(Luận văn HV chính sách và phát triển) solutions to promote vietnam’s seafood exports to japan under the impact of the CPTPP

29 CHAPTER 2: THE SITUATION OF VIETNAM'S SEAFOOD EXPORT TO JAPANESE MARKET UNDER THE IMPACT OF THE CPTPP AGREEMENT .... Objectives and tasks of research 2.1 Research objectives Analysis

ACADEMY OF POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ECONOMIC AND FINANCE

GRADUATION THESIS

Topic: Solutions to promote Vietnam’s seafood exports to

Japan under the impact of the CPTPP

Instructor: Hoang Kim Thu Student: Le Thi Ly

Student code: 508310117 Class: CLC 8.1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW OF SEAFOOD EXPORT AND

OVERVIEW OF THE CPTPP 8

1.1 Some theoretical issues to export 8

1.2 Some theoretical issues about seafood exports 24

1.3 CPTPP Agreement and benefits for export 29

CHAPTER 2: THE SITUATION OF VIETNAM'S SEAFOOD EXPORT TO JAPANESE MARKET UNDER THE IMPACT OF THE CPTPP AGREEMENT 37

2.1 Overview of the Vietnamese seafood sector 37

2.2 Situation of exploit seafood and aquaculture in Vietnam 39

2.3 The situation of Vietnam's seafood exports to the international market 43

2.4 The situation of Vietnam's seafood exports to the Japanese market 56

2.5 General valuation……… 76

CHAPTER 3: SOLUTIONS TO PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEAFOOD EXPORT TO JAPAN 77

3.1 SWOT analysis 77

3.2 Solutions 83

LIST OF TABLES

Chart 2.3.1 Vietnam's seafood exports

Chart 2.3.2 World shrimp export market 2020-2021

Chart 2.3.3 Vietnam's shrimp export market in 2020-2021

Chart 2.3.4 Top 5 largest pangasius export markets of Vietnam in 2021

Chart 2.3.5 Exports of squid and octopus Vietnam 2020

Chart 2.4.1 Vietnam's shrimp exports to Japan 2021

Chart 2.4.2 Import of Japanese shrimp

Chart 2.4.3 Tuna exports from Vietnam to Japan 2018-2020

Chart 2.4.4 Tuna exports from Vietnam to Japan 2019-2021

Chart 2.4.5 Vietnam's squid and octopus exports to Japan 2019-2020

Table 2.3.1 Top 10 seafood exporting countries in the world

Table 2.3.2 Export turnover by product group

Table 2.4.1 Top 10 seafood exporting and importing countries in the

world in 2020

Table 2.4.2

The value and volume of seafood consumption per capita in Japan

Table 2.4.3 The 5 largest seafood exporting countries to Japan 2017-2020

Table 2.4.4 Structure of Vietnam's seafood exports to Japan

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

No Abbreviations Explanation of abbreviations

3 CPTPP Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for

Trans-Pacific Partnership

5 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations

10 HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points

11 SPS SPS Sanitation and Phytosanitary Measures

12 VASEP Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers

INTRODUCTION

1 Reason for choosing the topic

Currently, seafood export activities are an important economic sector in Vietnam due to the rapid growth and significant contribution to the national economy

Aquaculture is considered inherently traditional industries of the coastal people in Vietnam Experiencing ups and downs, the fishery industry has grown from a small economic sector in the agricultural sector to become a spearhead economic sector

Aquaculture is not only a source of rural economy but also an international trade product and a source of foreign exchange An important factor in the expansion of aquaculture in Vietnam is the export of products to potential markets Along with the inherent advantages from nature, exporters always have to face stiff competition from competitors in all aspects: price, quality, distribution channels, technology, customers, etc… Especially, exporting enterprises are also under pressure from their own countries to export goods to, such as laws, culture, protection policies, etc… Market access is also becoming more difficult because of lack of knowledge of skills and operational finance

In 2020, although affected by the pandemic Covid-19 seafood exporters are still in the top 3 largest export value of world and accounted for 8.41 billion dollars,

up 20% over 2016 Products are exported seafood exported to 167 countries and territories The three main markets are the EU accounting for 18%, the US 17%, China 15% in addition, Japan accounts for 16%, which is one of the potential big markets of this industry group In recent years, Vietnam's seafood exports to Japan have been increasing, especially after the Comprehensive and Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement came into effect - in the context of economic difficulties of all countries, so the more preferential tariff treatment is fully utilized by importers as

a competitive advantage However, Japan also imposes many strict import regulations, especially on food hygiene and safety, origin, the issue of how to promote Vietnam's seafood export to Japan market

Therefore, the author has chosen the topic: “Solutions to promote Vietnam's seafood exports to Japan under the impact of the – CPTPP”

2 Objectives and tasks of research

2.1 Research objectives

Analysis of the situation of Vietnam's seafood exports to the Japanese market after the CPTPP took effect and solutions to promote seafood exports to the market Japan

2.2 Research tasks

To achieve the set goals, the thesis needs to solve the following task:

- Provide the theoretical background seafood, seafood export, the contents of regulations on seafood export, the Comprehensive Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (CPTPP)

- Provide an overview of Vietnam's seafood export situation and an overview

of the Japanese seafood market

- Analysis of the situation of seafood exports from Vietnam to Japan since CPTPP effective agreements

- Propose solutions to promote seafood export to the Japanese market

3 Object and scope of research

- Research object: Vietnam's seafood export to Japan

- Research scope:

+ Scope of time: data for the analysis of the topic from 2018 to 2020

+ Research space: Vietnam and Japan

4 Research Methodology

This thesis applies the following research methods:

- Statistical methods of data from studies, reports, journals

- Methods for synthesis and analysis

- Comparative method

5.Structure of the topic

This thesis consists of 3 chapters:

- Chapter 1: Literature review of seafood export and overview of the CPTPP

- Chapter 2: The situation of Viet Nam’s seafood export to Japan market under the impact of the CPTPP Agreement

- Chapter 3: Solutions to promote the development of seafood export to Japan

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW OF SEAFOOD EXPORT AND

OVERVIEW OF THE CPTPP 1.1 Theoretical background of export

Exporting goods is one of the key business activities that affect the development of a country's economy In addition, it is also understood as the lack of sales of goods and services from one country that can produce those goods or services

to another, in order to link the production activities of one country with another, for goods to be distributed and circulated worldwide

