Nhfl chflng ta da bidt, neu khdng ke xu hfldng dao dflc, tflc nd lflc xac dinh cai ggi la "gia tri dung" hay "gia tri hdp ly", cac quan niem m a n g tfnh kinb te hgc ve gia tri cd the df
Trang 1BnN CHRT TU'ONG TRC XH HOI CUR Glfl IM
NGO T0LAP'*'
Bdi viit dUa ra nhiing ludn gidi nhdm ldm ro bdn chdt tttcfng tdc xd hgi cua gid tri Theo tdc gid, mdc do ddp dng cdc nhu cdu cua con ngUdi chinh la gid tri Gid tri bao gom gid tri vdt ly dugc xde dinh bdi cdc yiu to'vdt chdt vd gid tri xd hgi dUdc xde dinh bdi cdc yiu tdxd hgi thdng qua trao ddi Td do, tdc gid ludn chdng vd iing hd quan diem gid tri khdng phdi chi do lao dgng tqo ra, md cbn do cdc yiu to'khdc diidc ggi la "cdc yiu to'duy tdm"
1 Gid tri la khai niem t r u n g t a m cfla
kinh te hgc Nen kinb te la tap hdp nhflng
cd sd vat chat va xa hdi d mgt trinh do p h a t
trien n h a t dinh cd nhiem vu tao ra, t h a y
ddi, dich chuyen va tieu t b u eac gia tri; cdn
kinh te hgc, ndi mgt each van tat, la mdn
khoa hgc nghien cflu quy l u a t hinh t h a n h ,
lflu chuyen, t h a y ddi va tieu t h u cac gia tri
ay Khdng phai ngau nhien ma Adam
Smith da danh nbieu t r a n g ngay trong
phan dau cud'n The Wealth of Nations (Sii
thinh vUdng cua cac qud'c gia) nd'i tieng de
ndi ve gia tri
Vi the, trUdc khi di sau hdn vao viec
phan tfch cac hien tUdng kinh te, chflng ta
can phai trd lai vdi van de ban chat cfla gia
tri Day la cau hdi ldn cfla cac n h a kinh td
hgc va triet hgc tfl h a n g n g a n n a m nay
Nhfl chflng ta da bidt, neu khdng ke xu
hfldng dao dflc, tflc nd lflc xac dinh cai ggi
la "gia tri dung" hay "gia tri hdp ly", cac
quan niem m a n g tfnh kinb te hgc ve gia tri
cd the dfldc chia t h a n h ba trfldng phai
chfnh: trfldng pbai khdch quan, trUdng
phai chu quan va trUdng phai chi chfl trgng
de'n md'i tUdng q u a n gifla cung va cau Tdi
mud'n ggi trfldng phai thfl ba nay la trfldng
phai thi triidng
Trfldng phai khdch quan cho r i n g , gia
tri cfla h a n g hda cd the do dUdc mdt each
khach quan va dUdc quyet dinh bdi cac
n h a n td' cfla qua trinh san xua't, nhfl da't dai, lao dgng, nguyen vat lieu va vd'n Den lUdt minh, trong dai ban, gia tri lai dUdc the hien qua gia ca tren thi trUdng Dai dien cfla trUdng phai nay la St.Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), J o h n Duns Scotus (1265-1308), William Petty (1623-1687), Richard Cantillon (168?-1734), dac Met la cac n b a kinb te hgc cd dien, nhfl Adam Smith (1723-1790), David Ricardo (1772-1823) va C.Mac (1818-1883), nhflng ngUdi eho rang ngudn gd'c duy nha't cfla gia tri la Ifldng lao dgng xa hgi c i n thidt de san xua't
ra hang hda trong mgt bd'i canh cu the
Trfldng phai chu quan, t r a i lai, cho rang
vdi bat ky chi phf san xua't nhfl the nao, gia tri cfla h a n g hda cflng chi dfldc xac dinh bdi ldi ich (utility) ma ngUdi m u a va ngUdi ban xac dinb (mgt each k b a chfl quan) vdi n h a u thdng qua trao ddi Vdi trfldng phai nay, trong dai ban, gia tri chfnh la gia ca Dai dien cfla trfldng phai nay la cac n h a kinh vien (Scholastics), cac n h a trgng thUdng (Mercantilists), Bernardo Davanzati (1529-1606), Nicolas Barbon (1640-1698), Ferdinando Gahani (1728-1787) va cac n h a kinh te bgc
