Mac dti cudi eting bi dan dp ddm mdu, song Cong xa Pari dugc xem la bdn biing ea ciia giai cap vd sdn, la mot tam guong cho cdc phong trao eong sdn vd cong nhdn qudc te, la eo sd va bdi
Trang 1NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO 001
Cong xa Pari - ban hung ca
cua giai cap cong nlian
• TS, NGUYEN XUAN PHONG
Hoc vien Bao ciii va Tuyen truyen
C6ng xa Paris (La
Commune de Paris) la chinh
quyln vd san ddu tien dugc
thanh lap nhim quan ly Pari
(Phdp) trong mdt thdi gian
ngdn ttr ngdy 18,3,1871 den
ngay 28.5.1871 Day la mdt su
kien chinh tri quan trgng cd y
nghia vo cting to Idn ddi vdi
phong trao cdng nhdn the gidi
vao nhirng nam cudi the ky
XIX Mac dti cudi eting bi dan
dp ddm mdu, song Cong xa Pari
dugc xem la bdn biing ea ciia
giai cap vd sdn, la mot tam
guong cho cdc phong trao eong
sdn vd cong nhdn qudc te, la eo
sd va bdi hgc kinli nghilm cho
viec thanh lap chinh quyln
xd-viei sau nay d nucic Nga va cac
nude xa hgi chii nghia klidc
1 Cdng xa Pari - qua trinh
thanh lap, chi^n d^u bao v6
va nguy6n nhSn thift bai
Qua tnnh thanh lap C6ng
xaPari
Cudi thang 6.1870, chinh
quyln ciia De'chlll d Phdp him
vao linh trang khiing hodng
Tuy vay, nhung nucVc Phap vdn
mudn gianh dia vi bd chii n6n
da quylt dinh tham chiln vcd Phd (Diic) Do xdy dung cdc chien luge sai lam ciing vdi vii khi da lac hau vd trinh do chi huy y6'u Phap da nhanh chdng bi Phd danh bai
Thdng 9.1870 Hoang de Napoleon III thai Iran d chiln trudng Xe-dang mpt each thdm hai vd phdi ddu bdng vua nude Phd la Bix-mdc Ngay 4.9.1780, nhdn ddn Paris nhdn dugc tin, bg vo cting phdn no vd
tu phdt ndi day mudn lat dd De che II, thtuih lap nucic Cong hda Phdp lan thd ba, Nhdn ddn da tran vao Dien Bourbon vdi nhting khiu hieu dugc bo vang
nhu: "Ph€ truit hoang d^!",
"Cdng hoa mudn nam!"
Ngay chilu hdm dd, Chinh
phii lam thdi mang ten Chuih phu v6 qu6c dugc giai cap m
sdn Phdp thanh lap vdi ngudi dirng dau la Chi-e Khi dd, giai edp cdng nhan by vgng ring chinh phii mdi nay se dam duong dugc trgng trdch bdo ve
td qudc trude siic Ip cua qudn Phd d bi6n gidi Nhung Chinh
phii ve qudc khdng cd bdi cii banh dgng chdng trd nao ddi vdi qudn Phd Ngugc lai, ngam ngam cd hanh vi bdn nude
Qudn Phd sau chiln thang d Iran Xe-dang da chilm ddng dugc 1/3 lanh thd Phdp vd tiep tue tiln vl bao vdy Paris, Vao cudi thdng 9,1870, khi thu do bi vdy bam, liie nay thdnh phd vdn edn 246 nghin ve binh vd thiiy qudn eting 125 nghin quan ve qucie Chinh phii td ehii:e th6m
200 tilu dodn ve qudc qudn, eong vdi 60 tilu doan vdn cd ttr thdi De che II Luc lucmg nay bao gdm chii yeu cac thg thu cdng vd cong chirc nhd Trong khi dd, qudn dgi Phdp vdn tiep tuc thua cugc Ngay 27.10.1870, tudng Ba-dai-ne chi buy 15 van quan Phap ddng
d thanh Met da ddu hdng qudn Phd Tmde tinh binh dd, Jule-Fa-re -Bd trudng Bg ngoai giao ciia Chinh phii ve qudc, da bi mat ky thda thudn Hda ude vdi Bix-mdc
Nhan dan Paris phan ddi viec chinh phii mdi dam phdn vdi phia Phd va quylt tdm ed
Trang 2NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
thii Hg da tap tmng trude tda
tbi chinh bd ldn nhirng khiu
hieu: Da dao Chi-e! Khdng
dam phan!
