unlicensed free migration of the hmong group in vietnam the case study of dak lak province from 2006 2010

Result of thesis indicate: The government should study the relatition between resources and size of popultion in 2 provinces : One in North moutainous province where have l lot of the Hm

Acknowledgements

friends, officlals, organisations, locals, people support us to impove this study

The authors wish tO express our speclal thanks to PhD Nguyen Thi Le

Tosten Enksson ( Uppsala University — Sweden) have had advices for us to carry out this Thesis

Abstract

Free migration of The Ethnic Minority groups is the common phenomenon, relatively many fields of society It impact on destination and free migrants themselves In last time, there are many studies which researched

¿enera11y streams of migration in Viet Nam, but still lack of systematical studies about free migraion of the Ethnic Minorities community and each group, in particular the Hmong group

Our graduated thesis of Master program of public sector management that have concentrated: Situation, impacts and reasons of free migration of the Hmong in Dak Lak province from 2006 — 2010

We have used methods: 1) Overview method;2) Collection of data ; 3) Suvey and inteview; 4) Analyze data ; 5) Expert We usuall used essential tools for study such as SWOT, PROBLEM TREE, MIND MAP, SMART, diagram

fi.eld force

We hope this thesis is a useful document for studies and an lmportant base

for the Government to manage free migration of the Hmong people in Dak Lak and country in next time

Result of thesis indicate: The government should study the relatition between resources and size of popultion in 2 provinces : One in North moutainous province where have l lot of the Hmong people to live, one in Central Highlands, have to consider the features of Hmong group So it will become

an important base for prediction, guideline of free migration of Hmong and other groups in future

CONTENT

2 1

the Ethnic Minority Groups

Hmong group in Vietnam

Viet Nam

4 l

Dak Lak province from 2006 - 2010

4.3

2010 year

4.4

group to the Oak Lak provin«.e

group to the Dak Lak province

migration of the Hmong group in the the Dak Lak and Vietnam from 2012 — 2020

List of Abbreviate Letters

Free/ spontaneous migration Prime Minister

Central Government Solution

General Statistics Office Publishing House

Report

Divison II Agriculture, Rural developme Decision

Guideline Setlement - New Economic Z

List of Tables and Charts

Survey of study group: Original province

Survey of the General statistics office: the

difficulties which free migrants had faced Survey for ducation of the Hmong households in Dak Lak

Reasons of free migrtion of the Hmong in Dak Lak

Area of kind of lands in 2 districts where have a lot of the Hmong free migrants

List of Appendixes

Use land in Dak Lak province ( 2010) Distrubution of the Hmong population into province ( 2009)

Locals have a lot of the Hmong free migrants

to Dak Lak

The Administrative of Dak Lak province Quesionnaire

Result of survey The pictures of living of the Hmong free

migrants

1.1 Study problem

Chapter 1 Introduction

Viet Nam have 54 groups to live together in long time, including 53 the Ethnic Minority groups ( EMG) The Ethnic Minorities peole who usually live

in the mainly high moutainous areas Most of them cultivate in moutainous arable for living, so that natural resources, in particular arable and forest are very important for them The difficulty of cultivative conditions is the main cause of the poverty of the EMG communities To migrate for finding advantageous areas for living that is common phenomenon in the EMG in Viet Nam in history

In the past, because of the war conditions, difficult transport and communications, so migration had been carried out in short distance After the United country day, there are more advantageous conditions, the migration of the EMG has been carried not only in near areas but also in very long distances, interprovincial areas

There are two types of migration: l) Organised migration which depend on the Government plans To carry out it, the both origin and destination had prepared so migrant s lives and their manufacture were so advantageous, limition

of the impact on locals Nowadays, every year the Government have still been

IS lS the type of migration so migrants not depend on the government In last time, many the Ethnic Minority people, including a lot of the Hmong people from the Nouh moutainous provinces, Thanh Hoa province and Nghe An province migrated spontaneously to the Central Highlands for purpose to settle in long

tune

In latest time, like many provinces in the Central Highlands, the number of See migrants moved into Dak Lak in 2006 -2010 period that reduced r’ernarkb1ly However, most spontaneous migrants are the Hmong people In 9

8

mcnths of early 201 l year, there are 31 households, 100 Hmong people to migrate freely to Dak Lak province

Free migration is a phenomenon which should have detail studies In last true, there are many studies to research generally for streams of migration, but still lack of free migration of the Ethnic Minorities, lack of deep and systernatical studies for many groups and each group

working so long in the Ethnic Minority field, three numbers of the our greup have knowledgeably good field of the Ethnic Minorities, and we usually want get good chances to contribute clearly for this field So we choose thesis ” The free migration of the Hmong group in Viet Nam: The case study in Dak Lak province from 2006 — 2010” for finish of program

We used methods: General study, collective data, anlytic data, and experts; anJ used the SWOT, PROBLEM TREE, MIND MAP, SMART, force field di•gram tools to solve these points: the impacts and causes of free migration in Dak Lak We realise that government s migration and free migration policies are

dé›1gned IO create optimal geographical balance in distribution of population and

resources Directly policy interventions have included replocation of Ethnic Mxorities population in moutainous areas, mainly in the Central Highlands, including Dak Lak province The our recommendation that is to study coatinuatively: the relation between the natural resources, particularly land resource and the size of the Hmong population ( link to features of group) in one

uf ginal North moutainnous pros'ince ( i.g Ha Giang province) and Dak Lak province that it is base for solving the free migration of the Hmong people in next true

1.2 The questions and aim s study

The study asks the following questions

1) Describe the situation of the free migration of the Hmong in Dak Lak pirovince (2006 -2010)

2) Factors have influenced to the Hmong free migratant s lives?

3) Impacts of the free migration on the Hmong free migrants in Dak Lak province ?

¿rov ince ?