tdn CO dien n h u William Jevons
(1835-(*) Tien si, Chu nhiem bp mon Khda hpc Xa hpi, Nhan van va Kinh te, Khda Quo'e te, Dai hpe Qud'c gia Ha Npi
Trang 2NGO TULAP
1882), Carl Monger (1840-1921), nhflng
ngfldi da dgc lap - va ddng thdi vdi Leon
Walras - p h a t trien ly thuyet ve ldi fch bien
(marginal utility)
Trfldng phai thi trUdng tfl bd sfl tim
kiem mdi quan he n h a n qua trflc tidp gifla
cac yeu to' khach quan hoac chfl quan vdi
gia tri; cho r a n g gia tri cfla h a n g hda dfldc
xac dinh bdi md'i tfldng quan gifla cung va
cau tren thi trfldng Dai dien sdm nha't eua
trfldng phai nay cd le la J o h n Law
(1671-1729), ngfldi da sfl dung quy luat cung c i u
de giai thfch nghich ly ve gia tri cfla nfldc
va kim cUdng Nhflng ngUdi hoan chinh ly
thuyet cung cau ve gia tri la Leon Walras
(1834-1910) vdi md hinh cdn bdng tdng
qudt (General Equilibrrum) va Alfred
Marshall (1842-1924) vdi md hinh cdn hdng
cue hg (Partial Equilbrum)
Hai trUdng phai khach quan va chu
quan deu khdng dfl kha n a n g giai dap cau
hdi ldn nha't cfla kinh te hgc, do la ldi
nhudn din tU ddu, cdi gi ldm cho nen kinh
ti tdng trUdng? Ke tfl khi trUdng phai thi
trUdng xua't hien, ngUdi ta dUdng nhU da tfl
bd cugc tim kiem mgt each ly giai mang
tinh triet hgc ve ban chat eua gia tri, ma
chi cdn quan t a m den gia ca vdi tU each kdt
qua cua sfl tfldng tac gifla cung va cau tren
thi trUdng Theo tdi, day chfnh la nguyen
nhan co tfnh ly thuyet cfla sfl tdn sflng
thuyet thi trUdng hieu qua trong nhieu
thap ky Tuy nhien, cugc khflng hoang kinh
te the gidi n a m 2008 da bugc cac n h a kinh
te phai xem xet lai eac ly tbuyet cfla minh
Va tbeo tdi, dieu dau tien can xem xet lai,
chinh la ly thuyet ve gia tri
2 Trfldc het, ta phai tha'y r i n g gia tri la
mgt khai niem xa hdi Dieu nay cd nghia la
mgt vat chi cd gia tri khi nd dUdc dem ra
trao ddi gifla ngudi vdi ngUdi Mat khac,
trUdc khi dUdc dem trao ddi, vat do phai
dUdc lam ra N h u vay cd nghia la pbai cd
lao ddng NbUng chUa het, sfl trao ddi ludn
dUdc tien h a n h trong nhflng hoan canh xd hgi va tU nhien khac n h a u Ta't ca nhflng
n h a n to' nay deu t h a m gia vao viec xac dinh gia tri; bdi le, ndi cho cflng, con ngfldi chfnh
la mgt ddng vat xa hgi
Vi con ngUdi la mgt dgng vat xa hgi, nen chflng t a phai xem xet cdi ngudn vat ly cua
nd Chung t a deu biet rang, sfl vat cd hai xu
hfldng chfl dao: xu hUdng thU nhdt la duy tri sfl tdn tai cfla minh, xu httdng thU hai la
a n h hfldng den cac sii vat xung quanh Mgt each triic quan, xu hUdng thfl nha't, tflc xu
hfldng duy tri sfl tdn tai, dfldc the hien d lite qudn tinh; cdn "xu hudng thfl hai, tflc xu
hfldng a n h hudng den eae sfl vat xung
quanh, dfldc t h e hien d lite hdp ddn Mgt
vat chi t h a y ddi t r a n g t h a i neu cd mgt lilc tac ddng dfl m a n h de t h a n g quan tfnh cua
nd, nhflng ddng thdi vat dd cflng hflt cac vat khac Hdn nfla, vat ldn cd nhieu kha nang