Trude su phan bdi cua
Chinh phu ve qudc, cdng nhdn
da quyet tdm vii trang bao ve
Pari, Hg trd thanh dp luc ddi vdi
chinh sdch ddu hang eiia ehinh
phu ban nude Cdng nhan da id
chiic 194 tilu doan qudn Tu ve,
gdm 30 van ngudi diing I6n bao
ve td qudc Tai Mdng-mac, mdt
cao dilm thugc tuyin phdng ve
phia Bic cira ngd Pari, dugc bd
tri 171 khiu phdo \dn nhim vl
phia qudn Phd Qudn Chinh
phii da chilm dugc cao dilm
dang dinh keo phdo di thi bi
mdt tdp phu nii den can lai, Idt
sau, may trdm qudn Tu ve cung
d6'n kip vao chi6'n ddu Vi6n
Mdng phdn dgng V6-nua ra
lenh na sung dan dp lam chet
mdt sd ngucd
3 gid sdng ngay 18.3.1871
qudn Chinh phii do vi6n mdng
Ve-nua chi huy chia lam may
phan ddi ddnh len vao cdc ttan
dia phdo ciia qudn Tir ve Trong
cugc chi6'n nhilu binh Knh
qudn Chinh phu da vl phia qudn
Tu ve, vien Wdng chi huy bi bin
chet tai ehd Tdi 9 gid sdng, luc
lugng Chinh phu thai bai, vdi va
lui qudn Den 11 gid hai tieu
doan Tu ve den chi vien cho
Mdng-mac Budi trua, Uy ban
trung uong ve qudc ra lenh cho
cdc tilu doan tien vao trung tdm
thanh phd Chi sau vai tieng
ddng hd, qudn Tu ve da chiem
duoc cac CO quan dau nao ciia chinh phii Tda thi chinh va cdc trai linh Ddng thdi, qudn Tu ve cting keu ggi cdng nhdn gianh lay chinh quyln cdc truyln dan bilu ngir ddn khip cdc ngd xdm phd phudng
Qudn ddi phan ddng bi ddnh tan tdc Cdng qudc Luc-xam-bua, cdc quang trudng, nha ga, hdi quan diu bi quan chung chiem linh
Budi ehilu, qudn Tu ve quyet dinh tien vao trung tam Luc lugng qudn Tu ve va quan chung U^d thanh mdt lan sdng do at xdng vao Toa thi chinh Paii Din chilu tdi 18.3.1871, Tbii mdng Chinh phii - Chi-e leo len mdt chiec xe ngira, chay vl Vec-xdy
Cdc quan chiic chinh phii va cdc dng chu nha giau ciing hdt hoang chay khdi Pari
De'n 21h30, cdc cdnh quan khdi nghia diu tap tmng vl Toa thi chinh Ld cd dd dugc keo len cd Pari vang day tieng hd
vang: Cach mang 18 thang 3 mudn nam!
