SO 4-2011 ^mf^-VAN WO/t--; KHQ/ViQCaTHi-^^ 1: Ca dao co truyen ngutfi Viet vcfi tinh mcf ho da nghTa tren binh dien ngon ngu'van hgc Ca dao c6 truyen ngudi Viet vdi tinh md hb da nghT
Trang 1SO 4-2011
^mf^-VAN WO/t ; KHQ/ViQCaTHi-^^
1: Ca dao co truyen ngutfi Viet
vcfi tinh mcf ho da nghTa tren binh dien ngon ngu'van hgc
Ca dao c6 truyen ngudi Viet vdi tinh md hb da nghTa tren
binh dien ngbn ngQ van hpc
Ngbn ngQ cd vai trd dae biet quan trpng trong ddi sbng
xa hpi Bdi vay, nghien cQu ngbn ngQ tQ nhieu gdc dp dang
trd thanh nhu eau tat yeu hien nay 6 nQdc ta, cd the nghien
cQu nhOng van de ve ly thuyet ngbn ngQ hpc; nhOng van de
ve tieng Viet va cac ngon ngQ khae d Viet Nam; nhOng van
de ve tiep xue ngon ngQ va dich thuat; nhOng van de v l day
hpe tieng Viet, tieng nQdc ngoai trong va ngoai nha trQdng;
nhQng van d l ve ngbn ngQ tac pham van chQdng Trong dd,
tlm hieu ngbn ngQ vdi tQ each la phQdng tien bieu dat cua
tac pham van chQdng la mot gdc dp nghien cQu khbng may
d l dang nhQng eung day thi vi
Nghien cQu tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngO
van hpe b nhQng Idi ca dao eo truyen la van de ehung tdi dat
ra trong bai viet nay Tuy nhien, do dac trUng the loai va
trong khudn khb bai viet, ehung tdi chi nghien cQu nhQng
bieu hien tieu bieu cua tinh md hb da nghTa trong mot sb Idi
ca dao cb truyen Nghien cQu dd nham muc dich nhan dien
tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngQ eung vai trd
eua nd d nhQng Idi ca dao cb truyen, lam tien de eho sQ binh
gia ed ed sb va sQ tiep nhan sau s i c tae pham
1 Khai niem ea dao co truyen va tinh md ho da nghTa
trong van hoc nghe thuat
1.1 Khai niem ca dao cd truyen
Thuat ngQ ca dao da tQng dupe dung vdi nhieu nghTa
rpng, hep khae nhau
Theo nghTa gbe thi ca la bai hat cd khuc dieu, dao la
bai hat khdng cd khue dieu" [5,26]
Va mot thdi "Ca dao la danh tU chung ehi toan bd
nhQng bai hat lUu hanh pho bien trong dan gian cd hoac
khbng ed khuc dieu" [5.25] d trQdng hdp nay, ca dao dbng
nghTa vdi dan ca
Tren thQc te, khai niem ca dao da dan dan cb sQ thu hep
nbi ham
Hien nay, eae nha nghien cQu van hpc dan gian Viet
Nam "dung danh tQ ca dao de ehi rieng thanh phan nghe
thuat ngdn tQ (phan Idi thd) eua dan ca (khdng ke nhQng
tieng dem, tieng lay, tieng dUa hdi)," [5.26] Vdi nghTa nay
TS NGUYEN HANG PHlJCfNG
Khoa NgO van - TrUdng OH SU pham - DH Thai Nguyen
ca dao la bp phan chu yeu va quan trpng nhat cQa thd dan
gian truyen thb'ng
Sau each mang thang Tam (1945), gidi nghien cQu nUdc
ta da sQ dung tap hdp tQ ca dao mdi (hay ca dao hien dai)
de phan biet vdi ca dao eb (edn gpi la ca dao cb truyen) NhQ vay, ca dao cb (hay ca dao cb truyen) la khai niem chi rieng thanh phan nghe thuat ngbn tQ eua dan ea (khbng ke tieng dem, tieng lay, tieng dQa hdi) dQdc sang tac tO each mang thang Tam trb ve trudc 6 day, pham vi khao sat cua chung tdi la mbt sb Idi ca dao cb truyen da dUde sUu tap trong sach Kho tang [6]