The study aims to:

l) Analyse impacts and reasons of free migration of the Hmong in Dak Lak province (2006 -2010)

2) Recommendation solutions and next study for solving the free migration

of the Hmong people ( 2012 — 2020)

1.3 The Size of study

The free migration of the Hmong in Dak Lak province from 2006 to 2010

1.4 The Study Methodology

1.4.1 Overview method

The group s study unify the study theories of the migration, including in

books:

l) “ Theories mgration and Social change”- Hein de Haas, International

4) “ Migration in Viet Nam, a review of information on curent trends, and patterns, and their policy implications”, Dang Nguyen Anh, Celitia Tacoli, Hoatig Yuan Thanh - was presented at Regional Conference on Migration, Developmnet and Pro — poor Choices in Asia, Dakar, 2003

5) Internal Migration: Opportunities and Challenges for Socio — Economic development in Viet Nam, United Nations — Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Ruly 2010

6) Sustainable Livehood and Migration in Viet Nam: The Importance of Social Capital as Acess to Resources, Alexandra Winkel & W Neil Adger,

University of East Asia, School of Enviromantal sciences, Norwich, UK

In which, we choose “ Theories mgration and Social change” which is main theory to study for “ Free migration of the Hmong in Dak Lak ( 2006 -

2010)”

1.4.2 To collect data

a To collect secondary data and information

We collected data for study from reports of The Council of People, The Department for Agriculture & Rural development of Dak Lak province and The

affairs)

And, we used data and infromation from The Gia Lai newspaper, The Ethnic Minority magazine, the National and Development newspaper

b To collect primary data and information method

The survey was conducted in districts of Dak Lak province ( 60 households and 3 the chairmen of 3 villages where have a lot of Hmong free migrants to settle) ( belong to questionnaires which had designed by group)

1.4 3 Analyse data method

The study use both qualitative and quanlitative approaches to describe, explain as well as tactor influence, reasons ot free migration In cluding:

a Comparision: the quanlity of free migrants of groups in Dak Lak; clistribution the Hmong free migrants in districts; the stuations of the Hmong free migrants between origin and destination; the impact levels on respects of Dak Oak of free migration of the Hmong free migrants

b Analyse causes — results: Base on data and information, we draw c:onclusions for impact levels, to find main causes of the free migration of the Hmong people

c Analysis methods: SWOT, PROBLEM TREE, MIND MAP

d The experts method : we have had help from Swedish and Vietnamese s3pervlsors in many respects in all process of study

1.5 The limitation of the thesis

Having a few documents for study, moreover it is a difficult large topic, so

v e can not to take overall respects of free migraton of the Hmong

1.6 Lay — out of thesis:

Chapter 5.• Solutions to solve the free migration of the Hmong group in

Dak Lak from 2012 — 2020

Chapter 6.• Conclusions and recommended next steps

Chapter 2

The theoretical frame of the free migration of the Ethnic Minority Groups

This study apply 2 mainly theoretical systems: Migration and free migration

lh Viet Nam, guidelines and policies of the Party and Government of the free migration of the Ethnic Minority people; “ Theories of Migration and social change “ of Hein de Haas, the International Migration Institute , James Martin 21' Century, Oxford University, hcin.dehaa @ gets.ox.ac uk.( 7'2008)

2.1 The free migration of the Ethnic Minority Group

2.2.1 Migration

“ To move from one area to other or other state to live”'

' The Vietnamese Dictionary, page 341, Hoang Phe ( editor) , The Danang Publishing ,200 7

2.1.2 The free migration of the Ethnic Minority Groups:

Free migration ( or spontaneous migration) is a process which people replace from each area to other for settlement It not belong to the government s plans The government not intervene to this process

The phrase “the free migration” appeared legally, and it have been usually used in the government s administrative reports ( by Vietnamese “ di cu ½ do”)

It is usually used in mass media, to tell apart a type of migration which have been sponded by the government 2

The phrase “ spontaneous migration” have been used in many studies, repo ns in Viet Nam and foreign states

2.2 Theories of Migration

“ Theories of Migration and social change “ ( Oxford University ), to take many relatis•e theories:

a Existing theories on internal migration dynamics

Migration may bGgin for variety of reasons “ Migration facilitates the follow of information back the place of destination to the origin, facilitating the p›assage for later migrants” ( Lee: 54 — 55)

Migration made chain migration and networks migrant

Chain migration is “ Movement in which prospective migrants learn of

c›pportunities, are provided which transportion, and have initial accommodation and employment arranged by means of primary social relationships with

MaC Donald & MaC Donald, Tilly, Brown and many authors make

c oncept:” Migrant networks can be difined as sets of interpersonal ties that c:onnect migrants, former migrants, and nommigrants in origin and destination nreas through bonds of’ kindship and shared community origin “ ( Massey et al:

1 99?: 448)

2 De‹-ree N.• 05 AgrRD/ST — NEZ, 06/23/ 1996, the Ministry for Agriculture and Rural development

Migrant network can be interpreted as location specific social capital l9S0s, Boudier defined “ social capital” “ social capital as the aggreate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to the possesion of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationship of mutual acquitance and recognltion — or in other works, to membership in a group ( Boudier: 1985: 248) Migrant network connections can then be conceived as a form of location — specific social capital that people draw upon to gain access to resources

Emperical work has lagerly confirmed the hypothesis that migrant network facilitate migration ( Palloni: 2001)

Massey stresses the importance of migrant network in decreasing the direct cost of migration, information and search cost, opportunities, and psychic costs

of migration

The volume of social capital possessed by a person depend on l) size of the network connections and 2) volume of the (economic, cultural, or syinbolical) Capital posSGs by each of those to whom he/she is connected

So, besides finacial and human caital, social capital is a third crucial factor determining people s motivation and ability to migrate