Sau khi gianh dugc chinh quyln, giai cap vd san lap tiic bit tay vao lat dd bd mdy nha nude m sdn, xay dung nIn chuyen chinh vd san Ngay 26.3, Pari td chire bau cir Cdng
xa Nhdn ddn lao ddng ldn ddu ti6n dugc thuc hien quyln lgi thieng heng ciia minh K6t qua bau cir dugc cdng bd ngay 28.3
Cu thi, trong 85 vi uy vien Cdng xa tning cir cd 25 ngudi
la cdng nhan, 15 dai bilu thugc
giai cap m san (nhung sau do
hg sdm tir chiic), phdn cdn lai gdm cdc bac si, nha bao, giao vien, cdng chiic Khoang gan
30 dai bilu cua Hdi ddng cong
xa la hdi vien cua Qudc t l I va ciing cd ca nhtrng ngudi ngoai kieu gdc Nga, Ba Lan, Hungary
Phong trao cua Cdng xa da U-d thanh tieng vang ldn va la tain guang cho cdc phong trao cdch mang nd khip nude Phap nhu: Ma-xe-h't, Li-dng, Tu-lu Ngay 28.3.I87I, Cdng xa Pari - mdt td chiic nha nude kiiu mcd ciia giai cap vd san lan ddu ti6n trong lich sir loai ngudi
da cir hanh nghi II long trong, chinh thiic tuyen bd ra dcd Mot khan dai rdi ldn dugc dung trude Tda thi chinh Tr6n nde Tda thi chinh, mdt nggn cd do mng bay, ducd quang trudng may chuc van ngudd tir cdc nd keo vl Mdt tram tilu doan Quan tu ve oai phong nim chic tay sung, xung quanh la nhiing khiu phdo ldn bdng loang Nhiing nggn cd dudi nheo, cd tam gidc cd ma viln bilu trung cho chinh quyln nhdn ddn, phap phdi trude khan dai Doi qudn nhac tau len ban "Mac-xdy-e" va "Khuc qudn hanh" Den 16 gid, cdc uy vien Cdng xa, khoac dai bdng do chio qua ngudi, budc lin khan dai, Cdng xa Pari chinh thii:c dugc thanh lap Sau dd, cac loat phdo diu nd, tieng vd tay vang len, hang chuc van ngudi cting
Trang 3nhau hd ldn Cdng xa mu6n
nam! Cdc tilu doan vu trang
dilu qua khdn dai
Nhd sir ung hd tich cue ciia
qudn chiing, Cdng xa da nhanh
chdng dap tan bd may quan
lieu qudn su cua Chinh phu
Chi-e, xdy dung chinh quyln
vd san
1.2 Qua trinh c h i ^ dSiu
bk) v6 C6ng xa
Trong mdt thdi gian ngin,
lire lugng ciia Cdng xa tang len
nhanh chdng, luc ddu khoang
100 ngan ngucd, vl sau tang len
tdi 200 ngan Tuy nhi6n, trong
sd ndy chi cd khoang 20 den 30
ngan da dugc luyen tap VI vii
khi, Cdng xa trang bi dugc
1.740 khiu dai bac, nhung do
mdt sd bi hu hdng, mat khde lai
khdng cd phdo tbii, n6n chi sir
dung dugc 320 khau Ben canh
dd, Cdng xa cting dugc Uang bi
ban 400 ngan khiu sung tmdng
Dumg trude su ra ddi vd ldn
manh ciia chinh quyln vd san,
ke thu trong va ngoai nude vd
cting cam gian, chung cau ket
vdi nhau dm muu lat dd Cong
xa Ngay 10.5.1871, Chi-e da
bit tay vdi bgn xdm luge Phd
bing viec ky mdt hda udc Hda
udc vdi ndi dung Chi-e bdi
hoan 5 ty pha-rang chien phi va
nhuong hai tinh An-dat va
Lo-ren cho Phd Ddng thdi, theo
yeu eau ciia Chi-e, Bix-mdc
U-ao trd Phdp 10 van tti binh dl
vl tham gia dan dp Cong xa,
Sau hda udc, Phd da phdng
thich ban 10 van tti binh Phdp
NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO 001
va vii trang cho ddm tti binh nay quay vl tilp can phia Bic Pari - noi Cdng xa it dl phdng,
dl dan dp Cdng xa
Ngdy 20.5, Chi-e ha lenh tdng tan cdng vdo Cdng xa
Ngay hdm sau, qudn dgi Vec-xay phdi hgp vdi bgn ndi irng trong thdnh, da tan cdng vdo Pari
Cugc chien dau bao ve Cdng
xa bit ddu Nhilu nha each mang nude ngoai da sdt cdnh ciing nhdn ddn Phdp chien dau
Gia tre, gdi trai diu trd thanh cac chien si cua Cong xa Tinh thdn dting cdm chiln dau by sinh ciia
bg khien ke thti kbilp sg
Nhung do td chirc yeu ky luat kem, sir dung phdo khdng hieu qua , Cdng xa sdm bi suy yeu Qudn Chinh phii da chilm dugc phan ldn cac phao dai phia Tdy va Nam thtmh phd Nhilu ngudi cua Chinh phii nay da thdm nhap vao bang ngu Cdng
xa, tham gia ca Bg tdng tham muu Luc lugng tinh bdo nay da cho phd buy mdt xudng due dan lay cdc ban dd qudn su va
td chiic md cira thdnh Pari cho lire lugng cua Chi-e tien vao
Den ngay 23.5, Mong-mac thai thu Ngay 24, qudn dich tan cdng vao Tod tbi chinh
Ngdy 27 quan dich chi6'm dugc dai bd phan khu eu tni cua cong nhan Nhung chiln si cudi cimg cua Cdng xa cd thu d lang md Pe-lai-rai-do nhdm ddnh trd 5.000 qudn dich Trdi qua mdt trdn ddnh gidp la ca, cudi cung
tdi cd 147 chiln si Cdng xa diu
hy sinh d gdc Wdng phia Ddng Nam ciia lang md Sau nay nhan dan ggi gdc Wdng nay la 'Tudng Cdng xa Pa ri"
Cdng xa Pari hoan toan thdi bai nhung tam guong chdi loi ciia Cong xa vdn tda sang va cd
y nghia sau sdc ddi vdi giai cap
vd sdn toan tbi gidi
7.3 Nguydn nhan din d^n SII I h ^ bai cua Cdng xa Pari
Cdng xa Pari la mot md hinh ehinh quyln vd sdn dau ti6n eiia giai cap cdng nhdn tr6n the gidi Mac dti tdn tai chi dugc ban 70 ngay nhung Cong xa da
dl lai mot tieng vang ldn cho phong trao cdng nhan qudc te Cdng xa bi thai bai do nhilu nguy6n nhan, song ca bdn do cdc nguy6n nhdn sau ddy: Sau ngdy 18.3.1871, lire lugng cua Cong xa da chiem dugc nhilu co quan quan trgng, nhung lai bd qua hai co quan cue ky quan trgng vl thong tin li6n lac va tai chinh la buu dien
va ngdn hang Phdp
Cong xa sau khi gianh dugc ehuih quyln da khong ti6'p tue tan cdng luc lugng eiia chinh phii Chi-e niia Va dilu nay khiln ehinh phii Chi-e ed thdi gian dl phuc hdi, ciing ed, xdy dung luc lugng va sau nay da quay lai tan cdng Cdng xa Cdng xa da khdng manh tay xir ly, triing tri cdc nhdn vat gidn diep va ke thti ciia minh Mai
cho tdi thdi ky T u ^ l l dim
m ^ (21-28.5.1871) Ciing xa
Sd thiing.1-2011 Ly luan chinh (ri & IVuycn (hdng 27
Trang 4NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DOI
mdi thuc hien bien phdp manh
ddi vdi lire lugng nay thi khi dd
hdu nhu khdng cdn tdc dung
VI mat kinh te', do Cdng xa
khdng tich thu ngan hang, cho
n6n nhiing thanh phdn ddi lap