1.2 Khai niem tinh ma ho da nghTa trong van hoe nghe thu$t
Khdng phai den tan bay gid, tinh md hb da nghTa mdi dUde biet tdi TQ xa xUa, ngUdi ta da quan tam den tfnh md
hb, da nghTa cua van hpe nghe thuat Dd la eai "y tai ngon ngoai" (y b ngoai Idi cua van cua thd) Nha triet hpc Dong Trpng ThQ ddi Tay Han da eho rang thd, kinh thi khdng the giai thfeh dQdc ro rang (thi vd dat hb) Nha thi thoai thdi Minh Ta Tran cung ehu trUdng ta canh, thuat sU khbng nen gib'ng nhu thUe ma phai khae la khien cho ngudi tiep nhan
cd c a m giac md h b , bi a n ( d i e u tai ham hb) Tuy nhien, ngay nay khi tinh tfch cUc, sang tao cua ngUdi tiep nhan dupe y thQc ro ret; tfnh ban the cua ngbn ngQ van hpc dQde phat hien thi md hb da nghTa - mot thupc tinh ciJa van hpc nghe thuat - cang dUde dac biet eoi trpng
"Theo W.Empdxdn, md hb la mot y nghTa khong xae djnh, mot y dinh mubn bieu dat nhieu loai sU vat, cho phep
ed nhieu each giai thich'[8.151] Vay, tinh md hb da nghTa trong van hpe nghe thuat cd the hieu la mot y nghTa khbng xae dinh, mbt hinh thUc tham my mubn bieu hien nhieu loai
su vat, cho phep nhieu each giai thich hinh tUdng nghe thuat
2 Ca dao co truyen ngUdi Viet v6l tinh ma hd da
nghTa tren binh dien ngon ngu" van hpc
2.1 Tim hieu tinh ma ho da nghJa tren binh di^n ngon ngd van hoc trong ca dao co truyen la nghien edu van chuang dan gian theo each tiep e$n mdi
6 Viet Nam nhQng nam qua, nghien cQu ea dao tJac
Trang 2UvaH?C:
biet la ngdn ngO ca dao da cb nhieu thanh tUu Xin ddn cii
vai vi du Tac gia Nguyen Xuan Kfnh nghien cQu mot sbye'u
tb cd ban cua chinh the nghe thuat ca dao trong db chu y
dung mQc den dac diem chung cua each sQ dung va tb chUe
ngbn ngQ, each dung ten rieng chi dja diem trong ca dao
Tac gia Mai Ngpe ChQ nghiln cQu v l nhQng dac diem rieng
biet dpc dao cua ngbn ngO ca dao Viet Nam tQ viec phan
tfch "nhOng dac diem thd" dUdc tao nen bbi cac bien phap tu
tQ, each nglt nhip, Ibi hiep van den viee xem xet sU ket hdp
nhuan nhuyin tfnh chat bac hpc va tfnh chat khau ngO eua
ngbn ngO ca dao Viet Nam Tac gia Pham Thu Yen nghien
cQu mbt sb yeu tb tieu bieu trong the gidi nghe thuat ea dao
va dac biet da chu y den Ib'i mieu ta va bieu hien true tiep
trong thd ca dan gianw
Nhu vay, xae dinh sU cd mat va vai trb, vi trf cua tfnh md
hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngO van hpc trong ea dao
v I n cdn la van de mdi me Tuy nhien, thanh tuu nghien cQu
trUdc ddeCiaeae nha khoa hpc thUe sUla nhOng gdi mdcan
IhiS't giup chung toi cb ed sb de then khai van de nghien cQu
oOa minh Song, tlnh mO h"6 da hghla trong van hpe nghe
IhuSt nbi chung v i trong ca dao nbi riSng dUcic xae djnh dua
trSn cd sd n&o?