As, the costs and risks of migration are towed by social and informational networks, one established migration streams tend to gain own momention Already settled migrants funtions as “ bridgeheads” ( Boiker: 1994), reducing risks as well material and psychological costs of subsquent migration Through thG assistance of friends and relatives, new migrants may more easily be able to abtain information and receive active assistance in finding empoyment and a place to live

b Beyond network effects

Migrant network often faciletate onward migration through the provision information and help migration Indirect mechanisms that operate at the

c ontextual level explaining why migration become a self — reinforcing process Social networks can be conceived as the intermidiate structure created by migration process itself looking individual migrants, households and the wider

social Migration is a process, in which, l) intergnal broarder socio —economic transformation process, but 2) has its internal, self — undermining dynamics, 3) affects process of change in particular at local and regions level (Hein de Haas: 7/2008, 8)

Chapter 3

Overview and history of migration of the Hmong group in Viet Nam

3.1 History, economic, culture of the Hmong group in Viet Nam’

3.1.1.Name of the group

There are different views, explainations about the names of this group In ancient time, the Han Chinese call the Hmong group a named “Méo”, this name

is random to coincide with the name of the cat animal in Vietnamese so that people do not like and to propose the government to call “The Hmong” (The Hmongz), a word was named themselves But the Hmong word is spelt by The Hmong language that is one the “nose sound: The Hmongz” While the auxilary sound system have not got any letter to record exactly this sound Some

researchers have borrowed the auxilary “Hm” for recording “The Hmong” word

The Hmong became official name of the group when the Central government issued officially “The list of group s names in Viet Narn”

3.1.2 History, the migration process and became one of 54 groups in Viet Nam

The Hmong history is a the history of big campaigns of migration, even migrated pass the state s borders

The Hmong groups appeared firstly in the Yellow River valley (China), but because of hicstorical reasons, the Hmong people had migrated to the Southern (China), after that they became posterities of the ancient local group in the South China Where they migrated to the Northern, into Vietnam and the East South Asia coutries From South China the Hmong people migrated into

The groups in the Ha Giang province, The People Committee of Ha Giang province, Dat Le Duy — Thanh Trieu Due ( main editors), The World Publishing — The Culture of the Ethnic Minority groups Center, 2004

\ ietham by many campaigns, by many different ways, lt 1s a difficult progress to fnd the independence and the justice

Fhe Hmong migrated into Vietnam in 3 main campaigns:

• First campaingn

Over 300 years ago, they came the Dong Van area ( Ha Giang province) Tom Quy Chau province This time, the Hmong people in Quy Chau uprised against the “land reform, concentration of the land policy “ for Han China elite class, but it failed (the Thanh dynastry destroyed the bal regime of the Hmong group and prorated the Han officialdoms to administrate directly)

Dong van is first area where the Hmong people migrated firstly into Viet Nam

• The second campaign

It was carried out nearly 300 years ago In this campaign, the Hmong people came lnto Viet Nam throuth 2 ways: Dongvan ( Ha Giang province); Simacai way ( Bac Ha, Lao Car province) Most of them from Quy Chau, Van Nam, Quang 4 ay, this time the uprising of the Hmong in Quy Chau failed ( 1776

— 1820

• The third campaign

It was over 200 years ago, and it was last time that the Hmong from China migarated into Viet Nam with the bigest quantity This time, the Hmong porovoked “ Thaibinhthien quoc” ( the Great Peace for Big State ) to against the Thanh dynastry but it was failed, too ( 1840 — 1868)

A little number of the Hmong people some time had contineuously came Vietnam

3.1.3 and migration of Hmong group in Viet Nam

Most the Hmong people live in most the North mountainous provinces in the large area, near the Vietnam — China border and the Vietnam — Laos border fToin the Langson province to the Nghe An province where they have been mainly concentrated in the West — Noth, East — Noth areas like Hagiang, Laichau, Sonla provinces The areas where concentratively highest number of

the Hmong are Dong Van, Meo Vac, Quan Ba (Ha Giang province), Bac Ha, Sa

Pa, Muong Khuong ( Lao cai province); Mu Cang Chai ( Yen Bai province); Phong Tho, Tuan Giao ( Lai Chau)

In this time, because of many reasons, such as wars, the migration of the Hmong carried out only in inner province or neighbour provinces

Because of the shifting cultivation habits, so that a part of the Hmong people had moved their houses into new burnt — over land areas to live When old fiels lost fertility, people would move to new land areas The migration carried out in short distances, they could link to relative people easily

Acording to The General Census of the State for Population and Houses in

2009, The population of the Hmong in Vietnam is 1,068,189 people It is the 8"

in the List of the groups in Viet Nam, and they live in 62/ 63 provinces and cities

of Viet Narn

Two areas where have the biggest number of the Hmong migrants came, after 1975 year to now, aie Thanh Hoa, Nghe An provinces and the Central Highlands

In Nghe An and Thanh Hoa area:

Active migration of the Hmong before 1990 year that had been carried rarely in the little inner moutainous areas of the Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces However, from 1991 to now, the migration in two provinces started increasing, in the both espects : quanlity and size

From l99l — 2005 year, in Thanh Hoa and Nghe An province have had 3.895 families, 26, 852 people to migrate ( Thanh Hoa: 2,464 families; 18,654 people; Nghe An: 1,431 families; 8,198 people) with differently migrated stream, because of in these areas not only the destination of the Hmong from the Nouth moutainous provinces and the Hmong people from the Laos country and the Central Highlands came back, but also original area for free migrants relocated

to Laos and the Central Highlands

The mainly concentratl ve destinations are the districts: Ky Son, Con Cuong, Tuong Duong, Anh Son, Tan Ky (Nghe An); Muong Lat, Quan Son ( Thanh Hoa)

In the l980s — l990s period, a small quanlity of the Hmong migrated and lived scattered many where in Gia Lai, Kon Turn, The Dak Lak and Lam Dong provinces 4

