban, truyen cd tich Han Qudc rit it ndi tdi van hda le hdi mac dil ngudi Han ciing cd rat nhieu le hdi gan vdi ddi sdng tinh than nhan dan Le hdi ciia ngudi Viet mang dau an cua tin ngudng tdn giao dac biet la Phat giao dam net ban ngudi Han Qua le bdi ma chiing ta thay dugc net dep rieng trong van hda Viet Nam Han Qudc
Trang 7Nghien ciiu khoa hqc
+ Su khdc biit ve quan hi gia dinh vd xd
hpi
Qua nhiing truyen cd tich, mdi quan he
gan bd tran day tinh ydu thuang gitra me
chdng va nang dau dugc ngudi Han phan
anh rd net, sinh ddng qua eac truyen Liia ciia
trdi, Chdo giun ddt Nhung trong 201 truyen
ed tich cua ngudi Viet duge gidi thieu d Kho
tdng truyin co tich Viet Nam thi chi cd
truyen Quan Am Thi Kinh ndi vd sy bat hda
giiia me chdng va nang dau edn quan he tdt
dep, hai chieu thi khdng duge nhan manh,
khdng dugc phan anh rd nhu cac Iruyen ed
tich ciia ngudi Han
Sang tao truyen ed tich, ngudi Viet khdng
tap trung xay dyng nhtrng nhan vat ngudi
con hy sinh than minh de ciru cha nhu cae
truyen ciia ngudi Han ma chu yeu phe phan
sy xau xa cua nhirng ngudi con bat hieu, tir
dd khuyen ran con ngudi sdng diing vdi dao
lam con, nhtrng thanh vien di nguge vdi dao
ly ciia tinh mau tir se bj dan gian len an
manh me va phai nhan nhtrng hinh phat nang
ne Tieu bieu cd eac truyen Su tich khdn
tang, Cha me nuoi con bi ho lai ldng, con
nuoi cha me ki thdng ki ngdy, Dica con trdi
ddnh hay la truyin tiic gd chon me Khi eai
ac xen vao cude sdng gia dinh se pha vd mdi
quan he than tinh, rudt thjt, gia dinh bj xao
trgn anh hudng tdi xa hgi, khien xa hdi cang
them rdi ren, phirc tap
Neu nhu ngudi Viet xay dung nhtrng nhan
vat dien hinh eiia sy bat hieu vdi eha me thi
ngudi Han lai quan tam den sy hidu thao cua
con cai Tir dd, quan he cha con mang dam
nghia tinh va cam dgng sau sac dugc ndi tdi
trong truyen Shim Ch 'ong ngicdi con gdi
hiiu thdo, Cd chip miia dong
Truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet ciing lay
dao dire va tinh cam lam chinh yeu nhung
qua nhtrng mdi quan he Irong gia dinh nhat
la quan he cha me va con cai thi yeu Id dao dire va nhtrng quan niem Nho giao ehi phdi den quan he do d trong gia dinh ciia ngudi Viet khdng sau dam nhu ddi vdi cac gia dinh ngudi Han
Qua truyen cd tich, chiing ta thay quan he giira anh va em trong gia dinh ngudi Viet dien ra gay gat va khae nghiet ban quan he anh em trong gia dinh ngudi Han Ngudi Viei cd quan nidm: cai thien va cai ac khd cd the dung hda, nd ludn tdn tai va ddi lap vdi nhau nhung cai ae se bj tieu diet Truyen
Cdy khi cua ngudi Viet nhan manh den vide
"khuyen thidn trirng ac" cai thien ludn dugc hudng nhtrng dieu tdt dep nhat cdn eai ac se
bj tidu diet tan gdc cdn truyen Hung Pu vd
Non Pu cua ngudi Han thi lai giao due con
ngudi Idng vj tha, biet nhan Idi, sira ldi, can dieu hoa mdi quan he trong gia dinh Trong truyen ed tich cua ngudi Han, mdi quan he anh em ludn dugc phat tridn theo chieu hudng tich eye the hien su dieu hda cac mdi quan he trong gia dinh ciing nhu trong xa hdi
Ngoai ra, mau thuan gitra ngudi vg va ngudi chdng, giiia ndng dan vdi dja chii, nha giau duge phan anh trong nhiing truyen ciia ngudi Viet ro net va gay gat ban trong cac truyen cua ngudi Han
2.2 Stf khdc biet ve nghe thuat
Trong nhiing truyen ciing kieu (type) truydn, nhan vat dugc ngudi Viet va ngudi Han xay dyng mang nhiing net khae biet ve each ggi ten nhan vat, gidi tinh ciia nhan vat, than phan, dja vj cua nhan vat, hanh ddng va