vdi Cdng xa vdn cd thi tilp Uic
sir dung tiln phuc vu cho boat
ddng chdng ddi, lat dd Cdng xa
Vl qudn sir, Cdng xa Pari td
ra cdn nhilu ylu kem Qudn ddi
ciia Cdng xa chua dugc budn
luyen ky cdng, td chiie tdi, ky
luat trong qudn ddi khdng
nghiem Viec lanh dao Cong xa
thilu tap tmng, Cdng xa dugc
chia lam hai co quan la Uy ban
qudn su va Uy ban trung uong
quan Ve qudc Nhirng yeu kem
vl quan sir khiln Cxmg xa nhanh
chdng tan ra khi bi tdn cdng
Van dl Uen minh giai cap,
tdng ldp ciia Cdng xa chua dugc
chii y diing muc Luc lugng cua
Cdng xa chii yeu chi la cdng
nhdn vd binh linh ma thilu di
mdt luc lugng hting bau vdi siic
manh Idn lao dd la ndng ddn
Vdo nhtrng tudn cudi ciia
thdng 5.1871 trong khi quan
dgi Phd va qudn ddi Chinh phii
Chi-e bao vdy Paris, Chinh phii
Chi-e diing mdt sd bdo chi dl
dang tdi nhilu tin, bai gdy bat
lgi cho Cdng xa Pari nhu Cdng
xa se ti6u diet tdi ca cac quyln
sd hiru Do dd, da lam cho
nhilu bd phdn ngudi trong xa
hdi lo sg va khdng dilng vl phia
Cdng xa Dac biet giai cap
ndng ddn lo ngai chinh quyln
ciia Cdng xa Pari
Sau khi Cdng xa Paii thdi bai, giai cap W sdn da bdi nhg thanh danh cac chien sy Cdng
xa, vu khdng Cdng xa, vu khdng Hdi hen hiep Cdng nhan Qudc tlv.v La ngudi lanh dao Hdi bin hiep cdng nhdn Qudc tl', C.Mdc da nhdn rd u-deh nhiem cua minh trong viec lanh dao phong trao vd san Dl bien nhung kinh nghiem ciia Cdng
xa Pari thanh tai san chung cho phong trao cdng nhdn qudc te, bdo ve thanh danh ciia cdc chien sy Cdng xa Pari, ca nggi long diing cam tinh thdn cdch mang cua hg, ddng thdi I6n dn sir phan ddng coi re lgi ich ddn tdc ciia giai cap tu san Phdp, C.Mdc dugc td chirc giao
nhiem vu vilt tdc pham Noi
chien a Phap Tdc phim
dugc C.Mdc viet xong vdo thang 5.1871 vd xudi ban lan dau ti6n bing tieng Anh d Ludn Ddn ngay 13.6.1871
2 Cac chinh sach chinh tri,
kinh x£, xa hdi cua
Cdng xa Pari
Trong Npi chien d Phap,
C.Mac chi rd: Cdng xa Pari la mdt hinh thiic chinh quyln cu thi ciia nIn cdng hda - thi hien nguyen vgng khdng chi xda bd binh thiic qudn cbti ciia su thdng tri giai cap ma edn biiy
bd ca thdng tri giai cap niia
Cdng xa la mdt hinh thirc nha nude chuyen chinh vd san so khai, C.Mdc cho ring: "Cdng
xa gdm nhiing dai bieu thdnh
phd do dau phieu phd thdng d cdc khu ciia Pari bdu lin Ho la nhting dai bilu cd trach nhiem
va cd the bi bai miln bat cir liic nao Da sd uy vien cua cdng xa tdt nhi6n phai la nhiing eong nhdn hoac la nhiing dai bilu dugc thira nhdn ciia giai cap cdng nhdn"'"
Nhu vay, ban chdi Cdng xa Pari la chinh quyln cua giai cap cdng nhdn, do cdng nhdn bau len Cdng xa Pari la mdt kieu nha nude ddu tien trong lich sir nhan loai khde bin cdc nha nude trude kia vl ban chat Hinh thiic td chiic va thuc thi quyln luc chinh tri cua cong
xa cung hoan toan mdi: "Cong