From 1992 to 2002, the biggest quanlity of the Hmong free migrants migrated into the Central Highlands, particularly from 1994 — 1998 year, in each year have 619 househo1ds/ 3,321 people the Hmong came into the Central

end of 2010, the Hmong people have been continueously migrated into the Central Highlands, but quantity of the free migrants is smaller than previous time In some times, in some wheres, the free migration are complicated

At midle of 2011 year, according to data of the primary survey of the provinces, in the Central Highlanils have 47,600 The Hmong peoplG tO live, main concentration in Dak Nong province and Dak Lak province In list of the 47 groups to live in the Central Highlands, the Hmong population rank is the tenth

in order, after groups: Kinh group (3,387,439), Jarai ( 379,589), Ede ( 305.045),

Ba Na ( 185,657), K’ho ( 129,759), Nung ( 114,962), Se Dang ( 103, 589), Tay ( 98, 348), Mnong (89, 980) 5

The Hmong people live in relatively concentrative in 97 villages, clusters belong to 40 communes, 25 districts, towns; most the Hmong people live in remote deep border areas or the overhead valleys, the protective forests, preserver forests that are important to economy, security, defence To live in these areas they have been forcing in the natural resource and disputed land

4 To solve the free migration of the Hmong in mountainous area of the Thanh Hea and the Nghe An provinces, ( I 9/6/2009), Dan Tuan Nam, Gia Lai Newspaper

’ “ Stratton of the Hmong in the Central Highlands ” Report number 17/ RP — D VS II, 7/05/2011, Division II ( The Division of Central area and the Central Highlands) - Commitee for the Ethnic Minorities

The Hmong migratants in the Central Highlands came from 36 districts, 13

3.1.4 The economics activities, culture, society

a The economics activities

In North mountainous provinces, Thanh Hoa and Nghe An ( Viet Nam), almost the Hmong people live in high mountains, so that they have mainly cultivated in burnt — over land, although some area they farmed in low land but it

is limited Because of limited arable, the Hmong people have usually attached

to farm many types of plants in each area and high technique made soil skill

Coin is the main cereal of the Hmong in North Viet Nam, besides rice, the Hmong people plant sweet potato, cassava, edible cana, soybeans Now, the Hmong people can farm from 2 to 3 crops a year

With main job is cultivated in burnt — over land, usually farm in rock mountains so their tools for cultivation that have specific features

Livestocks is rather development in the Hmong area They take care a lot

of bull, horses, goats Although, still litte livestocks were taken to markets

The Hmong have traditional handicraft jobs like bamboo knit, made domestic good by horse skin material, furniture, made traditional paper, to hammer, cast cultivative tools, weapon, ceramic Unless in some areas, almost these jobs carry out between two crops They are essential and in high technique skill The Hmong hammers are good tools to farm, and have especially cast tools

by iron material as knives, to drill gun barrel; especially, knife handle technique

The Hmong cloth have mainly red colour, decoration is combinated by manin colours: red, yellow, sky — green, indigo , especially the beauty of the Hmong women is praised by fashion The style of structure, decorative structure reflect partly lives of the Hmong: Believe themselves, brave before harsh nature

“ Stratton of the Hmong in the Central Highlands ” Report number 17/ RP — D VS II, 7/05/2011, Division II ( The Divis ion of Central area and the Central Highlands) - Commitee for the Ethnic Minorities

b Culture

Fhe Hmong people live mainly in highly mountainous areas (from 800 —

1 500 in height comparing to the sea water level) The surface of these areas that influence deeply on the house structure of them To live in highly mountainous sides, to affect by cool climate so type of soil house’ s wall, rnof was made by tile or cottage that it is best solution, so it is warm in winter, cool ln summer and help people against smugglers, wild animals All houses have stone walls which surrounding

Relative culture

The Hmong group have a historical long struggle for existence of their group In this process, the Hmong people not only struggled against the eKploitive forces but also usually adapted with change of environments and living conditions: from low land, middle land to very high mountains; from farm paddy rice to farm plants on burnt — over land, to rely on natural conditions In general, the lives of the Hmong are isolative with other groups This hicstorical stuation have made the Hmong people to believe in real, detail things

Although, to live by hard cultivation, not stable conditions but the Hmong people whom live belong to villages, it is called “ jaol” Each “ joal” have its size and detail area Each jaol contribute many ancestors, some time have only a ancestor “ Low speak than real work, not do so not speak” The mind for community of the Hmong is reflected by phrases “ Our Hmong people”, or “ we are one line species as well” To help others is a action so all the Hmong people usually attend It could be established from the migration process of the Hmong

in hicstoy

It was so past time to fill full failure with other groups It have been made the Hmong more isolated and limited relations

• The ancestor and families relations

All respects of the material culture and spirit culture activities that to appear and protect the relative family, ancestor, especially the relative ancestor All members of ancestor have active to help other with all their ability

The nearly relative ancestors are specially important In mind of Hmong people that is a blood relative, so they may be die in other house The person whom had firstly born become higher brother

The Hmong people appreciate the relative families Families is a cradle to establish and develop the traditional culture, so that whoever want to study the Hmong culture should study The Hmong families

They call their family is “ Lord shrink” (“Chua Thanh”), including 2 types: one generation family; two generation family The Hmong family depend on the will of father

The history of Hmong groups that is a long struggled procees They againsted exploitive forces, and adapted to a lot of disadvantageous conditions, from low land to high moutainous areas The especially social conditions made Hmong people only believed in real things

Chapter 4

The free migration of the Hmong people in Dak Lak

from 2006 - 2010

4.1 Overview of Dak Lak province 7

4.1.1 Nature, socio — economics

Have border with Campuchia : 70 km

- Relief:

Website of the Commitee of People of the Dak Lak province , Statistics Almanac of Dak Lak, 2010 year

Almost area of The Dak Lak is in the Western of the Truong Son range, lower from the East — South to West — North Relief is multiform , mountains and hill are altinative high land and valleys, in general may divide into types of relief, there are 2 most important types of relief:

• Mountainous relief

Including: the Chu Yang Sin highly mountainous area; The Chu Do Jui area of low mountain and middle mountain

• High lands relief

To make up most natural area of province, flat relief, high in middle, and gradually low from Eastern Nothem to West Southern Including

The Buon Ma Thuot Highlands:

It is big highlands across from Northern to Southern ( over 90 km long); from Eastern to West: 70 km The Northern is high near 800m, the Southern is high about 400 in, is gradual to the Southern where is still 300 m

It is flat relief Almost of this highland is red fertile bazan soil and almost

of area was exploited

The M Drak ( Khanh Duong) highland:

It is in the Eastern of province, contiguity with Khanh Hoa province, the everage high is 400 — 500 m The relief of highlands is rough, have high ranges in the Eastern and the Southern The central area have valley relief Almost of area

is the Granit soil and it is cover by green grass ( low mountains and gently slope hills)

Climate

Because of location and relief, so the climate in the Dak Lak is affected by the reasonal win — tropical climate, the biggest influencial climate is the West Truong Son type; the everage temperature is not high In summer have a lot of rainy, lack sunny because of influence of the West — South win, in winter there is lack of rainy The Eastern and Eastern — Northern is the middle climate, it is influence of the West Truong Son and East Truong Son range

- Hydrography

The river, stream system is rather plentiful, distribu rather equability, but because of slope relief, so to gain less water Small stream usually is dry in the dry reason so that the level water of the big river that is low Have 2 river

systems : Se re Pok and Ba

4.1.2 The natural resources

a The land resource

Land is a big important resource that the nature give for Dak Lak province Soil resource is a base to make this province become one of the richest, best fertile area in the Central Viet Nam

red bazan soil and some groups else, like: the alluvial soil, the gley black soil, the black soil

Soil have been established from the bazan rock that it have fertile level

so high (range of pH/ H2b is from middle to aluminous level ) The high identical

of the natural fertility and the real fertility of the soil groups and the types of soil that is distributed about 90 km (long) , from East — South to West Noth and about 70 km (wide) In the Northern of the Highlands ( Ea H Leo) is high near

800 in, the Southern is about 400 in, the Western is still high 300 m The surface

of the highlands is very flat, only some where are mountains

- The red soils group ( ferrasol, including mian red bazan soil)

It is the secondly biggest group ( after the grey soil), make up 55.6% the red area of the Central Hihglands The red bazan have the good quality of physics, alonely tablet structure, average of solf level is 62 — 65%, to gain water and absorb fertility highly to appropriate with industrial plants that have highly economical value as cafe, rubber, tea, pepper and fruits, annually industrial plants

Thess advantages are very important for developing agriculture of Dak Lak province

b The water resource

With features of climate, hydrology, and 3 river systems that is relatively equable distribution ( Serepok system, Ba system, Dong Nat system); hundred lakes and 833 stream ( over 10 km long) So Dak Lak may use easily the surface water

Area which cover by forest is 608,886.2 ha, including the natural forest is 594,488.9 ha, planted 14,397.3 ha The covered forest level is 46.620 o, concentrated along the border corridor Viet Nam — Cainpuchia The Dak Lak forest is plentiful, diversified, forestal structure is 3 floors; high protecting; special plants ( sciential value, economical value); special plants and special animals ( named in the World Red Book)

Forestry is an important field in Dak Lak

4.1.3 Social

Population of Dak Lak is nearly 1.8 million people; have 44 groups, the Ethnic Minority people make up 300 o ( 2010 year)

Have 14 districts, 01 city, 283 commune, town

The local component of the group include mainly: Ede, Mnong and small quanlities: Bana, Gia rai, Se dang Total the Ethnic Minority people: 253, 154 people Ede group: 70 0 o; Mnong: 170 o; Total of other groups like Ba Na, Gia Rai, Se Dang .: 18.5 0

The groups component in Dak Lak province change very fast In total 44 groups in Dak Lak: Kinh group make up 70.650 ; E De make up 13.690 o; Nung make up 3.9 0 o; The Hmong make up: 3.510 ; Tay make up 3.030 ; Thai make up

1.040 o; Dao make up 0.860 8

8 Data of the Division Local N- 2 (Divison of the Central area and the Central Highlands) — the Commitees for

the Ethnic Minority

4.1.4 Agricultural and forest manufacture — industrial plants

The proportion of yields in 2010: Agricultural, silvicultural, aquatic munufacture make up 49.76%; Industry and construction make up l 7.58%; service and trade make up: 32.660

The agricultural - silvicultural manufacture is the best important of the The Dak Lak province

Arable area in 2010: 571,630 ha

Dak Lak is a province belong to the Central Highlands, its area and climate are too advantageous to develope many types of the industrial plans as cafe, rubber, pepper, cashew, that they have highly economic valuation

The cafe production of Dak Lak make up the bigest proportion of the Central Highlands and Vietnam Buon Ma Thuot cafe remarkable is become

well-known all over the World Buon Ma Thuot was called “ the Cafe capital “ of

Viet Nam In 2010 year, Vietnam cafe production is the second rank of the World, only after Brazin

4.1.5 SWOT analysis for Dak Lak province

l Natural condition: Dak lak s

location is in centre of the Cen tral

Highlands; its lager natural area; the

Bazan soil is very lager and

advantage for planting industry

plants such as coffee, rubber;

relatively advantageous climative;

abundantly natural resources

2 Relatively improved transport

relatively developed infracstructure

1 The Central government issued policies for socio - economic de velopment in the Central Highlands

2 Dak Lak s economy is the higher than other provinces, so it important base for developmen of economy in next time

3 Its tragedy, socio — economic development plan that are relative modern logical appropriated conditions of Dak Lak and the

One of only litter poor districts in

Viet Nam ( belong to Solution 30 a (

2008) of the Central government)