1.1.1 Export concept

According to Clause 1, Article 28, Law of Commerce 2005: "Exports of goods

as the goods are taken out of Vietnam's territory or into special area located on the territory of Vietnam is considered the customs area separate according to regulations

of the Law"

1.1.2 Export characteristics

There are five main characteristics of export activities:

Firstly, export and import are the two main activities constituting foreign trade,

which is trade between two countries Export activities are often more complicated than domestic business activities due to the large, difficult-to-control market, and are also affected by factors such as the economic, political, cultural, religious, and legal environment of the country It is also affected by changes in exchange rates, commodity due to be paid in foreign currency

Secondly, the buyer and seller are two parties with two different nationalities,

so it will lead to disagreements in language, culture, customs, as satisfaction level

Therefore, exporters need to learn and study carefully about the needs and satisfaction

of the importing country's market in order to export products that are suitable for their purposes and needs

Thirdly, exports always require good design and high quality, must meet

standards on the requirements of each country

Fourth, many major problems in negotiating transactions, signing purchase

and sale contracts, transporting and exporting goods are still risky

Fifth, geographical conditions, means of transport and payment methods

greatly affect the process of transporting goods, the progress of goods delivery For example, when goods at the port of departure encounter bad weather, ships cannot depart, leading to delays, and congestion delaying delivery time (Belay Seyoum, PhD)

1.1.3 Export forms

Recently, goods trading activities between countries are conducted in many different export forms, depending on the exporting enterprise There are typically three main types of export: direct export, entrusted export, international processing

1.1.3.1 Direct export

The form of exporting products and goods of enterprises to foreign countries

is called direct export Enterprises must directly participate in export activities, including signing export contracts, taking the initiative in transporting, packaging, labeling and paying for goods The exporter can directly produce goods or could be trade company

This is the main type of export used, the outstanding advantage of direct export helps businesses to be more active in exchange, purchase and sale, in addition to better understand the market as well as demand and psychology tastes of the importing country to promptly improve products and services to satisfy customer satisfaction

On the other hand, the exporter side does not have to bear the intermediate export costs such as the cost of buying export licenses In addition, this form also facilitates the development and position of exporters in the international market, enterprises can also easily control the prices of their goods and products in foreign markets

On the disadvantage, the company needs to allocate its resources over a broader and more complex market, has to accept a fiercer international competitive environment, has to accept all the risks of foreign markets If there is no import and export staff have qualifications and experience when participating in contracting in a

new market or mistake detrimental

1.1.3.2 Entrusted export

Entrusted exports are also known as indirect exports The form of consignment export is often used by small businesses that do not have the ability to export, or do not have enough export experience and are limited in export procedures The seller will entrust an intermediary with export experience to carry out the export procedures

by signing an export entrustment contract for a fee usually based on a percentage of the value of the goods

For this form, there are still some disadvantages in terms of business efficiency, which being reduced due to profit sharing, not being proactive in finding markets as well as finding customers On the other hand, export entrustment still has the advantages of low risk, including less responsibility and less procedures

1.1.3.4 International processing

International processing is an activity where one party will deliver input materials, machinery and equipment (the party ordering the processing) to another party (the party receiving the processing) to produce finished products as required by the seller, then transferred to the ordering party and paid the processing fee In fact, international processing is an exchange of money and services, one party will receive the other party's processing because the cost of outsourcing is cheap, and the other party will sell labor to generate income The essence of international processing is to export local labor Processed goods are usually goods that require a large amount of labor value and do not require high qualifications and capacity of workers The less developed countries usually recognize the country and the developed countries is the go-ordering

The advantages of using this method are:(i) International processing plays a

huge role in the movement of intangible goods; (ii) Promote the specialization of

labor on a global scale, helping the international division of labor to flourish; (iii) It has a great effect in helping outsourcing businesses absorb more international experience and workers have access to more advanced equipment and technology;

(iv) This is a form that is inevitably applied in the first stage of international economic

integration and development of the local labor force into a powerful international

labor force

However, besides the advantages, there are also the following disadvantages:

The outsourcing party is usually a weak party in many aspects such as capital, technology, skills, so it receives a cheap remuneration Therefore, it is difficult to

have a permanent type of outsourcing for the parties involved Cultural conflicts in

the use of international labor Normally, the outsourcing party always wants to fully exploit the labor, so it should apply many strong industrial management methods or minimize the remuneration while the labor on the outsourcing side is not familiar with the intensity and new working style This is the cause of the breakdown of many

business relationships

1.1.3.5 Counter-trade

Counter-trade is one of the export transaction methods in which exports are closely combined with imports, where the seller is also the buyer, the amount exchanged with each other has the same value In this mode of export, the objective

is to obtain a quantity of goods of equal value Because of this feature, this method is also known as linked import and export, or barter

1.1.3.6 Some other forms of export

Besides the above-mentioned forms of export, there are also some less common forms of export such as:

- Export of goods under the protocol: the form of export of goods (usually

for debt) signed under the protocol between the two Governments

- On-spot export: a new business form but is developing widely, due to its advantages

-Temporary import and re-export: This is a form of re-exporting goods that

were previously imported, unprocessed in the exporting country, through a export contract including import and export with the aim of obtaining a foreign currency greater than the amount of foreign currency initially spent. (Belay Seyoum, PhD)

re-1.1.4 Roles of export

Export activities of goods of a country's business operations bring profits, promoting the growth of the economy, increasing the foreign reserves the country, contributing to improve industrialization – modernization countries and infrastructure development Therefore, the Country always respected and promoted the economic sector towards exports and expand markets Export activities bring important benefits

to the country as well as to the participating enterprises themselves

 Exporting help business development and brand promotion

The export brings great revenue for enterprises The business market of the enterprise is expanded to the international market rather than being confined to one country, bringing a large source of revenue as well as a source of foreign currency, which creates conditions to help businesses constantly develop and improve their own quality and service

On the other hand, exports of goods not only created the position of enterprises

in the international market, but also create national brand The more businesses that export with good quality and service, the more they will confirm the name of the business as well as the position of that country For example, when it comes to Samsung, Hyundai we immediately think of Korea, or Toyota, Toshiba and we immediately think of Japan - the land of cherry blossoms