xa chinh la mdt hinh thiic ehinh tri linh boat de'n cao do, cdn tat
ca nhtrng hinh thirc chinh phu trude kia vl thuc chdi diu la ap biic"'-' Cdng xa la mdt tbi che viia thuc hien cdng viec hanh chinh vira lap phap Co quan tdi cao ciia nha nude la Hdi ddng Cdng xa cd vai trd lap phdp va
td chuc 10 uy ban ehiu U-ach nhiem vl hanh phdp Mdi iiy ban nay do mdt uy vien ciia Hpi ddng Cdng xa lam chii tieh
VI qudn sir, Cdng xa Pari ban hanh sic lenh bai bd qudn ddi thudng true va bd mdy canh sdt ciia che do cu, thanh lap lire lugng vu trang va lire lugng an ninh ciia nhdn dan, mang ban chdi nhdn dan, bao ve lgi ich nhdn ddn
Canh sdt d ddy la ca quan cd trach nhiem ciia cdng xa va cd
Trang 5NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DOI
tbi bi bai miln nlu khdng vi Icri
ich ciia cdng xa
Cdng xa ra sdc lenh tdeh
gido hdi va nhd thd ra khdi boat
ddng nha nude Gidi tang Itr
khdng dugc can thiep vao cdng
viec ciia chinh quyln va ngan
sdch tdn gido bi biiy bd Tai ca
cac tdi san ciia gido hgi trd
thanh tdi sdn qudc gia
Cdng xa thanh lap he thdng
gido due thdng nhdi, tdch gido
due khdi nha thd, thay th6' cac
tang lir bing dgi ngu gido vi6n
mdi Sic lenh ve gido due bit
budc va miln phi ddi vdi mgi
ngudi Trudng hgc dap irng nhu
cdu hgc tap cho tdi cd mgi
ngudi trong xa bdi Ngay
12.5.1871, hai trudng cbuy6n
nghiep dugc thanh lap
Tdt ca cdc hinh thirc kinh doanh
nghe thuat bi cdm, Hdi nghe sy
diing ra qudn ly cdc rap hdt va boat
dcing van hda van nghe
Cdc vi6n chire tu phap ducx;
bdu I6n va cd tbi duac bai mien
nlu kbcmg hoan thanh nhiem vu
hoac lam khdng diing chirc nang
Cdng xa da tao su dan chii
cho mgi cd nhdn: "Cdng xa da
cung cap cho nIn cdng hda edi
CO sd ciia nhtrng thiet che' that
su ddn chu"'"
Cdng xa Pari quyet dinh giao
cho cong nhdn quiin ly cdc xi
nghiep, cdng xucmg ma gidi chii
da bd khdi Pari Cdn nhung
xuiVng ma ngucd chu vdn d lai,
Q)ng xa quiui ly thdng qua xiec
kilm sodt tiln luong Cdc uy ban
lao ddng ducx: thimh lap ehiu
mdcb nhiem vl sdn xuat va ddi sdng cdng nhan Vdi nhiing nha mdy vdn cdn gidi chii, Cdng xa dua ra lenh cdin hinh thue cup phat, cam lam d6m trong cdc xucmg bdnh mi Ch6' do ngay lam 8 tieng ciing dugc dl ra
Miic luong cua cdc vi6n chiic bi
ha xudng, trong khi ciia cdng nhdn dugc tdng I6n Cong xa ban banh dao luat quy dinh gid bdnh
my, thit bd, thit ciru Nhilu cong nhdn ngheo red nhd minh tdi sdng tai cac dinh thu ciia nhtrng quy tgc, W san bd trdn
Cdng xa ti6u diet chi do W htiu vl kinh t l va thiei lap chi
do cdng hiiu, Che do cdng htm
vl kinh tela co sd cho viec ddm bao mdt nIn chinh tri ma mgi ngudi dan diu cd quyln lam chii, hay ndi cdch khac: tdt ed quyln lire thugc vl nhdn dan, C.Mdc vi6i: "Cdng xa mudn tieu diet cai quyln sd biixi giai cap dang lam cho lao dgng ciia nhilu ngucd biln thdnh sir gidu