tinh each nhan vat, tieu bidu cd truyen Su
tich chim da da, Ndng Xudn Hicang, A Chicc chdng Nguu (ngudi Viet) va Chitn Pul-kuc, Choon Hyang - Hicang miia xudn, Kyon-u
Trang 8Nghien citu khoa hqc
ngudi chdn gia siic vd Chik-nyo ngicdi tha
dit (ngudi Han)
Mdt sd truyen ciia ngudi Viet, thdi gian
dugc mieu ta dai ban vdi nhidu su vide, dien
bien va nhan vat cung boat ddng trong mdt
khdng gian rdng ban so vdi khdng gian va
thdi gian Irong cac truyen cua ngudi Han
Truyen Thgeh Sanh, Tdm Cam la hai truyen
tieu bieu cua ngudi Viet ed khdng gian rdng,
thai gian trai dai cho nen truyen ed nhieu sy
kien, bien cd xay ra ddi vdi nhan vat
Trong truyen ctia ngudi Viet, nhan vat
hda than phai nhd den sire manh sieu nhien
ciia nhan vat sieu thyc nhu Nggc Hoang,
than tien Dire Phat Bd Tat, linh hdn linh
thieng cua ngudi chet tbi cac nhan vat trong
truyen cua ngudi Han vi linh bdn mang ban
nen ly minh hda than, khdng ed sy can thiep
ciia cac luc lugng sieu nhien
Yeu td than ky trong cac truydn ciia ngudi
Viet cdn the hidn qua viec xay dyng nhan
vat mang nhtrng dac diem ky la: nhan vat cd
chin ndt rudi dd {Vua Heo), dac diem ay
giiip cho nhan vat cd sire khde, tai nang ban
ngudi Nhung hau nhu cac truyen cd tich ciia
ngudi Han ma ehimg tdi nghien ciru khdng
cd truyen nao xay dyng nhan vat vdi nhirng
dac diem mang tinh than ky nhu mdt sd nhan
vat trong truyen cd tich eiia ngirdi Viet
Truyen Ngudi bdn muoi rong vd con ma
xuang edng chdn, Co gdi cdo, Mat trdng vd
mat trdi cua ngudi Han cd nhtrng chi tiet
khae ban vdi tri tudng tugng eua ngudi Viet
Kdt Ihiic truyen, ngirdi Viet thudng nhan
manh: cai thien dugc hudng mgi dieu tdt dep
cdn cai ac se bj trirng trj thich dang hay cai
ac dil dugc tha thir thi nd cung khdng the tdn
tai dugc trong cude sdng, nd phai chap nhan
kdt cue bi Iham luang img vdi nhtrng viec
lam, hanh ddng gay ra Truyen cd tich ciia
ngudi Han lai ed mdt hudng ket thuc bang
sy khoan nhugng, sy ldn tai va chung sdng ciia hai tuyen nhan vat ddi lap Nhirng nhan vat tham lam, gian ac cudi ciing nhan ra Idi lam, biet hdi ban va cd dieu kien sua chira Idi lam cua minh trd thanh mdt thanh vidn ciia cdng ddng, sdng tdt ban va dugc mgi ngudi yeu men, gan bd, chia se
+ Cdc motif chii yiu
Cac motif trong truyen cd tich hai nudc rat phong phii, da dang Cd nhtrng motif chi
cd d truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet ma khdng
cd trong Iruyen cd tich cua ngudi Han nhu
motif trdu cau, ngicdi cam, chdng trai khoi
Ben canh dd, ciing ed nhtrng motif ciing xuat hien trong truyen cd tich hai dan tdc nhung chiing lai mang net khae nhau ve tan sd xuat bien nguyen nhan, y nghTa va hinh thirc bieu
bien, lieu bieu cd \nai\{ diet yiu qiidi, chdng
ngoc
3 Nguyen nhan, y nghTa ciia su tuong dong, khae biet
Trirdc bet hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc ciing nam trong viing van boa Ddng A, ciing anh hirdng mdt ngudn van hda chung - van hda Trung Hoa - la ly do thir nhat lao nen nhtrng diem tuong ddng ve ndi dung va nghe thuat cua van hgc dan gian ndi chung, truyen
cd tich ndi rieng
Ngudi Viet va ngudi Han mang tinh each, pham chat chung ciia ngudi phuang Ddng, sdng coi trgng tinh nghTa, xa hdi cung dugc xem nhu mdt gia dinh md rdng, vdi mdt che
do phong kien d phuang Ddng tdn tai hang nghin nam trong ljch sii Do dd, Viet Nam