 Export creates capital for import

In order to overcome the poverty and underdevelopment of the less developed countries, industrialization and modernization of the country is the most appropriate step However, these countries often face a major problem, which is the lack of capital potential Therefore, raising funds from abroad as a joint venture investment with foreign loans and aid But these countries are receiving investments or loans only if investors and the hand saw possibilities production and export capacity of that country That will enable them to ensure that the borrower can repay In fact, export decide the growth of an economy

 Export promotes production, expands markets, and transforms economic structure

The world has been implementing economic restructuring of the country's economy from agriculture to industry and services under the impact of the export structure of production and consumption of the people Exports create conditions for industries to develop together, expand markets, expand input supply for production, and expand a country's consumption capacity For example, an enterprise in Vietnam needs to produce clothes for export to the US Due to the lack of raw materials and machinery, the enterprise will have to import input materials as well as production machinery from another country

In addition, there are now products that the creation is complicated, people carry components exports from one country to another according to the particular advantages of each country to be assembled into finished products Therefore, countries do not necessarily produce the products they need, but through exporting they can focus more on products in which they have an advantage, and from there proceed to exchange the necessary goods

 Exports are establishments contribute to promoting economic relations foreign

In economics, exports and foreign economic relations are closely related

Specifically, the external economy is overall economic relations, science and technology of the country with other countries, is expressed through various forms

on the basis of the development of production and exports Foreign economic activity contributes to the accumulation of capital as well as contributing to economic growth, reduce unemployment, increase income and improve people's lives In addition, export and production also promote relations of credit, investment, international transport (Justin Paul & Rajiv Aserkar)

1.1.5 Factors affecting exports

The export situation depends on many factors, from external influences to internal factors of enterprises Specifically:

- Economic situation, financial and political world: As macro-economic

factors but have strong influence to export markets A trade war or economic recession globally will make exports of a country falls into the difficult situation For example, about the US-China trade war, which has caused Vietnam's exports to China

to drop sharply, and at the same time, China has implemented a policy of devaluation

of the currency, causing goods to fall Chinese goods gain a competitive position on price

- Exchange rate: The exchange rate is the exchange rate for the exchange

between currencies of different countries For example, when other factors affecting export constant currency appreciation makes domestic goods become more expensive relative to foreign goods, this will encourage the import of foreign goods and restrictions on exports of domestic goods leads to a reduction in net exports

Conversely, a depreciating domestic currency will facilitate exports and limit imports

Therefore, the exchange rate has a great impact on the country's exports of goods

- Production capabilities of each country: As the guarantee of source and

quality of raw materials as well as the scientific level of production and export If the products meet international tastes of diverse products, good design, quality standards, the price is good the potential for growth, the competitiveness of export of that country will be very high on international markets

- Transportation costs are expenses internally by the transport service

provider They are fixed (infrastructure) and variable (operating) costs, depend on different conditions related to geography, infrastructure, administrative barriers, energy and ways of transporting passengers and goods Three main components, related to transactions, shipments and the friction of distance, impact shipping costs

Transport costs have a significant impact on the structure of economic activity as well

as on exports Empirical research by Behar (2009) emphasizes that a 10% increase in transport costs reduces export volumes by more than 20% The overall quality of transport infrastructure can account for a half of the change in transport costs In a competitive environment where transportation is a bidable service, transportation

costs are influenced by the respective freight rates of the transport companies, part of the freight cost is charged to the user

- Inflation simultaneously affect exports and imports For example, a higher

price level in the United States makes U.S exports more expensive for foreigners and thus tends to decrease exports At the same time, higher prices in the United States make foreign goods and services relatively more attractive to U.S buyers and thus increase imports Therefore, a higher price level will reduce net exports Lower prices encourage exports and reduce imports, increasing net exports As we have seen, the negative relationship between net exports and the price level is known as the international trade effect and is one explanation for the negative slope of the aggregate demand curve

- Competition of domestic export enterprises: competition in terms of

facilities, modern machinery, production level, development strategy of enterprises

The competition helps businesses grow and improve constantly to improve the quality

of products and services for export At the same time, fierce competition led to elimination of weak enterprises, not incompetent (Henry Thompson, 2011)

1.1.6 Evaluation indicators of export performance

 The quantity of exports:

These are quantitative indicators reflecting the volume of products and goods are exported to foreign markets of a country Consumption output represents the energy produced and supplied by a country The large export volume proves the large national scale and high production capacity To assess changes export volume, we can rely on the following two criteria:

- The absolute increase in export output:

∆Q = Q 1 – Q 0

In which:

+ ∆Q is the absolute increase in exports in the current period compared to the base period

+ Q1 is the output of exports in the current period

+ Q0 is output in the base period exports The larger the value of ΔQ show stronger increase production of export goods

- Growth rate of output of exported goods:

g = ∆Q /Q 0

The growth rate of output of exported goods and services is fast or slow, showing the current Country of exports in each period If the growth rate slows, it will signal a slowdown in export development A sharp increase in g represents a breakthrough in the export development of a country

 Export turnover:

Export turnover is a measure of the total value measurement of goods for export statistics for each quarter or each year Through the indicator of export turnover, it is possible to assess how much export sales are in a unit of time, from which it is possible to compare the increase and decrease in export value over time

This is the most important indicator in evaluating the export performance of any enterprise, organization or country

Calculation formula:

M = P x Q

In which:

+ M: turnover from exports item

+ P: The selling price of that item in the export market

+ Q: Quantity of exported goods

 Growth in export turnover:

∆M = Mt – M0

In which:

+ ∆ M: Change in export turnover

+ Mt: Export turnover in year t

+ M0: Export turnover in the base year

 Growth rate of export turnover:

g (%) = M/M0 x 100%

In which:

+ g: The growth rate of exports

+ Indicators M; ∆M and g represent the change in the quantity or size of the export item Indicators ΔM and g larger the change in the size of the higher exports, suggesting businesses are increasingly raising export sales

 The restructuring of export good: The purpose of the restructuring of exports

is adjusted export growth in a sustainable way, more efficiently In fact, the prevailing trend of countries is to replace the export of low value-added products with products that are more beautiful, sophisticated, require a lot of brain and creativity with high added value The restructuring of exports is indicated by the change in percentage of exports in total goods exports

The calculation formula:

R (A) = M (A)/ M x 100%

In which:

+ R(A): The proportion of export turnover of commodity A

+ M(A): Export turnover of commodity A

+ M: Total export turnover of goods

 Export profit: Reflects the final result of export activities The calculation formula:

P = TR x TC

In which:

+ P: Profit from export activities

+ TR: Total revenue from export activities

+ TC: Total cost spent on export activities

 Market share: Market share of exports good is a cargo market that is

consumed Calculation formula:

MS= 𝐌𝐀

𝐌

In which:

+ MS: market share of good A in the importing country

+ MA: quantity of imported goods A consumed in the importing country's market

+ M: total quantity of imported goods of the same type consumed in the importing country's market

Each type of product often has its own market area with a certain number of customers When goods have internal factors such as better quality, lower selling price, food hygiene and safety, etc…and get external factors such as business opportunities appearing, effective sales promotion, strong product brands, distribution channels are expanded, etc…will increase the competitiveness of

products, expand the market, force competitors to cede market share

 Product quality and export price of good: The quality of good is reflected in the use value and time of use of the product In a developed society, the requirement for each business and each country is to provide high-quality products to satisfy the increasingly demanding needs of consumers Consumers are willing to pay higher prices for products and services of the same type but with higher quality Therefore, the quality of products and services is the most important criterion that determines

the competitiveness of exported product In the face of today's increasingly fierce competition, product that wants to be consumed must be of superior quality and standards Today, in the market of developed countries, the trend of competition is not only by quality but also by environmental factors and product safety, especially for aquatic products To be able to compete in major markets such as the EU, the US, and Japan, seafood products must meet quality requirements, must satisfy the requirements related to ensuring food hygiene and safety such as antibiotic residues and food protectants in products, regulations on environmental protection, standard

conditions for export processing base

The selling price of a unit of goods (excluding market factors) reflects the economic value of the product The high quality of the product, the higher the price, the preferred by consumers and the willingness to pay a high price to consume that product The high selling price of goods will be an opportunity to improve the value

of goods, thus improving the competitiveness of goods The increase in the selling price of product unit depends on the increase in the stages of husbandry and processing The more complicated the seafood processing stages, requires high processing technology, the higher the economic value of processed products and the

higher the selling price (Henry Thompson)

1.1.7 Tariff barriers 1.1.7.1 Import and export tax concept:

The tax is applied to many different fields and is divided into taxes In which tariffs are one of the indispensable taxes, particularly trade, exchange of goods between countries becoming vibrant Import and export tax can be understood as a compulsory tax on the price of goods and services when exchanged with another country, which the owner must pay to the Country There are also many concepts of

export tax, but we can understand as follows: "Export and import tax is an indirect tax, levied on imported and exported goods in international trade relations."

1.1.7.2 The role of import and export taxes

Firstly, import and export tax is a tool to control foreign trade activities of the

country Currently, the Country assigns the customs authority to inspect and collect taxes on import and export goods, this is an important task of the whole industry

Trade policy, tax and tariff are often grouped together because of their common influence on industrial investment and production policies Trade blocs are groups of coalition countries that agree to reduce or eliminate tariffs on trade within the bloc,

as well as the ability to impose effective tariffs on imports from outside the bloc (e.g., CEPT) /FTA, Asean - Korea, Asean - China) The trade bloc is a group of allied nations agreed to reduce or eliminate tariffs on trade in the bloc, as well as the ability

to impose tariffs effective on imports from outside the block (ie, CEPT /FTA, Asean

- Korea, Asean - China)

Secondly, import and export taxes contribute to the protection and

development of domestic production Reduce imports by making them more expensive than domestic substitutes and this reduces the deficit in the trade balance

Combat dumping by raising the import price of the dumped item up to the general market price Retaliation against acts of erecting tariff barriers imposed by other countries on their exports, especially in trade wars

Thirdly, import and export taxes are an important source of country budget

revenue The expansion of international economic relations, integration with the world increasingly intensive commercial activity led to the growing volume of import and export goods is increasing In fact, revenue from import-export tax usually accounts for a very large proportion of total Country budget revenue In the process

of economic integration demonstrated by the implementation of international commitments, this role will tend to decrease but still play a huge role as an objective necessity

Fourth, import and export taxes will help the country balance the balance of

international payments In order to regulate import and export activities of goods, in

addition to non-tariff measures such as quotas, permits, automatic licensing, etc., the measure of using import and export tax instruments is applied by the Country in a manner popular Through tax instruments import and export of Country encouraged

or restricted export activities for each type of goods For example, for imported raw materials needed for domestic production that cannot be produced domestically or have been produced but cannot meet demand, the Country stipulates a low import tax rate, even equal to 0%, to encourage imports for the development of domestic production For those products that have been produced in the country and meet the needs of domestic consumption or consumer products senior (cars, wine ), the tax rate of import duty is usually specified at a high level to import restriction and consumption restriction

1.1.7.3 Forms of export tax

There are some types of export tax:

 Countervailing duty is a special tariff measure of a country that is applied to

compensate for the damage caused by the subsidy measures of another country's Government for production and export activities in commerce Countervailing duties

are trade measures against acts of unfair trade of some specific countries

 Anti-dumping tax is additional taxes besides the normal import duties, issued

by the competent authority of the importing country issued, levied on imported products on the market dumped her Anti-dumping tax is intended to offset or limit the physical damage caused by dumping, so this tax has a defensive meaning

Therefore, the tax rate is applied may not exceed the margin of dumping of imported goods are dumped

 Tariff rate quote is a different tax rate for each import level This tax mainly applies to agricultural products For example, to protect domestic rice production If the importer is within the quota, the tax rate is low, but when the quota is approved, the tax rate can be increased to 100%

 Escalated tariff is the gradual increase of tariffs in a series of related products, usually the more deeply processed the goods, the higher the import tax rate This

approach provides substantial protection for processed products in importing countries, depending on the share of value added in final output

1.1.8 Overview of non-tariff measures

Besides tariff instruments, non-tariff instruments can also be applied to restrict imports Non-tariff instruments include:

1.1.8.1 Quota

Quotas are restrictions on a number of goods manufactured or imported in the form of licensing Classification: includes export quotas and import quotas An export quota stipulates the maximum amount of goods allowed to be exported within a certain period Import quota stipulates the maximum quantity of goods imported into

a certain market in a year Export quotas are less used, import quotas more common and usually only apply to some imports causing damage in the country