3 Have lager unuse land area

(77,394 hectare in 2010)

Average area per person that is

the biger than a lot of onother

provinces ; most arable land is

fertile that is advantegeous to

plant

4 Economic development rate is

usually high, in particular

agriculture , forestry

5 Average income is so high

6 People are hard working A lot of

people are good at modern business

Central Highlands

4 Capital investment resources into Dak Lak that are often high

fast, so it become motivative area for developing economy of Dak Lak province

6 Labour market of Dak Lak usually need a lot of people, in particular in high valuable fields such as coffee, rubber production

1 Lack of vision in develoment plan;

the socio — economic development

was not adjusted appropriately

2 Increasing population that press on

natural resources, in particular land,

forestry

3 The economy development base on

main quanlity; goods are relative ly

low value and lack of competition

in International market, in

particular coffee product

l There is imbalance of income of classes

2 Natural resources have been used that is still illogical

3 Sometime, the government have passive management, in which have population management

4 Manufacture still use a lot of naturally crude resourses

Although, there are many difficulties and threats, but in general, Dak Lak province still is one have advantageous conditions for socio — economic, in particular land resource, so it need population from many locals, including the Ethnic minorities people in Noth moutainous provinces

4.2 The free migration of the Hmong people in Dak Lak province

Hmong people make up most proportion of the Ethnic Minority free

migrants to Dak Lak province ( 88,520 households, 85,98% people)

PROVINCES HAVE A LOT OF HMONG FREE MIGRANTS TO DAK LAK

Resource: Report no 44 RP- PC, 19 December, 2011 of the People s Council

ofDak Lak province

The original provinces which have the Hmong free migratants into the Dak Lak in order to reduce the numbers, are: (1) Ha Giang ( 369 household, 1,775 people); (2) Cao Bang (306 household, 1,603 people);(3) Lao Car ( 269 household, 1,382 people);(4) Bac Kan ( 58 household, 301 people); Lang Son (

34 household, 165 people) (Data 2005 — 2009 year).’

’“ Report Result surveillance of the free migration, the work for stable free migratants in many districts

“ Report number 44/BC — HDND, 12/09/2010, of the People s Council of the Dak Lak

Resource: Study group ( Time suvey: 11 - 12/2011)

4.2.2 Process of free migration

a Migrant decision — making

The most common feartures for both male and female migrants is that the dicision to migrate is a combination of their own decisions with decisions

of others such as wives/ husbands, children, relatives and friends The husband has the highest decision, next the wife For last decision they must have a process to consider deeply

Also, there is usually more concern about migration of females than for males because of fears that females will be at risk after migration

About 70% people who made migration decisions whom are mature, have experience lives The aged migratants are from 21 to 52 years, make up

The migration is a long process Glancing, we may imagine simply, but

it is a truly combinative process of detail stesp They compare between ad• antage and disadvantage befOre and after migration

Migrant network is essential for the Hmong free migrants “Migrant network connections can then be conceived as a form of location — specific social capital that people draw upon to gain access to resources Emperical work has lagerly comfirmed the hypothesis that migrant network facilitate migration (

Palloni: 2001) Hmong free migration 1s an important case for improving “ migrant network” phrase

the free migration households usually have connected to relatives, friends in Dak Lak who are previous migrants ( migrated belong to ” New economi c zones” policy, officials , solders serviced in Dak Lak after changing jobs or retired not to came back their homes and settled in Dak Lak, before) 40/60 householders confirmed follow others ( 600 ) In usually, the husbands had surveyed firstly from 2 to 3 times in Dak Lak for essential relative things before making the last decision

b To carry out free migration

We may imagine that free migration is unorganized, however in fact, it is closely detail process

Firstly, in general, the mlgrants base on others or their knowledge, expnence of the plentiful forest and land of Dak Lak, particularly about the advantageous red bazan soil for devloping agricultural plants, silvicultural plants,

so that they choose Dak Lak and the Central Highlands for main destinations

c• Style of free migration

Type of the free migration of the Hmong people is household characteristics Nearly 1000 Hmong mature free migrants was married before migration Most households have 2 genarations, even many have 4 generations

Charactirestics of family migration that it is feedback the aim to improve living conditions of the migrants

4.3 The impacts of the free migration of the Hmong to Dak Lak

4.3.1 The impacts to the Hmong free migrants

The impacts of free migration on migrants and their families that is not fully understand While migration typically occurs for economics reasons, many

policy makers and reseachers argue that migrants and their families face

hardships because of migration

They usually are difficult to access social services after arrival, they lack

of resources, and still often have little information about new environments So

that it is not unprising to see high proportion of migrants to the Central Highlands who stated that they faced difficulties after arrival 0

Most free migrants who came into Dak Lak faced range of difficulty after arrival 60 householders and 3 chairmans who have been surveyed, cited all Hmong free migrants faced a lot of difficulties in new land

After research, our group have results:

a House

It is first problem, so all migration households must faced Before, in origin, most of them are poverty, their houses are simple low valuable When arriving into Dak Lak, they were difficult to build their houses the same old ones In beginning, they lived in simply shelters

“No income resources” that is secondly interested thing of the free rriigratants ( after house) Most of them stated that they are worry about income resources This thing which is not feedback “no income resources”, in fact, so it

to reflect their interested aims of finding new income resources in new lands It

is proved when almost of the migratants who was asked who stated the higher income than origin It have been proved when nearly 1000 households which was surveyed to state to earn higher income than in the origin In everage, a pcrson have income from 220,000 — 300,000 VN dong per month, so each households have income from 22,000,000 — 30,130,000 VN dong per year To compare to the Vietnam poverty line ( 2010), over half of number of Hmong free migration households “ released poverty” Although, in Dak Lak migrants still have low income but it is more the higher than origin