va Han Qudc cd nhung hoan canh xa hdi nhu nhau, ciing tdn tai che do xa bdi phong kien, con ngudi ca nhan trd nen nhd be trude gia dinh, ddng hg, lang xa, qudc gia Dd cd
NGHIEN ecru 0 6 N G BflC fl, so 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009 65
Trang 9Nghien citu khoa hqc
the la nguyen nhan thir hai ciia sy tuong
ddng van hge dan gian, trong dd ed cd tich
Ben canh do, ca hai nude eiing tdn tai va
phat trien theo phuang thire san xuat chau A,
sdng Irong dieu kien ty nhien uu ai va cd quan
niem: thien - dja - nhan hgp nhat Viet Nam va
Han Qudc ngoai sy anh hudng sau sac cua
Nho giao edn chju sy anh hudng cua Phat
giao va Dao giao Viet Nam va Han Qude
nhidu thdi ky bj day day xeo bdi nan ngoai
xam Nhting yeu td dja ly, ljch sir, kinh te,
tdn giao eiing gdp phan lam ndn diem tuong
ddng van hgc dan gian, trong dd cd cd tich
cua hai nudc
Trong Ijch sir, cd sy kien da trd thanh nen
tang cho sy giao luu van hoa Viet - Han tir
xa xua, dd la sy kidn nam 1226, Hoang tir
Ly Long Tudng la con thir cua vua Ly Anh
Tdng da ciing gia tdc vugt bien va trdi dat
den quan Khang Linh, trd thanh ngudi dat
nen mdng cho mdi giao luu van hda Viet
Nam - Han Qude Sy giao luu trong qua khir
gitra hai dan tdc chae cung it nhieu dem lai
sy tuong ddng dii chua cd dieu kien kidm
ehirng mdt each chae chan Ngoai ra, cdn cd
sy tuong ddng ngau nhidn ma khdng phai do
giao luu hay do ciing anh hudng cua ngudn
van hda chung
Tim hidu sy tuang ddng cua truyen cd
tich Viet - Han ciing la tim hieu ve van hda
ciia nudc ban (Han Qudc) dd tir do thay dugc
sy giao thoa gitia hai nen van hda Sy giao
thoa nay lam eho con ngudi hai nude gan
nhau ban, hieu nhau hon Day la nen tang,
ca sd cho mdi quan he cua hai nudc phat
trien ban ntra theo hudng tich eye Ngay
nay, nhu cau giao luu, tiep xue gitia nhan
dan hai nudc tren nhieu ITnh vue cang ngay
cang tang do dd rat can ed sy trao ddi ca con
ngudi Ian tri tud Va Viet Nam mudn ed sy
hgp tac ben vtrng vdi Han Qudc thi sy hidu biet sau sac ve truyen thdng van hda ciia ngudi Han la dieu can thidt, tir dd Viet Nam
va Han Qude se cd su hgp tac hiiu bieu trong tam nhin xa trdng rdng cung vdi tinh than phdi hgp chan thanh, tdn trgng va tin ludng lan nhau de thuc day mdi nudc phat trien phii hgp vdi xu the chung eiia thdi dai
van hda cua ngudi Viet mang nhieu tinh
chat tinh edn van hda cua ngudi Han mang nhieu chat dpng hon la tinh Trong tinh each
ngudi Viet, ndi bat la tinh edng ddng lang xa
va tinh dan chii nhung van hda Han Qudc lai
mang net dac trung vdi chii nghia gia dinh
Nhtrng hoan canh Ijch sir va xa hdi vdi nhtrng bien ddng cd sy khae nhau, tren con dudng di chuyen qua khdng gian va thdi gian, nhiing truyen cd tich da thu hut them nhtrng sy kien mdi de bd sung vao lam cho ehiing ngay cang hoan chinh, phong phu va
da dang Trong qua trinh luu truyen, hien thyc xa hdi phong kien da tac ddng khdng il den ndi dung cdt truydn, lam cho truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet va ngudi Han cd sy thay ddi, khae nhau ve cdt truydn, them hoae bdt mdt sd motif Ngoai ra, nhtrng khae biet ve van hda vat chat va tinh than eung gdp phan tao nen sy khae biet ve nhtrng motif thudc ve bieu tugng van hda
Ngoai ra, van hda Viet Nam ed truyen ca ban thudc pham trii van hda Ddng Nam A van hda truyen thdng Han Qudc thudc pham tni van hda Ddng Bae A
Nhting khae biet nay tao nen ban sac rieng eua van hda mdi nudc Ngudi Viet cd the hgc hdi tinh hoa van hoa ngudi Han va ngudi Han cd the hgc hdi tinh hoa van hda cua ngudi Viet de giai quyet nhirng van de rieng cua minh Tinh each dan tgc ciing vdi nhu cau thudng thirc va sang tao cua hai dan