 The overall impact of quota: The government can strictly control the import and export volumes The government does not get revenue such as taxes if the government does not organize quota auctions Quotas can lead to monopolies in

business leading to negatives in seeking opportunities to obtain quotas, causing costs

in administrative management, inequality among businesses

 Impact of export quotas:

For exporting countries: Export quotas reduce the amount of exported goods,

reduce the production scale, leading to increased unemployment, reduced income of workers, affecting socio-economic life Export quotas reduce Country revenue

Export quotas to ensure the supply of goods for the domestic market - Impact on consumers: Export quotas limit export output, the supply of goods in the domestic market will increase, causing the price of goods in the domestic market to decrease, increasing choice opportunities for consumers

For importing countries: Export quotas of the exporting country limit the

entry of goods from abroad into the importing country, creating conditions for

manufacturers in the importing country to expand their scale, create jobs, and increase incomes for labor

For consumers: It will reduce the quantity of goods imported into the

importing country which will limit the consumption of imported goods

1.1.8.2 Regulations on technical standards

Technical standards are regulations on food hygiene standards, epidemic prevention and control standards, measurement standards, regulations on labor safety, packaging as well as standards on ecological environment protection, which stipulates

a certain proportion of domestic raw materials for the production of a certain commodity These regulations stem from the actual requirements of social life in order to protect the interests of consumers and reflect the level of development achieved by human civilization In economic terms, these provisions take effect effective protection for the domestic market, restrict and distort the movement of cargo flows on international markets Technical standards can be an impediment to import and export because each country may have its own technical standards, many countries have applied to restrict imports, especially developed countries

1.1.8.3 Voluntary export restrictions

It is a form of the importing country asking the exporting country to limit its exports voluntarily or it will face retaliation In fact, this is the trade negotiations between the parties to restrict the entry of foreign goods is to create jobs in the country, reluctant voluntary export restrictions are imposed on countries that export too much

of a particular commodity

1.1.8.4 Export Subsidies

An export subsidy is a form of direct subsidies or low-interest loans for domestic exports or concessional loans to foreign customers to purchase their products Export subsidies increase export output, reduce domestic market supply,

and lead to reduced consumer benefits Export subsidies lead to increased net social costs due to the inefficient production of more export products In addition to the above measures, the government also uses import-export ban; grant import and export licenses and a number of other measures to achieve their goals

1.1.8.5 Technical barriers

There are regulations on food hygiene standards, hygiene and epidemic prevention, measurement standards, regulations on labor safety, packaging as well as standards on ecological environment protection, stipulate a certain proportion of domestic raw materials to produce a certain commodity These regulations come from the actual requirements of social life in order to protect the interests of consumers and reflect the level of civilized development of mankind Technical standards can be an import barrier because each country may have its own technical standards, which many countries have applied to restrict imports, especially developed countries

1.1.8.6 Administrative barriers

This makes it difficult for importers with administrative procedures such as slow licensing time, strict inspection and control of imported goods, slow customs clearance procedures, etc…which are also administrative measures to limit the import

of goods of rival countries (Sri Lanka)

1.2 Theoretical background of seafood exports

1.2.1 Characteristics of seafood exports

• Seasonality: In fishing and fishing activities, the seasonality of each type of

fishery such as seasonal spawning, seasonal migration, etc… depend on weather,

hydrological conditions have created complexity of seasons both in space and time

• Freshness of seafood: Seafood products after being harvested or caught are

very susceptible to spoilage, rot, and spoilage because they are biological products that have been separated from the living environment In order to avoid losses in production and improve product quality, it is necessary to have a close connection

between the stages from exploitation, farming to processing and selling and consuming products Fresh seafood products will be refrigerated and have not

undergone any preservation treatment

• Freezing process: The process is carried out in suitable apparatus so that the

maximum crystallization temperature is reached as quickly as possible This freezing process is not considered complete unless and until the product temperature reaches minus 18°C or below at the center of the fish after thermal stabilization Usually the

freezing process is used for frozen seafood products

• Residues of chemicals, antibiotics: Antibiotics are used in aquaculture as

prophylactic drugs, growth stimulants, disease treatment and to increase the shelf life

of aquatic products With the increasing use of antibiotics causing antibiotic residues

in seafood, there is concern about the consumption of seafood products In addition, seafood is also affected by chemicals from the outside, such as chemicals to remove

harmful organisms, chemicals to clean water, waste chemicals from factories

which affect the quality of seafood

1.2.2 Factors that help promote seafood exports

Export promotion is a method of promoting the consumption of goods in which it includes all measures, policies, methods of the country and export enterprises, in order to create opportunities and the ability to increase the value and output of seafood products exported to the international market The essence of promoting fisheries is to find all ways to increase export turnover

 For Policy marker

In order to promote favorable exports, it is certainly indispensable for the Country's proposals: The Country needs to strengthen negotiations and integration to develop markets and remove barriers to entering new markets Speed up the legal review to officially sign the Free Trade Agreement with other countries, make efforts

to request the countries to eliminate as much as possible import taxes and non-tariff barriers on Vietnamese goods

Manufacturing technology development associated with the specific conditions of each region and locality, associated with the development of large scale, high technology, industrial development support to enhance the value-added content

in exported products To step up measures on payment and credit, to ensure capital sources for export To step up the implementation of the Business Connection Program in localities, in order to remove difficulties and create favorable conditions for businesses to access loans, especially small and micro enterprises

Enhance the role of industry associations, promoting the role of linking members and representatives to protect the interests and interests of members in international trade, perform its role as a bridge between Country management agencies and enterprises, coordinate and support Country management agencies in organizing training and admission, employing workers after training

 For Businesses Firstly, strengthen the inspection of food quality, hygiene and safety for

aquatic products by measures such as: quality shipping process good, develop standards for safe farming areas combined with enhanced control of processing facilities; synchronously implement standards, processes and regulations on food safety and quality management, and regulations on chemicals and preparations allowed to be used

Second, ensure the quality of seed and food for seafood processing There are

appropriate sanctions for violations; develop regulations on origin of input associated with aquaculture areas Enterprises must sign off-sale contracts with farmers, help fishermen with farming techniques and breeds, and instruct fishermen on techniques for preserving post-harvest materials