W.Empdxdn vdi cbng trinh nol tieng Bay loai y nghTa md
hb (1930) da chi ra cde loai </ nghTa md hb (cac hinh thQc
bieu hiSn cCia tinh md hb da nghTa) trSn cSp dp ngbn ngO
van hpc va md ra mot trien vpng nghi&n cQu c6 cd sb khoa
hpc ve van d^ nay Theo tac gi^ sach Ly lu^n va ph§ binh
van hpc , each phSn loai cac y nghTa m d h b cua W.Empdxdn
chua that rach roi, chat che, nhat qudn song da cho thay
tlnh mcf hb da nghTa cb nhi'Su hinh thQc the hiSn va cbng
trinh khoa hoc trSn cCia bng "thQc sQ la mbt kiet tac ma bat
ky ai dpc xong d i u khong t h i cbn dQng lai vdi niem tin eu"
[8.71]
Do trong thUc te, cac loai y nghTa md hb 6, 7 cd phan
nhu trung l§p vdi c6c lo^i 2, 3, 4; do dac trUng the loai va
trong khubn kho bai viet, ehung tbi chi nghien cQu ba hinh
IhQc the hien cua tlnh md hb \k "Nbi vSt nky n\& nhU nbi tdi
vat kh^c, vl giQa cde sQ vat Sy cd nhieu d l l m gib'ng nhau"; "'^
nghTa md hb do quan he ngO p h i p khbng chat che v i ngQ
cinh cho phep"; "Mbt tQ trong mbt van canh ma giang hai
nghia deu thbng"
2.2 Tlnh ma ho da nghTa tren binh dien ngdn ngd van hoc
trong ca dao cd truyen
2.2.1 Khao sat 3.481 Idi ca dao co truyen dQdc sUu tap
trong sach Kho ting [6] d l x i c djnh c i c loai y nghTa md
hb (hay ndi each khae la tlm c i c hinh thQc bleu hien eua tfnh
md hb), ehCing tbi tht/c hien theo c i c h n g l u nhien dam bao
cho sU nghjSn cQu tUdng dbi khach quan khoa hpc
Dd la nhQng |di ca dao dQdc x I p theo trat tQ chO eai
trong tap II bb s i c h Kho tang K i t q u i thu dUde nhu sau:
2.2.1.1 Loai y nghTa md hb c6 dUde khi "ndi vat nay ma
nhu ndi den vat khae, vi giOa c i c sQ vat Siy cb nhieu diem
gibng nhau"
- De tlm loai y nghTa md hb n i y , chQng tbi khao s i t
nhQng Idi ca dao ed sQ dyng mot s6 biSn phap tu tQ tiSu
bieu eau tao theo quan he liSn ludng gbm so sanh, an dy,
hoan du va tUdng trUng NhOng biSn phap tu tQ nhU diep tQ
ngQ, ehdi chQ, dbng nghTa kep khbng n i m trong pham vi
khao sat bdi chung toi quan niem do cau tao theo quan he
to hdp, cac bien phap tu tQ vQa neu khbng cb hoac cb rat it kha nang tao y nghTa md hb
T h i d u 1:
397 (b) NgQdi khbn nhQ mieng thjt g i Tuy rang an ft nhQng ma ngon lau NgQdi dai nhu cu bb nau
Den khi khbn khb cd cau phai an
C D T C M 172
T h f d u 2:
307 Cay da eu ben db xUa
Bp h i n h ed nghTa, n i n g mUa cung cb DCNTB I 188 HHDN 216 NT 164 TCDQ 61 VNP 7 214
T h f d u 3:
65 Chd anh eho tuoi em cao Cho duyen em lat, ma dao em phai HPV 1,17
T h f d u 4:
684 True nhd mai, trQc bubn ngao ngan Mai trd ve, mai nhd true chang
CDTCM 52 Bang each d i l n dat cy t h i v i gi^u hinh anh, c i c bien
p h i p tu tQ trfen da gdi du^c sQ Ii6n tufing phong phQ va sau