NGHIEN ecru OdNG B^e fl so 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009
66
Trang 10Nghien citu khoa hqc
tdc dugc the hien bang nhidu each khae nhau
de hudng tdi nhtrng gia trj nghe thuat Hidu
sau, bieu thau nhtrng gia trj dich Ihyc cua
van hgc dan gian ciia ngudi Viet, chiing ta
cang them ty bao ve con ngudi Viet Nam
vdi ban ITnh ridng, ca tinh, dac tinh sang tao
thich hgp rieng khdng gidng, khdng the hda
trdn, nham lan vdi cac nen van hda khae
Ket luan
Tuy vide nghien ciru so sanh iruyen cd
tich Viet - Han mdi d mire do ban dau
nhung cd the tam ket mdt sd van de so bd
nhu sau:
1 Ve phuang dien ndi dung, Iruyen cd
tich ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu luu
gitr nhtrng net dep vd van hda, phan anh rd
nhtrng tin ngudng, phong tyc, nhtrng Id hdi
va ddi sdng vat chat eiia dan gian hai nudc
Truyen cd tich bai nude mang tinh giao dye
cao va dugc the bien mdt each rd net, sinh
ddng Khi giai thich thien nhien, tac gia dan
gian bao gid cung Idng vao trong dd ndi
dung xa bdi - nhan sinh Cac quan he trong
gia dinh, xa hdi eung dugc phan anh rat sinh
dgng, rd net nhu mdt ndi dung ca ban cua
thd loai cd tich Quan be ay that da dang va
phirc tap bao gdm quan he vua tdi, cha con,
chdng vg, ban be, anh em, thay trd, quan he
gitra me chdng - nang dau, dja chu - ndng
dan gin lidn vdi sy ddi lap giiia giau ngheo,
xau tdt, thien ac
2 Vd khia canh nghe thuat, khi sang tao
tmyen cd tich, ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han
ludn dat ten iruyen mang tinh dd nhd, dd
hidu va don gian Khi xay dung nhan vat thi
chu trgng den hanh ddng nhan vat, coi nhe
ngi tam va ngoai hinh ciia nhan vat The gidi
nhan vat vdi nhidu kidu nhan vat khae nhau
mdi kieu nhan vat ben canh nhtrng dac diem chung cdn ed nhtrng dac diem rieng the bien
sy sang tao tai tinh cua ngudi xua, dem tdi nhieu bat ngd, cam xue cho ngudi nghe ngudi dgc Cdi Iruyen don tuyen, cac he thdng sy kien dugc ke lai ggn gang, don gian
ve sd lugng, lap Irung vao hanh ddng, linh each cua nhan vai Cdt truyen dugc cau tao bang chudi hanh ddng ciia cac nhan vat va Ihudng cd md dau dien bien ket thiic Thdi gian va khdng gian it lien quan den tinh each nhan vat Yeu td than ky trong truyen cd tich ddng vai trd mdt thii phap quan trgng bd trg nhan vat chinh va thuc day cho cdt Iruyen phat trien Nhieu motif ciing xuat hien trong truyen cd tich hai nudc, la san pham ciia tri tudng tugng, ciia sy quan sat cugc sdng xa hdi, lam ndi bat dac trung ciia the loai truyen
cd lich ndi rieng, truyen cd dan gian ndi chung
3 Mac dil truyen cd lich Viet Nam, Han Qudc cd nhieu net tuang ddng ve ndi dung song van cd nhung khae biel Sy khae biet
dd dugc the hien qua nhirng tin ngudng, phong tue Id hdi mang ban sac rieng ciia mdi dan tdc Cd tin ngudng, phong tue, le hdi chi cd trong ddi sdng tinh than ciia ngudi Viet ma khdng cd trong ddi sdng linb than ciia ngudi Han Ddng thdi eae yeu td van hda vdi nhirng vj tri, y nghTa khae nhau, mang sac thai dam nhat khae nhau d mdi nudc da gdp phan tao nen nhtrng quan he gia dinh, xa hdi mang nhieu net khae biel
4 So sanh truyen cd tich ngudi Viet vdi truyen cd tich ngudi Han, chiing la thay dugc net rieng trong nghe thuat ciia truyen
cd tich hai nude ve xay dung nhan vat, thdi gian va khdng gian yeu td than ky ket Ibiic