Third, continue to invest in upgrading modern and advanced processing

technology, synchronization is very necessary, contributing to improving the competitiveness of the quality of Vietnamese seafood products

Fourth, seafood exporters need to build and strengthen their product brands

in the international market This should focus on improving quality and food safety, should have been the seafood items matching the needs of the market, to products enterprise with its own characteristics Building a reputable seafood brand in the international market is an effective marketing tool to help maintain and develop the market

Fifth, in order to promote exports and promote enterprises' goods to foreign

markets, the main prerequisite is the product, the product of the enterprise has good quality, affordable price, beautiful design certainly competitive and attractive in the international market Therefore, enterprises should apply measures to improve the competitiveness of products by changing new production technologies, additional staff with experience in extraordinary operations… Besides, there should be the strategic development of products synchronously follow the following directions:

product adaptation, product diversification, product specialization, product personalization, etc…

Sixth, business need to actively search for the market, understand the needs,

tastes and tastes of the market they want to approach, learn the laws, regulations, constraints, standards of that market In order for the quality of information about the market and products to be good, the market research needs to be methodical, applying research models such as SWOT, the competitiveness of M Port for the most comprehensive and complete market research Moreover, since businesses can establish a price appropriate products to export markets

Seventh, businesses can use product traceability measures for their products,

allowing consumers to have full information upstream, from the final product to the original place of production, reviewing each stage in processing and distribution

Through the use of information technology and electronic devices to facilitate information updating, data management and product traceability Product origin can

be quickly traced via QR code (QR code: 2-dimensional barcode or quick response

code, matrix barcode) printed on product packaging by using a code scanning application on smartphones

1.2.3 China's seafood export experience to the US market and lessons for Vietnam

The quality of China's aquaculture products destined for export is increasingly being promoted Excessive drug residues in exported seafood products remained a major problem in international trade in 2006, affecting China's exports of seafood products The US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) and Canada have criticized us for the residue of banned drugs such as chloroamphenicol, malachite green and nitrofurazone in aquaculture products exported in March and July 2006 In September 2006, the US FDA sent an investigation team to China for the first time to check the seafood product monitoring system Endosulfan was found in eels exported

to Japan in June 2006, which after investigation turned out to be from fish drugs produced by veterinary drug factories At the same time, the “Scophthalmus maximus residue incident” and the “Pomacea channeliculata Spix fish incident” occurred, negatively affecting the export of aquaculture products (Global Trade Conference on Aquaculture,2020)

To solve the problem of excessive drug residues occurring in the export product, the Ministry of Agriculture has conducted specialized inspection for banned drugs primarily as chloroamphenicol, allowfloxacin base, malachite green and ronidazol across China to regulate the drug seafood market, punish the illegal use of banned drugs, and improve the order of the drug seafood market In addition, the QS Standards System and the Inspection & Testing and Certification System have been improved, and some aquaculture farms meet national standards and based on the established non-hazardous aquaculture practices the “Five Systems”, namely the (i) production log, (ii) scientific use of drugs, (iii) aquatic environmental monitoring, (iv) (v) product label and monitor and control of raw materials have been initiated in some large and medium-sized farms to support the production of aquaculture products that are not hazardous for export (Global Trade Conference on Aquaculture,2020)

With the advantage of being a late comer, Vietnam seafood exports can study and learn from the experiences of China Thereby, on the one hand, it can help the industry exploit and use its full potential effectively, promoting growth and development On the other hand, it is possible to avoid mistakes that come with significant costs and losses Focused efforts to develop and market products, maintain the competitiveness of goods in order to meet the increasing demand for aquatic products, especially processed seafood available These measures can be used here include:

(i) Adapt production conditions with the ability to provide raw materials fluctuate

(ii) Increased attention on distribution

(iii) Take control measures, check products before exporting (eg kits to test chemicals), ensure that the products do not violate the regulations, affecting the national brand Consciously build a national brand

(iv) Promoting the needs of consumers with the cooperation of technology push and market appeal

(v) Focus on products with special uses and nutritional value

(vi) Focus on specialized production and product refining

(vii) The law should have strict sanctions with activities using banned substances, and simultaneously take measures to guide and encourage farmers to do business honesty

1.3 CPTPP Agreement and benefits for export

1.3.1 General introduction of the CPTPP agreement

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) for short, is a new generation free trade agreement (FTA) with 11 member countries: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam The Agreement was signed on March 8, 2018 in the

city of Santiago, Chile, and officially entered into force on December 30, 2018 for the first group of 6 countries to complete the procedure ratification processes include Mexico, Japan, Singapore, New Zealand, Canada and Australia For Vietnam, the Agreement took effect on January 14, 2019

1.3.2 Key features and benefits of the agreement 1.3.2.1 Main features of the CPTPP agreement

There are five key features that make the CPTPP a landmark agreement of the 21st century, setting a new standard for global trade while addressing new generational issues Those features include:

First, comprehensive market access The CPTPP reduces tariffs and non-tariff

barriers substantially on all trade in goods and services and regulate all areas of trade, including trade in goods, services and investment, in order to create new opportunities and benefits for businesses, workers and consumers of member countries

Second, regional approach in making commitments The CPTPP agreement

facilitates the development of production and supply chains, as well as uninterrupted trade, promotes efficiency and supports the achievement of goals of creating jobs, raising living standards, promoting conservation efforts and facilitation of cross-border integration as well as domestic market opening

Third, resolve new challenges to trade Agreement CPTPP promote innovation,

productivity and competitiveness through solving new problems, including the development of the digital economy and the role of increasing the Country enterprises

in the background global economy

Fourth, cover all the factors related to trade The CPTPP includes new

elements designed to ensure that economies of all levels of development and businesses of all sizes can benefit from trade The Agreement includes commitments

to help small and medium-sized enterprises understand the Agreement, take advantage of the opportunities it brings, and raise notable challenges to the

governments of the member countries The Agreement also includes specific commitments on the development and enhancement of trade capacity to ensure that all parties can meet their commitments under the Agreement and take full advantage

of the benefits of the Agreement

Fifth, the foundation for regional integration The CPTPP Agreement was

created to create the foundation for regional economic integration and was built to include other economies across the Asia-Pacific region