h u t dfldc vat nhd hdn, va trong trfldng hdp hflt dfldc, nd se n h a n tbem khd'i Ifldng cfla vat nhd de trd t h a n h vat ldn hdn nfla
O con ngfldi, hai xu hudng tU nhien ndi
tren dUde the hien d cac n h u c i u vdt ly va cac nhu cau xd hgi Cac n h u c i u vat ly, nhfl
an, mac, sfldi am , ndi chung n h a m vao cae dd'i tUdng vat chat va cd muc dfch duy tri Sli tdn tai cfla con ngUdi Cdn cac nhu cau xa hdi, nhU quyen lUc, sac dep, trf tue , ndi chung n h a m vao cac dd'i tUdng
tinh t h a n va cd muc dich gia t a n g Uu thi
dd'i vdi ngudi xung quanh Cac nhu eau vat
ly la nhflng n h u cau tbiet yeu nha't nhUng
cd tinh hflu han, nghia la cd the dUdc dap flng trgn ven; trong khi do, cac n b u c i u xa bdi it thiet yeu hdn, nhUng lai ed the tang
vd ban
Bat ky vat nao dUdc con ngudi san xua't
va dem trao dd'i cung n h a m dap flng hai nhu cau do, nhUng vdi mflc do khac n h a u Chang ban, mgt con ga r a n cd the dap flng
Trang 3nhu cau vat ly vdi t u each la thiic pham,
nhflng vdi nhflng each che bien nha't dinh,
nd cdn dap flng n h u cau xa bgi cua thflc
khach Mflc do dap flng cac n h u cau cua con
ngfldi chfnh la gia tri Dieu khang dinh nay
khdng mdi; bdi le, dd chfnh la dinh nghia
gia tri eua Arixtd't, ngUdi dau tien tren the
gidi nghien cflu va'n de ban c h i t cua gia tri
Ta cd the tdm t i t nhflng dieu vfla trinh
bay 6 tren bang cdng thflc:
V = V p - f V s Trong do, V la gia tri, Vp la gia tri vat
ly va Vs la gia tri xa hgi Trong cdng thflc
nay, nhin chung, Vp dUdc xde dinh hdi cdc
yiu to' sdn xudt, cbn Vs dUdc xde dinh hdi
cdc yiu tdxd hgi thdng qua trao ddi
Viec nghien cflu sfl thay ddi ty trgng eua
Vp va Vs trong cdng thflc nay cho ta tha'y lich
sfl phat trien cua nen san xuat nhan loai
Trong nen kinh td tfl cung tfl cap t h u a n
tuy, khai niem gia tri khdng tdn tai, bdi
nhu tren da ndi, gia tri cbi xua't bien khi cd
sfl tfldng tac cfla ft nha't hai ngfldi Tuy
nhien, mdt nen kinh te nhfl the khdng tdn
tai Bdi ngay ca trong nen kinh te sd khai
nha't cung da cd sfl trao ddi trflc tiep, vat
doi vat — xin nhac lai vf du ndi tidng ve cai
riu ddi lay con cflu cfla C.Mac Neu trong
nen kinh td chi cd hai ngfldi trao ddi vdi
nhau thi cae vat trao ddi eung se khdng cd
gia tri xa hdi, mac dfl sfl trao ddi ddn gian
nay cd tac dung td'i da hda gia tri vat ly
thdng qua sfl chuyen dd'i sd hflu den ngUdi ed
nhu cau vat ly cao hdn NhUng neu xua't
hien ngUdi thfl ba, chang h a n ed hai ngUdi
cung mud'n ddi riu lay cflu, thi gia tri xa bgi
xuat hien So' ngfldi quan t a m den viee sd
hflu vat eang ldn thi itu thi tUcfng ddi cfla
ngfldi sd hflu dfldc nd cang cao, nghia la gia
tri cfla vat cang tang Ngfldc lai, ndu so' dd'i
tUdng dUde quan t a m cang nhieu thi Uu the
tUdng dd'i cua ngUdi sd hflu nd cang it, nghia
la gia tri xa hgi cua no cung cang it Vi the
ta cd the ndi r i n g gia tri xa hdi cfla vat ty le