s i c NgQdi t i l p n h i n thQc sQ phai IQa chpn trong sb nhQng liSn tQdng phong phu, s i u s i c ay mbt each hieu cho minh
Md h i , da nghTa p h i t sinh tQ d l y Chang han, 6 thi du 1, mieng thit ga, eu bb n i u dQdc vi vdi ngQdi khbn, ngQdi dai
Vi ngon, db cua mieng thit g i v i eu bb nau ra sao cung nhQ
dU vj cube sbng khi d vdi ngQdi khdn, ngQdi dai the n i o l i phy thubc v i o sQ lien tudng tQ do nhQng cd cd sd cua ngQdi tiep nhan 6 thf du 2, ldi ca dao nhQ mbt sQ n h l n gQi: khach qua dudng co nghTa thi n i n g mUa cung chb v i ndi chd dpi l i
" c i y da cu, ben db xQa"? NhQng d day, Idi nhan gQi that bang qud, "tbi nghia"; ai n h i n v i chd ddi vdi muc dfeh gi?
"Cay da eu, ben do xUa" la mbt dia diem cd that ma khich
bp h i n h da dQng chan hay ehl la mbt an dy chi dja diem quen thubc cd y nghTa nhat djnh vdi nhan vat trO tlnh va ngQdi khach bp hinh? (Ngay ca tQ "nghTa" va "ning mQa" b day eung rat md hb, khb xae dinh ) Ldi ca dao chi gbm hai ddng luc b i t m i c6 khong It dau hbi, bdi vay, nd ham chQa bao nhieu c i c h lien tUdng k h i c nhau Se khdng bao gid l i thba d i n g n i u ngUdi tiep nhan chi xae djnh mdt c i c h h i l u duy nhat d Idi ca dao nay Du vay, moi Idi v3n l i mbt the gidi nghe thuat rieng biet dbi hoi phai tiep n h i n , k h i m p h i
- Trong sb 3.481 Idi ca dao khao s i t e d 1.511 IdisQdung
eae bien p h i p tu tQ, chiem k h o i n g 43,4% Cu t h i , sb Idi ea dao chQa bien phap so sanh tu tQ la 666 Idi, c h i l m khoang 44,1%; sb Idi ca dao chQa bien p h i p an du tu tQ j i 701 Idi, chiem khoing 46,4%; sbldi ea dao chQa bien p h i p hoan dy
tu tQ v i tUdng trQng la 144 Idi, chiem khoang 9,53% trong tbng sb Idi ca dao c6 sQ dung cac biSn phap tu tQ
.2.1.2 Loai y nghTa md hb ed dUdc "do quan he ngO
phap khbng chat che v i ngO eanh cho phep"
- Loai y nghTa md hb nay xua't hien khi mbi quan he to
hdp giQa c i c tQ, cac v l trong cau khbng chat che va do sU
cho phep eua ngO eanh Co the xay ra ba tlnh hubng: thQ nha't, quan hS ngQ p h i p khdng chat che do la y thQc nghe thuat cua chu the sang tao; thQ hai, ehu the sang tao bupc
Trang 364 SO4-2011 Daiji'^i^^
phai han djnh ve sb lUdng cau chO do sQ chi phbi cua t h i
loai; thQ ba, c6 t h i do ea hai "nguyen nhan" b hai tinh hub'ng
tren Theo su phan tieh cua chung tbi, 1 sb Idi ca dao cb
chQa loai y nghTa md hb n i y thQdng rdi v i o tinh hub'ng thQ
ba
- Khao sat 3.481 Idi ca dao eb truyen vQa neu tren,
chung toi thay 350 Idi cd loai y nghTa md hb do quan he ngQ
phap khbng chat che va ngQ eanh mang lai, chiem khoang
10,05%
Thf du:
5 Da cd mot lupt thi thbi
LUdt nay, lUdt khae ngUdi ddi khinh che
TOBD II 250TNPD 1111