1.3.2.2 The benefits of the agreement

 Export benefits

The fact that countries, including major markets such as Japan and Canada, reduce import taxes to 0% for our goods will create positive effects in promoting export turnover Accordingly, when exporting goods to the markets of member countries of the CPTPP Agreement, Vietnamese enterprises will enjoy very preferential tariff reduction commitments

Basically, these exports have our strengths such as agricultural and fishery products, electrical and electronic parts are removed as soon as the agreement of tax effect With such a level of commitment, according to an official study by the Ministry of Planning and Investment, Vietnam's exports are likely to increase by 4.04%

by 2035

Having FTA relations with CPTPP countries will help Vietnam have the opportunity to restructure the import-export market in a more balanced direction

According to a World Bank study published in March 2018, it is forecasted that by

2030, Vietnam's exports to CPTPP countries will increase from 54 billion USD to 80 billion USD, 25% of total exports

 Benefits of participating in regional and global supply chains

CPTPP countries account for 13.5% of global GDP with a total trade turnover

of more than 10 trillion USD, including major markets such as Japan, Canada, and Australia, which will open up many opportunities when a new supply chain is formed

Joining the CPTPP will help this trend grow stronger and stronger, an important condition for raising the level of development of the economy, increasing labor productivity, gradually reduce outsourcing and assembly, participate in production stages with higher added value, thereby entering the development stage of electronics, high-tech, green agricultural products This is a great opportunity to elevate Vietnam's economy in the next 5-10 years

 Benefits for industries

The industry expects big growth will be food, beverages, tobacco, textiles, some manufacturing sub-sectors and services In which, the largest growth was in the food, beverage, tobacco, textile, chemical, plastic and leather goods, transport equipment, machinery and other industries According to a study by the Ministry of Planning and Investment, with other light and labor-intensive industries, the CPTPP can generate an average growth rate of 4% - 5%, and an increase in exports can reach 8.7% - 9.6%

 Benefits of institutional reform

As well as joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), joining the CPTPP,

a new generation FTA, will be an opportunity for us to continue to improve the economic legal institutions, including the economic institutions, socialist oriented market, one of three strategic breakthroughs that our Party has identified; supporting the process of renewing our growth model and restructuring our economy, and at the same time giving us more opportunities to improve the business environment in a more open direction, more transparent and predictable, approaching advanced international standards, thereby promoting both domestic and foreign investment

 Benefits of employment, income

Joining the CPTPP will create opportunities to help speed up growth

Therefore, in terms of society, the result will be to create more jobs, increase incomes and contribute to poverty reduction According to research results of the Ministry of Planning and Investment, the CPTPP can help the total number of jobs increase by an average of 20,000 - 26,000 workers per year As for the benefits of poverty reduction, according to World Bank research, by 2030, the CPTPP is expected to help reduce 0.6 million poor people at the poverty line of US$5.5 per day All income groups are expected to benefit

Economic growth also helps us to have more resources to improve the quality

of human resources and take care of public health Because the economies of CPTPP member countries are all developed at a higher level than Vietnam and are complementary to the Vietnamese economy, imports from CPTPP countries that do not have FTAs with us are largely non-competitive, so with a reasonable tax reduction roadmap, combined with perfecting the social security system, we can handle social problems arising from joining the CPTPP In particular, because the CPTPP Agreement includes commitments on environmental protection, the process of opening up, liberalizing trade and attracting investment will be done in a more environmentally friendly way help Vietnam's economy grow more sustainably

1.3.2.3 The scope of the CPTPP agreement

The CPTPP Agreement includes 30 chapters covering trade and trade-related issues, starting with trade in goods and continuing with customs and trade facilitation;

Sanitation and quarantine of animals and plants; technical barriers to trade;

regulations on trade remedies; invest; service; ecommerce; Intellectual Property;

labor; environment; chapters on “cross-cutting issues” to ensure that the CPTPP Agreement reaches its full potential in terms of development, competitiveness and inclusivity; dispute resolution; institutional provisions and exceptions

As mentioned above, in addition to upgrading the traditional approach to issues covered by previous free trade agreements (FTAs), The CPTPP also introduces

new and emerging trade issues as well as cross-cutting issues These include those related to the Internet and the digital economy, the growing participation of SOEs in international trade and investment, the ability of small businesses to take advantage

of trade agreements and others

The CPTPP brings together a diverse group of countries – different in geography, language and history, size and level of development All CPTPP countries recognize that development diversity is a unique asset but also requires close cooperation and capacity building for the CPTPP countries with a lower level of development, and in some cases, the transition period and special mechanism allow some CPTPP members the additional time needed to improve their capacity to enforce new obligations

1.3.3 The duration and validity of agreements

This Agreement shall enter into force within 60 days from the date on which all the original Contracting Parties notify the depositary in writing of the completion

of the applicable legal procedures

In the event that any Party fails to notify the depositary in writing of the completion of the legal proceedings applicable in its country within two years from the date of signing this Agreement, the Agreement will enter into force 60 days after the expiration of the above period, if at least six of the original Contracting Parties notify the depositary in writing of the completion of the legal proceedings applicable

in their country before the deadline such that these 6 Parties accounted for at least 85 percent of the gross national product of all the original Contracting Parties in 2013

1.3.4 Content related to seafood products

The CPTPP Agreement consists of 07 Articles and 01 Appendix regulating the relationship with the TPP Agreement, which has been approved by 12 countries, including Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, and Chile United States, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam signed on 6 February

2016 in New Zealand phosphorus; as well as handling other issues related to the validity, withdrawal from or accession to the CPTPP

Basically, the CPTPP Agreement retains the content of the TPP Agreement (including 30 chapters and 9 appendices) but allows member countries to suspend 20 groups of obligations to ensure a balance of rights and obligations of each member

member countries in the context of the US withdrawal from the TPP Agreement

These 20 groups of suspended obligations include 11 obligations related to the Intellectual Property Chapter, 2 obligations related to the Government Procurement Chapter and the remaining 7 obligations related to 7 Chapters: Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation, Investment, Cross-Border Trade in Services, Financial Services, Telecommunications, Environment, Transparency and Anti-Corruption However, all commitments on market opening in the TPP Agreement remain unchanged in the CPTPP Agreement