cd eiia mot so it ngudi Nd mudn mdc doat nhtrng kl di Wdc doat Nd mudn biln quyln
sd hiiu cd nhan trd thdnh mdt bien thuc, bdng cdch bien nhting tu Ueu sdn xudi, mdng ddi va W ban, hien nay ehii ylu
la cdng cu nd dich vd bde lot lao dgng thanh cdng cu lao ddng tap thi va tu do"'^' Cong
xa dilu hdnh viec san xuai theo nguy6n tac ddn chii tren co sd cdng huu vl W heu sdn xuat, chinh dilu nay da khde phuc dugc nhung ban ehl ciia nIn
sdn xudi trude kia C.Mac chi ra: "Li6n hgp cdc tap doan hgp tdc td chiic nIn sdn xudi qudc ddn theo mdt k l hoach chung
do dd nim lay viec lanh dao nIn san xudi ay va chain diit tinh trang vd chinh phu thudng xuy6n va nhtrng su rdi loan theo chu ky khdng thi U-dnb khdi dudi nIn sdn xudi w ban chii nghia"'"
Cdng xa da dl ra dugc nhtrng bien phdp quan ly xa hdi
do chinh nhdn ddn dam nhan Chinh vi phdt buy dugc quyln lam chii xa bdi ciia nhdn ddn
ma "Ldn ddu tien tir thdng Hai
1848 cdc dudng phd Pari duc;c
an loan mac dti khdng cd mdt cdnh sdt nao"""
Dudi thdi Cdng xa Pari da boiui todn dugc ddi khde, tbi hien mgi xa hgi uu viet, tien bd C.Mac viet: "Bgn gai giang hd
dd di theo gdt bgn bdo hd bg, tire Id bcin bao ve gia dinh, bdo
ve ton gido va chii yeu Id bdo ve tai san, da bd chay Thay vdo bgn chiing, nhtrng phu nir chdn chinh cua Pari lai xudi hien, anh hiing cao qui vd tan tdm nhu nhiing phu nii thdi cd diln Mdt Pari lao ddng, suy nghi, chiln da'u, dd mau, nhung rang
rd trong nilm hao hiing sdng tao lich sir ma hdn bd mai m6 xdy dung xa hdi mcd""'
Nhu vdy, theo C.Mdc phdn tich, Cdng xa Pari la mdt kiiu
td chiic hoan toan mdi eiia giai cap vd Scin vdi nhilu uu viet va phti hgp vcri tien bd xa hgi Mac
Sd thang 1-2011 Ly luan chinh (ri & IVuyen (hdng 29
Trang 6NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO 001
dti cdn mdt so ban che', song
Cdng xa Pari thuc su la mdt tain
guang cho phong trao cdng san
va cdng nhan qudc t6' hgc tap
Va thuc t l may chuc nam sau,
mdt nha nude xdvi6t tiln bd ra
ddi da khic phuc nhiing ban
chi ciia Cdng xa dl quan ly xa
hdi xa hdi chii nghia
3 Y nghia cua Cdng xa Pari
Mac du chi tdn tai 72 ngdy
nhung Cdng xa Pari da cd
nhiing uu diem ma cdc che' do
xa hdi trude dd khdng thi cd
dugc Ddng thdi phong trao
Cdng xa cung chi ra nhiing bai
hgc kinh nghiem cho giai cap
vd san trong viec gianh vd giir
chinh quyln:
Bai hpc ve su dung phuang
phap each mang Trong cugc
cdch mang gianh chinh quyln
thi phuang phap bao lire la tdi
yeu vd phd biln Mudn xda bd
chinh quyln cii, ddi hdi giai cap
each mang cdn phai tap hgp tdi
ca cdc luc lugng vcd cdc bien
phap: kinh te, chinh tri, qudn
su Nhirng bien phdp gianh
chinh quyln cai luong ma cdc
nha khdng wdng dua ra chi
mang tinh do Wdng cho phong
trao ddu tranh ciia giai cap cdng
nhdn Nha nude vd san Id cdng