6 ldi ea dao tren, quan he tb hdp giQa cac tQ khbng chat
che{tQ 'IQdt thieu djnh ngQ) gay nen sQ md hb da nghTa
2.2,1.3 Loai y nghTa md hb xua't hien khi "mot tQ trong
mbt van canh ma giang hai nghTa deu thbng"
- Day la loai y nghTa md hb dQde tao nen khi mbt phUdng
tien ngbn ngO (S cap dp tQ) cd hai nghTa trong mbt van eanh
eu the
3,45% Thi du:>>- Trong 3.481 ldi ca dao khao sat, ehl
ed 120 Idi chQaphUdng tien ngon ngQ da nghTa nay, chiem
805 Cbn trdi cdn nude eon non
Cdn ed ban rUdu anh cdn say sUa
ANPT 6a DNQT 102b HHDN 54, 164 KSK 6b
TQ 'say sQa" trong Idi ca dao tren cd the hieu theo 2
nghTa: say sUa vi rUdu va say sUa cb ban rUdu
Nhu vay, trong sb 3.481 Idi ca dao khao sat cd tbng
cbng 1.981 Idi chQa eae bieu hien eua tfnh md hb da nghTa
tren binh dien ngon ngQ van hpe, chiem khoang 56,9%
2.2,2 Qua khao sat nhOng bieu hien tieu bieu cua tinh
md hb da nghTa trong ca dao cb truyen, chung tbi cd mbt sb
nhan xet:
2.2.2.1 Ca dao eb truyen cd nhQng hinh thQc bieu hien
cua tinh md hb da nghTa Hay ndi each khae, trong ca dao
cb truyen ed mot sb loai y nghTa md hb Cd the dat hinh
hubng ring nhQng Idi ca dao chUa khao sat va ea nhQng ldi
ea dao con tbn tai trong mbi trUdng sinh hoat cua dan ehung
ehUa ehae da ed k i t qua tUdng tU? Dieu dd hoin toan cd the
xay ra Song, eho du nhU vay thi nhan xet tren van tbn tai,
bbi ty le cao, thap cua cac loai y nghTa md hb trong ea dao
cb truyen khdng phai la dieu quan trpng nhat Dieu quan
trpng nhat la sU eo mat va vai trd eua nd trong nhu'ng Idi ca
dao eb truyen
Tuy nhien, ket qua khao sat d tren v I n l i dieu dang luu
y Sb Idi ea dao cb truyen cd hinh thuc bieu hien cua tinh md
hb da nghTa chiem ti le khong nho khoang 56,9% Dd mdi
chf la ket qua khao sat bieu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa
trong cac Idi ca dao eb truyen tren binh dien ngon ngQ van
hpc (Xem ket qua tong hdp d cubi muc 2.2.1.3) Trong dd,
bieu hien thQ nha't cua tinh md hb da nghTa chiem khoang
43,4%.(Xem k i t qua thbng ke d mue 2.2.1.1), NhQng hinh
thQc b i l u hien khae cua tinh md hb da nghTa trong ea dao
CO truyen chi chiem mbt ti le rat nho khoang 10,05% va
3,45% (Xem k i t qua thbng ke d mue 2.2.1.2 v i 2.2.1.3)
Tlm hilu dae diem eua cac bien phap tu tQ dQde dung
trong nhOng Idi ea dao khao sat d mue 2.2.1.1, chung toi
thay dd deu ia nhCfng each d i l n dat bdng bay, gdi earn ed
sQe hap d i n va loi cubn khi trinh bay [9] Nhd cac bien phap
tu to, sQ d i l n dat vQa mang tfnh cu t h i , hinh anh do nghTa den gpi ra, vQa mang tinh khai q u i t , ham sue do nghia bdng chQa dung Tfnh md hb, da nghTa tren cd sd dd m i phat sinh Bbi vay, su cd mat vdi tan sb cao cua eae bien phap tu to (die biet l i so s i n h v i an du tu tQ) trong ca dao