According to the commitments of the member countries in the CPTPP Agreement, for seafood products, these members will be eliminated immediately or

in the 3rd year from the date of entry into force of the Agreement (Only processed tuna will be removed in the 10th year) This helps Vietnamese businesses expand their markets and promote exports to member countries For the Japanese market, this

is an important market for Vietnamese seafood exports Although there have been two trade agreements with Vietnam, the tax rate of 3.5% for fresh seafood and 7.3%

for processed seafood imported from Vietnam is still maintained Japan eliminated tariffs with 91% including surimi, yellowfin tuna, and coconut striped tuna to 0%

right away for seafood products

In order to enjoy tariff preferences under the CPTPP, Vietnamese exports must meet the criteria for goods origin The CPTPP member countries agree on a common set of rules of origin to specifically identify specific goods of origin in the CPTPP

Customs procedures: CPTPP facilitates trade through customs clearance, simplifies and harmonizes procedures, applies a common mechanism for certification of origin, self-certification of origin, transparency of plant and animal safety (SPS)… For

agricultural and fishery products, in addition to cutting tariffs according to the roadmap, member countries also loosen other restrictive policies, including:

eliminating export subsidies, regulations on export credit, do not allow the use of special safeguard measures…

CHAPTER 2: THE SITUATION OF VIETNAM'S SEAFOOD EXPORT TO JAPANESE MARKET UNDER THE IMPACT OF THE CPTPP

AGREEMENT 2.1 Overview of the Vietnamese seafood sector

Vietnam is a country located in the East Sea region, which has great advantages in fishing, shipping and trading at sea Based on topographical characteristics, our sea is rich in seafood Particularly, the exclusive economic zone

is more than 200 nautical miles wide and has more than 2000 species of marine fish, including more than 100 species of shrimp, 53 species of squid, 650 species of seaweed, 12 species of sea snakes and 4 species of turtles In addition, there are many other rare specialties: bird's nest, blood cockle, pearl, scallop, red coral Annually supply about 1.7 million tons of seafood of all species, not to mention hundreds of thousands of hard-shelled mollusks According to the survey of aquatic resources of the Hai Phong Research Institute, the total fishery stock from seaweed sources in the waters under the jurisdiction of Vietnam is currently estimated at 1.2 to 1.5 million tons/year Regarding the environment, if you know how to take advantage of the water surface of ponds, bays, seas, coastal saline areas and high-tide fallow lands to expand the farming area in combination with investment in technology conversion, if aquaculture productivity is improved, by 2025 we will be able to obtain more than 5 million tons of farmed seafood, including those with high export value

Vietnam has a geographical location where natural conditions are very favorable for aquatic species to gather, multiply and develop Although there are some differences between the three regions of the North, Central and South, in general, the whole country has a very clear color of the two rainy and dry seasons Each region concentrates many different types of seafood, making our country's seafood resources more and more abundant and diverse, for example: The Central region has a lot of fish, lobster ; The North has shrimp, fish The South has a lot of squid However, marine resources are not endless, so if we do not have appropriate and correct policies and methods of exploitation, marine resources will be depleted quickly

Vietnam is a country with a population of more than 90 million people, with 80% of the population living in rural areas, over 70% of agricultural workers in the total labor force of the country The labor force is in the young and dynamic working age range Due to having a significant labor force, the labor supply is abundant, making labor prices lower than in the region and the world In addition, Vietnamese people have a tradition of industriousness, love of labor, and do not manage hardships

Most of the population is used to living in rivers, so they are very experienced in seafaring

There are some main types of seafood products of Viet Nam:

 Shrimps The area of land that can be used for shrimp farming is over 700,000 ha

Vietnam's weather can raise shrimp all year round, which is a favorable condition for processing enterprises to maintain regular operations Vietnam's shrimp farming productivity is currently above the world average and there is still plenty of room for improvement in the coming time In Vietnam, there are also many high-level shrimp

large-scale processing factories to meet the needs of large distribution systems such

as Minh Phu, Vinh Hoan, Hung Vuong with a high level of processing refined goods

in the world In addition, Vietnam shrimp farmers are hard-working, hard-science applications, technical production Supporting aspects such as shrimp feed factory system are constantly expanding capacity, ensuring timely supply of shrimp farming needs The artificial breeding facilities of shrimp seed have also been developed in scale with the capacity to supply up to 100 billion shrimp

 Tuna

Tuna is concentrated mainly in central Vietnam and the center of the East Sea

Vietnam's tuna output is estimated at more than 600 thousand tons; while skipjack is the main exploited species, accounting for over 50% of the pelagic resource The annual output of tuna (including yellowfin, bigeye, skipjack and others) is more than

200 thousand tons Yellowfin and bigeye tuna have an average stock of over 45,000

tons, with annual catches ranging from 17,000 to 21,000 tons Yellowfin and bigeye tuna were caught during a six-month period from December to June of the following year

 Pangasius

The whole country currently has 200 pangasius seed production facilities, 3,000 hectares rearing fish fingerlings (equivalent to 100% compared to 2018), producing about 21 billion pangasius fry, more than 2.1 billion pangasius fingerlings

In 2019, 45,000 selected broodstock were replaced It is expected that in 2020 it will replace all 60,000 broodstock Pangasius products are manufactured in compliance with strict international quality management and food safety standards such as Global GAP, ASC and BAP Pangasius is increasingly popular in the world thanks to its nutritional value

 Krill species: Cephalopod molluscs (squid, octopus, ); univalve molluscs

(snails); bivalve molluscs (clams, oysters, mussels, clams, mussels, ); Molluscs are aquatic products identified by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development as having the third position after shrimp and pangasius to put into farming for economic development With the advantage of high economic value, suitable for the environment, easy to raise, easy to sell products, high yield, high survival rate

therefore, molluscs are cultivated by many business organizations and households in the province and are growing strongly

2.2 Situation of aquaculture and exploit seafood in Vietnam

Over the past 15 years, Vietnam's exploit seafood and aquaculture have developed strongly, which is one of the largest producing countries in the world.From

1995 to 2020: Vietnam's seafood production increased sharply, increasing more than

6 times, from 1.3 million tons in 1995 to 8.4 million tons in 2020, an average annual growth of 8% In which, aquaculture production accounts for 54%, exploit seafood accounts for 46%

Source: VASEP,2020

Graph 2.2.2: Aquaculture output of Viet Nam from 1995-2020