Their main income is cultivation on their land

The ×°004 Vietnam migration survey Major findings, General Statistics Office — United Nations Population Fui nil, Statistical Publishing House

d Land

All householder s who were surveyed to state that they have been cultivating in no-registered lands In everrage, a household have 2.86 hectare agricultural soil, most areas are unnual plants There are only 4/60 householders (6,70 , who was surveyed, have use land certification The main reasons are these areas which have been exploited themselves or bought from others, or gift lands by relative To farm on these areas they could have enough cereal, food to live

Most the Hmong free migration households have not got areas for planting cafe, rubber, pepper that are highly economic values in Dak Lak and the Central Highlands An important cause that is when they migrated to Dak Lak, most fertiliseble advantageous areas depended on sooner ones If they have good area, but most of them lack of finalcial resource for planting cafe, rubber

c Education, health care, culture

Children are vulnerable after arrival

In the beginning of migration process, especially the households were in deep remote areas, most their children have been uneducated because of difficult transport, some cases, children had to help their parents in family activities Because of lack of labours, they have to help their parents to work Many parents were not appropriated for studying of their children

All the households have children On average, a family have more than 2 children No householdings that they don I receive the Government s subsidies,

32

to register procedure for children to go to school 100% households, who was surveyed, want to register householdings Education of the Hmong children that faced difficulties because have the difference of the languages The Hmong children have to study with children of other groups Teaching by Vietnamese that is make difficulty for Hmong pupils and other groups

Low education level of households that affect to household s knowledge, they do not understand the importance of investment for studying of their children (28/60 householders iliterated)

d Social problems

Most of free migration households are the poor that is a difficulty for Dak Lak government In the Hmong free migrants area to live, social evils have appeared and that are difficult to control

There are a lot of children that is common in Hmong families Belong to result survey of our group, in average, one family have 5.57 children This number is higher than 3,57 children according to the government policy ( only

2 chi1dren/ family) It is means that the society and family need more 5.57/2= 2.785 times of finanial investment for children/ a family ( result of our suvey)

d Householding

Most Hmong free migration households haven t got householdings 100% Hmong free migration households in Cu Bang village ( Cu Pui commune, Krong Bong district) have not got householdings All of them have demand: the government that make easily advantageous conditions for them to register househoudings Because, the householding is a condition to receive the government s susidies, their children are easy to schools, all members of family may have health care insurance (for poor households, nearly poor households)

f Health care

Marsh fever is a common desease in the Dak Lak In activities conditions are not safe, lack nutriments, heavily work, so migratants are easy to catch marsh fever Digest deseases are common, too, because of to use natural water and no hygienical eating and no hygienical drinking Livestocks live near houses,

breeding facilities not safe to hygienics so to make pollution Because of no householdings, so the poor households whom have been not received “the health care insuarance” (depend on policy of the government) Patients usually use traditional drug bills, or to buy the medicine to treat themselves In general, health care was not appropriated

g Fresh water, electricity

The households was surveyed that to state they faced with the difficulty

of the electricity and fresh water 55% the people was asked that stated they faced the difficulty of electricity; near 500 o stated they faced the difficulty of the fresh water However, they accessed arable lands

Households used well water or stream water, river water in areas So it is

s living standard, to reduce poverty

Moreover, free migrants have supplied a labours for agriculture - forestry farms, companies in destinations, particularly in havest seasons (havest coffee, rubber, construction )

34

However, because of many projects for stable living of Hmong free migrants in previous period that it not completed , so there are more Hmong free migrants to come Situation become more complicated

Because free migration problem, Dak Lak government had to adjust many respects of the socio economic development plan In fact, The People s Committee of Dak Lak have had to built more projects for stable migrant s lives

In 2006 -2010 period, the People s Committee of Dak Lak province approved 14 projects for stable arranged free migrants ( 5,358 households, 27,791 people); Total capital is 367,596 million VN dong Moreover, carried out 2 projects that they had been approved in 2001 — 2005 period

Although, proportion of capital resource of these projects that is low to

cOirpare with all capital investment of province in 2006- 2010 period, but they

are complicated projects, to influence on a lot of fields, so Dak Lak province have concentrated many organizations and residents to carry out

To have many causes, including most importance is capital resource, so at the end of 2010 year, still have 6,395 households, 30,750 people that they have beea not arranged It is a truly heavy mission for the local government

• Use land, agricultural — forestry manufacture and trade

There are nearly 86 % Hmong free migration households ( they were interviewed) to state that they have been cultivating on their unregistered use lanés Most areas are the silvicutivative land In average, one household use 2.86 hec:ares land, so in 2006 — 2010 period all Hmong free migration households use4 2,940 hectares Although, this area is not big, but it belong to the riverhead arers, most areas are the forestry that have affected mainly on environment

The dispute of land that happened in many areas, and it is too difficult to sol e because of lack of legal bases To regularize these areas that is too difficult for Dak Lak government It may be a motivation of the people who are preparing plah s migration to have a decision absolutely, because they think that the government will regularize the unregisted land areas after arrival

35

4 rade have been carred mainly private sector They came to families chaging goods The price usually is higher market s price Most free migrants was not received subsidies from government because they have not got householdings (seeds, fertility, paper for pupils, iod salt .)