CO truyen l i dieu cb the ly giai dQdc
2.2.2.2 Cd nhOng trQdng hpp, mot ldi ea dao cb truyen ChQa hai, ba hinh thQc b i l u hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa
TQc trong mot Idi ea dao cb truyen cd tdi hai, ba loai y nghTa
md hb
T h f d u :
91 (a) Cai CO may di an dem • -Dau phai c i n h mem Ion cb xub'ng ao "-' ' Ong di dng vdt tbi nao
Tbi eb Idng n i o , bng hay xao mang
Cd x i o thi xao nude trong DQng xao nQdc due dau Ibng cb con TOBD I 553 TNPD II 31
6 ldi ea dao tren, ngoii y nghTa md hb "ndi vat n i y ma nhQ ndi tdi vat khae" (eb chi ngudi ndng dan?) cbn cd them loai y nghTa md hb do sQ da nghTa cua tQ trong van canh eu
t h i nay mang lai (cd eon la eon eb be hay l i con cua con eb me?) Nhu vay, cb the ndi, d nhOng Idi ea dao ay, md hb chbng len md hb, da nghTa e i n g them da nghTa
Tinh md hb da nghTa phai chang la mbt trong nhOng 'ma iQc" chinh tao nen sQe hut lau ben eho ea dao eb truyen
ThQ so sanh them hai Idi ca dao sau, chung ta se cang thay
rd dieu dd
805 Con trdi con nude cbn non Cdn ed ban rUdu anh edn say sUa
ANPT 6a DNQT102b HHDN 54, 164 KSK 6b
79 Cdn trdi cdn nude edn non " " •"') Cdn ngUdi that hpc ta edn phai lo
CDVN 1945- 1975 , ' •-' ' i.'^'-i
2.2.2.3 NhQng Ibi ca dao cb truyen gay nhieu tranh luan hau h i t l i nhOng Idi eo chQa eae loai y nghTa md hb
T h i d u 1:
92 (a) Cai eb may mb eai tbm Cai tom quap lai, lai bm cai cd ; Cai ed miy mb cai trai
Cai trai quap iai, lai nhai eai ed
HT 286 T O B D IV 335 T N P D II 28 V N P 1 II 33 Thi du 2:
103.Gid sao thbi mat sau iQng , ''• i'
Da sao da nhd ngQdi dQng vo eung '."
HHDN 174 TOBD 1 144 , , ,
b thf du 1, theo thbng ke eua t i e gia Thi p h i p ea dao, cd den bacaeh hieu khae nhau ve hinh anh torn, trai, co Nguyin Dang Chau cho r i n g ed, torn, trai l i giai cap thbng tn Cao Huy Dinh thi eho r i n g cd la giai cap thbng trj, cdn tbm, trai
l i tap the nhan dan Vu Ngpe Phan lai eho rang tdm, trai,
ed deu la nhan dan lao dpng Tac gia Thi phap ca dao iai eb nhQng phat hien khae Qua khao sat mbt chudi Idi ea dao ve tom, trai, cd, t i c gia k i t luan: d day con cb khdng phai giai cap thbng tn eung khbng phai nhan dan lao dpng, Quan niem nhU tren dan den nhOng each h i l u rat khae nhau ve ehu de, npi dung Idi ea dao, Sb dTed hien tUdng dd bbi t i c gia dan gian da khdng gpi t h i n g ten sU vat hien tUpng Ho
Trang 4DmvaHQC
"ndi vat n i y ma nhQ noi tdi vat khic " nhU WEmpdxdn da
tQng chi ra
d thi du 2, tinh hinh eb khae dbi chut SU md hb, da
nghTa lai tap trung v i o hinh anh bat thudng "gib mat sau
IQng" v i to "ngQdi dQng" trong Idi ea dao Cac t i c gia sach