t h u a n vdi so' ngUdi quan t a m va ty le nghich vdi sd'lUdng dd'i tUdng dUdc quan t a m Khi nang s u i t cfla nen kinh td cdn r a t tha'p va Sli trao ddi hang hda chUa phat trien, h i u nhU mgi thfl deu thidu thdn, md'i quan tam chfl yeu cfla dai da so' cac thanh vien cfla xa hdi (trfl r a t ft nhflng ngfldi dflng dau boac gidi dac tuyen(l)) la lam sao dap flng dfldc cac n h u c i u vat ly Khi a'y, phan ldn cac san pham cfla nen kinh te dUdc tao
ra n h a m dap flng cac n h u c i u dd Dieu nay
cd nghia la, mgt each g i n dflng, ngfldi ta cd
the bd qua p h i n gia tri xa hdi cda da sd sdn phdm va cdng thflc gia tri se la:
V = Vp Hdn nfla, vi cd the bd qua p h a n gia tri xa hdi, ta cflng cd the ndi r i n g gia tri cua vat dfldc quyet dinh bdi cae yeu to' san xuat Do
p h a n ldn cac yeu to' san x u i t khi do cd lien
be trflc tiep vdi lao dgng, nen ngfldi ta ngbi
r a n g ngudn gd'c duy nha't cfla gia tri la lao dgng Day chfnh la each ly giai cfla cac n h a kinh te cd dien
Khi n a n g s u i t cua nen kinh te cao hdn
va sfl trao ddi b a n g hda p h a t trien hdn,
p h a n gia tri xa bgi (Vs) cfla h a u bet cac san
p h a m khdng the bd qua Trong qua trinh nay, thi trfldng ddng vai trd chfl chd't Di nhien, thi trfldng cd giflp lam tang gia tri vat ly cfla h a n g hda thdng qua viee hdp ly hda sd hflu, nhflng vai trd chinh cfla nd la lam tang dot bien so' ngUdi quan t a m den mgt dd'i tUdng (hang hda) nha't dinh Thi trUdng cang p h a t trien va cang tU do thi cang cd nhieu ngUdi mong mud'n sd hflu dd'i tUdng do Dieu nay cd nghia la Uu the cfla ngfldi sd hflu dfldc dd'i tfldng se tang len, hay ndi each khac, gia tri xa hdi cua dd'i tUdng se t a n g len NhU da phan tich d tren,
(1) Ddi khi cdn diidc gdi la gidi tinh hda (elite) (Tac gia - N.T.L)
Trang 4NGO TULAP
de tang gia tri xa hdi cua h a n g hda ngUdi t a
cflng cd the chgn each giam so' Ifldng tUdng
dd'i cfla h a n g hda so vdi sd ngfldi quan t a m
-day khdng pbai cai gi khac hdn la quy luat
cung cau
Trong thiic te, de t a n g sd ngUdi quan
tam, ngUdi t a cd the sfl dung nhieu hien
phdp nhdn tqo khac nhau, thudng gap n h i t
hien nay la quang cao De giam mdt each
tUdng ddi so' lUdng h a n g hda so vdi sd' ngUdi
quan tam, each thudng dflng la thay ddi
m i u ma, tfnh n a n g cfla h a n g hda Ngoai ra,
ngudi ta eung cd the van dung nhflng dac
diem t u nhien cfla h a n g hda de tao ra sil
khac biet, chang b a n lUa chgn thdi diem de
san xua't cac loai hoa qua trai vu
Trai vdi gia tri vat ly, gia tri xa hgi
khdng c6 gidi ban Chinh dieu nay se giflp
chflng ta dUa ra cau tra ldi cho eau hdi d
tren: nguon gdc cua sit tdng trttdng chu yiu
ndm d sit gia tdng gid tri xd hgi dudi tac
dgng cfla cac yeu to'duy tam(2)
3 Nhflng dieu t r i n h bay sd Ifldc d t r e n cd
mgt thdng diep ro rang: gia tri la mgt san
pham cfla tfldng tac xa hdi Nd khdng bat
bien va ehung ta cflng khdng the xac dinh
mgt each khach quan Tuy nhien, chflng ta
cd the nghien cflu cae n h a n td' tae ddng den
sfl bien ddi cfla gia tri de giai thfch cac hien
tfldng kinb te hoac dieu h a n h nen kinh te
Mgt vi du la nghien cdu ly do cua tinh
trqng chdm phdt triin Bi kich eua eac nen
kinh te kem p h a t trien la d chd, vi chi san