• Environment and natural resources

4 he free migration which impacted on environment and natural resources Most the migration families are poor Their income is from cultivation In origin, most of them cultivate in the burnt — over land (very low income ) so that they are lack finacial to buy arable land in destination They have illegally exploited forest land for arable, building house Because, most areas where are easy to move, near towns that are owned Families of the migrants have to come in remote, deep areas to live, however most these areas are protective or preservative forests To exploit forest for arable land, building houses so that destroy forest resource ( plants, animals), to influence environment

• Administrative management

The free migration which make a lot of difficulties to administrative management of the government levels In the early time, most free migrants have not got householdings The plans of useland, infrastructural development , agriculture - forestry development, services and welfare that have been impacted

4.4 The reasons of the free migration of the Hmong people into Dak Lak

4.4.1 The reasons which depend on the Hmong free migrants

The deeply main cause is the economics that to lead the Hmong migrants into Dak Lak and the Central Highlands Most of them are the poor, in origin they lack of arable, harsh climate They migrated with their idea to find out

36

o;›port unities for change living conditions, to find more advantageous areas than

i S l ll ilk ing conditions for future generations

the survey of study group show thai Hmong free migrants into Dak Lak

de not want to ceine back home lands Because, their original locals are still difficult Jack of food, only one coin reason per year” To solve food problem that is fisrt purpose of a lot of Idmong free migration households Only there are

10 househo1ds/ 23 people in Giang Dong village (Ea Dak commune, Krong No district) came back home after a short time in to Dak Lak

3 able “ I o als have a ioi of thc Hmong free migrants came to Oak Lak

“ (appendix 3) , show districts where have a lot of Hmong free migrants left origin that they are extremely difficult districts in the North moutainous provinces, Nghe An and Thanh Hoa province, now most these districts belong

to list of 62 the poorest districts in Viet Nam ( Belong to Resolution N 30 a of the Central government ( l 2/17/2008 J )

migrants arc: 1) Ea Sup: 644 households ( 5 0 o), ,293 people ( 54,4%); 2)

37

Krong Bong: 341 households ( 28,4%), 1,569 people ( 26,40 ) These districts are remote, deep areas Natural land, foresty land and unused land are so large

Ea Sup ditrict: natural land: 176,563 hectare ( the first of all districts); forestry land: 124,003 hectare ( the first); unused land: 6,650 hectare ( the fourth) Krong Bong district: Natural land: 125.604 hectare ( the fifth); forest 80,405 hectare { the fourth); unused land: 13.654 hectare ( the third) The Hmong free migrants exploited many areas of 3 kinds of land for cultivation

I) The Hmong people live in the worst difficult conditions than others

2) Migrants need a amout of financial resource In fact, the households are too poor, if they have not subsidies from relative, friends so they can migrate In

difficult transport condition, high fee for moving, so the very poor households are

more difficult In migration depend on government plan, government help

migrants food and essential things in 6 months '' It is the same opinion of Dang Nguyen Anh, Celitia Tacoli, Hoang Xuan Thanh “ Migration is often not an

'' “ Migarcitioti in l"ivttiam A rvview of information oit trvnJs citiJ patterns, atiJ their polic.y implications”, Dang

Nguyen Atih, Cecilia Toc’ali, flowing Yuan Thanh, page 4, was presenteJ at the Regiottal Conference on Migration,

De›+lopmeitl atid Pro — poor Policy• choices in Asia, Dhaka °0h3

38

avallable option for the poorest groups as they lack of financial and soclal resources it requires.” Before 2006, the Tay, Nung groups that had number of people migrated freely in to the Central Highlands higher than others, because they have a better “migrants networks”

3) There are a lot of generations to live in highly moutainous areas that make the Hmong people have “detail mind” To have previously intended migration, but they had undecided when show other families to migrate advantageously so they have decided absolutely “As, the costs and risks of migration are towed by social and informational networks, one established migration streams tend to gain own momention Already settled migrants functions as “ bridgeheads”( Boiker: 1994)

4) The Hmong free migration households that when to save enough finance, so they would help their relative to move Many families shared arable land for relatives who have came late Our research show nearly 32 0 households stated that they followed others to migrate This document show, too” The poorest can benif it indirectly through the opportunities for work and income brough about by returned migrants and remittances” (Dang Nguyen Ann, Celitia Tacoli, Hoang Xuan Thanh, Dhaka, 2003 )

5) Large number of children is a problem with the Hmong free migration,

on everage, a family have 5.57 children Even many families, the highest number

of children is 10 Only 2/60 families that they was surveyed having 2 children In generall the Hmong people like large number of children In latest years, “ Family plan” policy have made reducing number of children that families was permi ted, but a lot of families still have high number of children Increasing children is means that must have more food, fee activities, while they lack of arable, to havest low productivity So these con‹iitions pressed on them to migrate 12

12

The z²004 Vietnam migration survey.‘ Major findings, General Statistics Office — United Nations Population Fu.nd, Statistical Publishing House

Dak Law is one of 5 provlnces in the Central Highlands, it have advantageously economic conditions, and potential economy is high, there are low unbalance among areas It have not got any districts that belong to list of 62 the poorest districts of the country ( Solution N 30‘/2008/SL — CGV) Part 4 l show clearly for us Migration “ also appear to be more related to the situation in the place of destination rather than the place of orgin”

With hard — working, the Hmong migrants can hold on their hands that to change their living conditions in new land Transport is more improved so they can move easily Ancestor had to walking across distance of thousands kms in many years to migrate But now, they need only 2 -3 days moving to new land

by vihicle The transport and communicates are more comfortable to help them to connect relative in origin In destination, previous migrants help them when they arrival

4.4.2 The reasons blong to culture, economics, social field

Diffcrcntly with the Kinh group to live in the low land, cemGnting to paddy fields, so their villages and communes become a importan pan of their lives, proverb “ the first is stable house to live, the second is good job” is shown unchange psychology of the Kinh people in the past, the Ethnic Minority people have historical migration, many groups to migrate, even passed borders to remote areas They migrated for purpose to protect new generations, even to avoid massacres, against exploitative torces and to find advantageous areas to live In their minds, mountains and forestry are God‘s gilts that had been given

to them, so they could go to wherever if they want The advantageous area is the better than difficult “home land”

The difficulty of the economic conditions, lack of the arable soil that are the motive of migration of the Ethnic Minority groups When transport and information conditions are so difficult, and the fierce wars ., they were difficult

to migrate, they carried out motivation as “step by step” progress, “ spreading oil” type to near areas When transport and information are development,