Kho tang d i d i n ra hai each cam thu, phan tfch Ibi ea
dao tren Theo Tran Bao HQng, cai than eua Idi ca dao l i
hai chO "ngQdi dQng" v i eho rang db l i cau hat, l i manh t i m
tlnh cua nhOng ngQdi lam nghe ehd db dpc tren sbng (Gid
thoi mat sau IQng la gib thuan, thuyen xubi, ngQdi ta mdi
thanh than nghT gan, n g h T x a v i nhd ngQdi yeu) Van T i n lai
cho rang tinh than chung eua Idi ea dao nay lien quan khong
chi den ngUdi l i m nghe ehd db dpc ma lien quan den nhieu
ngUdi l i m b nhieu nghe trong cupc ddi va dang lam v i o
tinh hub'ng yeu, m i lai yeu ddn phUdng Cung eb the dUa ra
mbt c i c h hieu nOa: "gid mat sau lung" la sU bat thUdng, "da
nhd ngUdi dUng" lai eing phi ly Song hai cai phi ly lai b i l u
dat mot thUc te h i l n nhien, rat ed ly cua "nhQng ngQdi dang
lam v i o tlnh hub'ng yeu" "NgQdi dQng" d day nen h i l u nhQ
tac gia NhQng t h i gidi nghe thuat ea dao, dd la nhOng ngQdi
"chQa du dp chin d l than mat nhQng cung khbng he xa
cich lanh IQng'"' [11.55] Vay, nguyen nhan chfnh gay nen
tfnh md hb, da nghTa trong Idi ca dao n i y l i sQ da nghTa cua
tQ (d day la tQ xQng hb) va hinh tQdng van chQdng trong mbt
van eanh cu the
2.2.3 NhQng nghien cQu d tren cho phep ehung toi rut
ra mot sb k i t luan sau:
2.2.3.1 Tfnh md hb da nghTa la mbt d i e trQng eua van
hpe nghe thuat Tfnh md hb da nghTa dem lai sQ me hoac,
hap d i n cho khach the tham my Nghien cQu tfnh md hb, da
nghTa tren binh dien ngbn ngO van hpe thu'c chat l i nghien
cQu thi phip ngon ngQ tac pham TQ y nghTa dd, xem xet ea
dao CO truyen vdi tfnh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngbn
ngO van hpc l i nghien cQu thi p h i p ngbn ngO ca dao - mbt
trong nhQng y l u tb thi p h i p thubc hinh thQc tb chQc vat lieu
eua chinh the nghe thuat ca dao (Hinh thQc tb chQc vat lieu
l i chQ dQng cua Bakhtin)
2.2.3.2 "Tfnh md hb, da nghTa khbng ehi l i d i e trQng
m i cdn l i sb phan eua van hpc" [8.162] Db l i nhan djnh ed
ed sd bdi thQc te tiep nhan van hpc nghe thuat cho thay
nhQng t i e pham cd sQc cubn hut v i trQdng tbn qua thdi gian
hau h i t l i nhOng t i e pham gay nhieu tranh eai Nguyen
nhan chinh gay nen sQ tranh cai lai l i d chb eb dau hieu eua
tfnh md hb da nghTa (Tuy nhien, d day chung toi mdi ehi de
cap d i n dau hieu cua tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien
ngbn ngQ van hpe) K i t qua khao s i t v i phan tich nhOng
bilu hien cua tinh md hb da nghTa d nhQng Idi ca dao cb
truyen cho thay nhan djnh tren khbng chi dung vdi bp phan
van hpe thinh van m i edn dung vdi bp phan van hpc truyen
mieng, d i e biet la ea dao eo truyen Cd dieu, ea dao cb
truyen - mot the loai tieu bieu cua van hpe dan gian - thudng