xuat cac loai san p h a m dap flng n h u c i u
vat ly, nen nhflng ngfldi san xua't se gap
phai nhflng gidi h a n khdng the vUdt qua ve
phat trien Do eac n h u c i u vat ly la hflu
ban, nen eang san x u a t nhieu thi gia tri
hang hda cang giam Neu sd Ifldng h a n g
hda vfldt qua kha n a n g tieu t h u cua xa hgi,
•gia tri eua h a n g hda se giam de'n mflc r a t
tha'p, t h a m chf gay ra tinh t r a n g k h u n g
hoang thfla Vi vay, cae qud'c gia cd nen
kinh te chfl yeu diia vao ndng nghiep, danh
ca, t b u cdng nghiep ludn l u a n q u i n trong vdng ngbeo ddi
Chung ta cung co thi sff dung ly thuyit gid tri not tren di gidi thich cugc khung hodng kinh tindm 2008 De d i hieu hdn, ta
cd the hinh dung xa hgi chi bao gdm nhflng ngfldi trdng lua va hai ngfldi budn ban b i t ddng san la A va B Gia sfl A b a n cho B mgt ngdi n h a gia 100 trieu ddng, B lai ban lai ngdi n h a dd cho chfnh A vdi gia 120 trieu ddng, nghia la a n h ta dfldc lai 20 trieu ddng Sau dd, A lai b a n chfnh ngdi nha nay cho B vdi gia 140 trieu ddng va rdi B tiep tue ban ngdi n h a cho A vdi gia 160 trieu ddng Neu khdng cd mdt nguyen n h a n nao
do chat dflt chudi mua b a n nay, thi qua trinh dd cd the keo dai vd t a n va sau mdi lan giao dich, ngUdi ban deu cd lai Trong
khi dd, vi nhu cdu vdt ly ve gqo Id hqn chi
va each trdng Ifla ndi cbung khdng thay doi nen gia tri cfla gao ndi chung la cd' dinh Nhin t r e n quy md toan xa hdi, td'ng gia tri tai san khdng ngflng tang len Khi dd, de nen kinh td van h a n b binh thfldng, mgt khoan tien tfldng flng vdi sfl gia tang tdng gia tri dd phai dfldc bdm vao theo mgt each nao dd
Trong xa hdi gian Ifldc nay, vd dai the, mflc sd'ng cfla nhflng ngfldi kinh doanh bat dgng san t a n g len r a t n h a n h , bdi gia tri xa hdi cfla nhflng b i t ddng s i n ma hg sd hflu tang n h a n h , cdn mflc sd'ng cfla ngfldi trdng lua khdng h e bi a n b hudng, neu khdng ndi
la cd the dUde cai tbien ddi chflt (Chang
h a n cd the la vdi ldi n h u a n t h u dUdc, A va B
(2) Nen kinh te duy tdm: nen kinh te diia tren
nhiing yeu td va thUdc do tinh than, khae vdi nen kinh te truyen tho'ng diia tren nhiing yeu to' va
thiide do vat chat Xin chd nham \hn duy tam vdi
me tin di doan (N.T.L) Xem them bai Go cda nin
kinh ti' duy tdm trong "Minh triet cua gidi han"
Nxb Hpi Nha van Ha Npi, 2005
Trang 5se n a n g cap cd sd ha tang, cai tie'n cong
nghe, p h a t trien giao due, hay t h a m chf con
trd giup cho ngUdi trdng lua de nang cao
nang s u i t ) Bflc t r a n h nay ndi chung la tfch
Clic, ngoai trfl mgt dieu la sU khac biet ve
mflc sd'ng, h a y ndi khac di la khoang each
giau ngheo gifla nhflng ngfldi kinh doanh
bat dgng san vdi ngUdi trdng Ifla tang len
nhanh chdng Qua trinh nay se tiep tuc
dien ra nhfl vay cho den khi cd mgt ly do
nao dd lam gian doan chudi mua ban gifla
A v a B
Khi do dieu gi se xay ra? TrUdc hdt, gia
nha se dot ngdt rdi xud'ng, mac dfl cd le
khong bao gid cd the xud'ng den mflc bang
hoac t h i p hdn gia ban d i u Tuy nhien, lUdng
tien da bdm ra thi trUdng trUde dd de tUdng