cu dl bdo ve thanh qua cdch
mang cua cdng nhdn va nhdn
dan lao ddng Tuy nhien, thuc
teCdng xa da khdng sir dung Iy
ludn bao luc nay mdt each dung
din Ddy la mdt trong nhiing
nguyen nhdn lam cho Cdng xa
chi tdn tai ttong thdi gian hei siic ngin ngiii
Do dd, ttong cugc dau tranh gianh chinh quyln ciia giai cap
vd san thi viec dimg bao luc cdch mang la tat yeu, bit budc nhu mdt phuang tien can thilt
dl thuc hien muc ti6u gianh chinh quyln, bcri le giai cap thdng tri, giai cap W san khdng bao gid cd ihl tu nguyen rod bd lgi ich, dia vi thdng Ui cua minh
Bai hpc ve viec ket hpp cac cupc dau tranh Ldn ddu tien
trong Hch sir nhdn loai, Cdng xa Pari da kit hgp khio leo giiia cugc ddu tranh ciiu nude cua giai cap cdng nhdn va nhan ddn lao ddng chdng ke thu xdm luge vdi cugc ddu tranh chdng
ke tbii giai cap ciia giai cap cdng nhan nhim giai phdng minh va gidi phdng todn xa hdi
Day la bai hgc vd ciing quan trgng trong viec k6t bcjp cugc ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tdc, giai cap vd xa hdi dudi su lanh dao ciia giai cap cdng nhdn Va qua dd thay dugc giai cap cdng nhdn cd thi dai dien lgi ich cho dan tdc, xa hdi
Bai hgc vl ket hgp da'u tranh nay da dugc cac cugc cdch mang van dung vd da mang lai dugc thanh cdng ldn Ching ban: d nude Nga, dudi su lanh dao cua Dang bdns6vich, giai cap cdng nhdn va nhdn dan lao ddng da hoan thanh su menh lich sir quan trgng lam nen Cdch mang xa hdi chii nghla thdng Mudi vi dai bing viec van dung
bai hgc ket hgp u-en 6 Viet Nam, dudi sir lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, nhan dan ta da van dung kheo leo bai hgc nay khdng chi trong cuoc dau tranh gianh ddc lap ddn toe
va chii nghla xa hdi ma cdn trong cdng cugc kien thiet dat nude xay dung chu nghia xa hoi
Bai hpc ve vai trd cua Hen minh giai cap cdng nhdn vdi
giai cap ndng dan va tang ldp \x\
thirc Thuc te, mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhdn lam cho phong trao Cdng xa Pari that bai la do giai cap cdng nhdn khdng chii y de'n viec hen minh vcd giai cap ndng dan va tang ldp tri thirc,
nen: bai ddng ca cua giai cap
cdng nhan da trd thanh bai ai dieu Cach mang xa hdi chu
nghia d cac nude thanh cdng dugc ciing nhd den 'viee lien minh nay Thuc te' chiing minh, viec h6n minh giai cap cong nhdn vdi ndng ddn va tang ldp
Ui thiic thi vl mat nguyen tic giai cap cdng nhdn phai la luc lugng lanh dao each mang bdi
le, giai cap cdng nhan ddy la giai cap tien bd nhai, hg cd Iy ludn tien bd ddn dudng
Phong trao cua Cdng xa Pari
da di vao hch sir, Wy nhi6n nd vdn cdn nhilu y nghia cho phong trao cdng nhan va vd san tren the' gidi Cdng xa Pari mai xiing dang la ban hiing ca cua giai cap cdng nhdnd
1, 2 3,4,5,6,7 C.Mac, Ph.Angghen:
Toan % , tl 7 Nxb CTQG - Sit that, 1995,
tr.449, 454, 453, 455, 464