la n g i n , tham ehi rat n g i n (hai dbng thd) Dac d l l m dd
e i n g l i m cho sQ "giai ma" nhQng bieu hien md hb da dang hdn, phong phu hdn Nb khien nhieu Idi ca dao co truyen trd
t h i n h ndi vb tan v l nghTa de ngQdi tiep nhan tim tbi, kham
p h i Cube chay dua di tlm cai dep trong nhQng Idi ca dd cQ nhQ mai t i l p d i l n khbng bao gid ngQng
2.2.3.3 NhQng k i l n giai cb cd sd khoa hpe ve sQc hap dan v i sQ trQdng tbn cua ca dao cb truyen d tren he ra nhQng tia hy vpng ve sQ trd lai cua ca dao - mbt t h i loai tieu
b i l u eua s i n g t i e dan gian trong ddi sbng sinh hoat eua con ngUdi d xa hbi hien dai Mbt khi ca dao thQc sU i i sang t i e van hpe nghe thuat dich thUe thi khbng ai phu nhan dUde vai trd va vj tri cua nd trong ddi sbng van h o i tinh than eua ngUdi Viet Nam ndi rieng, eua nhan loai nbi chung Cubi cung, chung tbi xin mUdn Idi t i e gia ehuyen luan Ly luan v i phe binh v i n hpc de k i t thuc b i i viet "Tfnh md hb,
da nghTa l i sQ me hoac hap d i n eua nghe thuat H o i n t o i n kfn mit, khbng nhln tha'y y nghTa l i vb vj, ma nhln mbt eai nhan ra ngay h i t mpi y nghTa cung l i h i t vi Tfnh md hb da nghTa dam bao thu hut ngQdi dpc di vao cube tlm tdi bat tan
ve )/ nghTa, v i chi ed t i e pham nghe thuat dfeh thQc, phong
phu mdi giQ dQdc sQc q u y i n ru lau ben" [8.162] Phai chang, tinh md hb da nghTa tren binh dien ngdn ngQ van hpc trong
ca dao eb truyen da gdp phan tich cQc tao dQdc sQ me hoac, hap d i n v i sQo quyen ru lau ben eho bb phan thd dan gian nay!
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Mai Ngpe ChQ: "Ngbn ngQ ea dao Viet Nam", Tap chf Van hpc sb 2/1991
2 Nguyin NghTa D i n : Ca dao Viet Nam 1945 - 1975, NXB Van hoa thbng tin, 1997
3 Vu Cao D i m : PhQdng p h i p luan nghien cQu khoa hpc, NXB Khoa hpe Ky t h u a t Ha N b i , 1996
4 H i Minh DQc (chu bien): Ly luan van hpc, NXB Giao due,
1993
5 Le Ba Han, Tran Dinh SQ, N g u y i n K h i c Phi (chu bien): TQ d i l n thuat ngQ van hpe, NXB Dai hpe Qub'c gia Ha Npi, 1999 (in fan 3)
6 Nguyen Xuan Kfnh, Phan Dang Nhat (ehu bien): Kho
t i n g ea dao ngQdi Viet, NXB Van h o i Thbng tin H i Nbi,
1995
7 Nguyin Xuan Kinh: Thi p h i p ca dao, NXB Khoa hpc
Xa hbi, H i Nbi, 1992
8 Tran Dinh SQ: Ly luan v i phe binh van hpe, NXB Hbi
n h i van H i Nbi, 1996
9 Tran DQc Ngbn: "Mbt sb van de ly luan chung quanh viec nghien cQu van ban van hpe dan gian", Tap chf Van hoa dan gian sb 3/1990
10 CQ Dinh Tu: Phong c i c h hpc v i dac d i l m tu tQ tieng
V i e t , NXB K h o a hpc Xa h b i Ha N p i , 1983
11 Pham Thu Y i n : NhQng t h i gibi nghe thuat ca dao, NXB Giao due, 1998
(Ngubn: cadao.com)