flng vdi mflc tang gia b i t dgng san van cdn
lai va se tac ddng len toan bd cac tai san cfla
xa hgi, d day la ca bat dgng san lan Ifla gao
Dieu cd the dfl doan se la lam phat
Bflc t r a n h t r e n day tuy r a t gian Ifldc,
nhUng ve ban chat chinh la nhflng gi da
dien ra tren thiie te Va, dieu nay dien ra
vdi sfl hd trd d i e lflc cfla n h a nude thdng
qua ngan h a n g qud'c gia vdi cdng cu chfnh
cfla nd la dong tien p h a p dinh Vi, t r e n thiic
te, ddng tien phap dinh chi ddn t h u a n la
mgt y niem, n h a nUdc cd the de dang bdm
vao thi trUdng mgt lUdng tien khdng b a n
che ma khdng gay r a lam pbat, mien la
lUdng tien bdm them do tUdng flng vdi sii
gia tang cfla td'ng gia tri tai san NhUng,
nhu chung t a tha'y d p h a n trfldc, tdng gia
tri tai san eua xa hdi bi anh hfldng bdi
nhflng ye'u to' duy t a m va vi the, bat ky lflc
nao sfl rd'i loan cflng ed the xay ra
Dl nhien, t r e n thflc te khdng ehi ed
nganh kinh doanh b a t ddng san mdi cd kha
nang gay ra b i t dn tai chinh Cd the ndi,
trong nen kinh te hien dai, tuyet dai da so'
cac n g a n h kinh doanh deu chfla diing nguy
cd nay Tuy nhien, nhflng nganh dich vu
chfla dung nhieu nguy cd hdn la cac nganh san xua't, va n g a n h nao cang ft yeu to' vat chat thi lai cang tiem an nhieu nguy cd Nganh kinh doanb ba't dgng san la nganh dUdc n h i c den nhieu tfl kbi xay ra cugc khflng hoang tai chfnh den nay, nhflng nguy cd chfl ydu dfldc tao ra tfl viec dinh gia bat dgng san, chfl khdng phai la trong qua trinh xay dflng Nganh kinh doanh chflng khoan t h a m chf cdn chfla dflng nhieu nguy
cd hdn Dieu nay ed the tha'y rd qua nhflng
gi dien ra vdi thi trfldng chflng khoan Viet Nam Trong mgt thdi gian r a t n g i n , gia tri tai san cfla nhieu n h a dau tfl da tang len vfldt mgi du doan, khien nhieu ngUdi n h a n h chdng trd nen giau ed Khi dd, Nha nUde da bdm r a t nhieu tien vao lUu thdng cho tUdng flng vdi tdng gia tri tang them, giup cac n h a giau mdi ndi nhd chflng khoan nay cd the vat chat boa cac gia tri t a n g them Dieu dien ra sau do mgi ngUdi deu biet rd Khi gia chflng khoan dot ngdt giam xud'ng cflng vdi gia bat dgng san, Ifldng tien bdm them nay da gay ra lam p h a t d mflc hai con so'
O day, chflng ta phai lflu y mgt van de mang tfnh dao dflc Chung ta da tha'y trong bflc t r a n h tren, khi kinh te tang trUdng, sU giau cd mdi chfl yeu rdi vao tay nhflng ngfldi kinh doanh d khu vflc duy t a m hda cao, tflc
la vao tay nhflng ngfldi giau, va h i u nhU khdng ed tac dung cai thien mflc sd'ng cua nhflng ngfldi lao dgng trong cac khu vflc truyen thd'ng cd mflc do duy t a m hda thap, tflc la nhflng ngUdi ngbeo Tuy nhien, khi xay ra khflng hoang, tac dgng cfla lam p h a t
se dUdc p h a n phd'i len mgi t h a n h vien trong
xa hgi Dieu nay dung tren quy md qud'c gia
va cung dflng t r e n quy md qud'c te Khi kinh
te the gidi eat canh, eac gia tri mdi dUdc tao
ra chfl yeu rdi vao nhflng qud'c gia phat trien
va h a u n h u khdng giflp fch gi cho cac nUdc ngheo Tuy nhien, khflng khoang lai tac dgng den mgi qud'c gia Q