A traditional story told in Deg Hit’an Athabascan by John Paul, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska.. A tradition
Trang 1Inventory of Available Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan (Dinak’i) Resources Storybooks
1 AESOP KWNJA’ – Betty Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
2 Chena Sritodalin – Story about a lost dog – Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska – Alaska State Operated Schools
3 Ch’in’esh Henh – The Mouse that was Stealing – Rock/Petruska, Iditarod Area School District
4 Ch’itsetina’ – The Skull – Petruska/Collins – Unpublished Bilingual Story – located at the UAF Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska
5 CH’UKAYIH HITS’E’ – Petruska, National Bilingual Materials Development Center
6 Dał – Crane – A bilingual story about a crane and its interrelationship with smaller birds during times of migrations A traditional story told in Deg Hit’an Athabascan by John Paul, translated into Upper
Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
7 Dilja – Squirrel – A bilingual story about a squirrel gathering spruce cones for the winter A traditional story told in Deg Hit’an Athabascan by John Paul, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
8 Dilja Dimaldu’ K’a Ghetrak – Red Squirrel Cried For His Parka – A bilingual storybook about two squirrels that traded parkas The ground squirrel would not give the tree squirrel back his parka so he cried all night for it That is why the tree squirrel looks like it has cried a lot A traditional story told in Deg Hit’an Athabascan by Alta Jerue, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska
www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
9 DINA KAYIH K’OTS’EDINESH – Petruska, National Bilingual Materials Development Center
10 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Nidots’o Ditoneł? Nidots’o Didyok? – What is he Doing? What is
He Going to Do? – Storybook about the different activities that is done with dogs (feed it, go dog
sledding), snowmachines, airplanes, boats, as well as stories about a mouse and a raven and the different methods they obtain food Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan
by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University
of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
11 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Nidots’o Hikogh? Nidots’o Dinogholt’aya? – How Much? How Many? – Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska
Trang 2National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska,
Anchorage, Alaska 1975
12 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Mada? Dot’an? – What? Where? – Storybook about different activities in the school, including; gym, wrestling, jumping rope, basketball, home economics Shop, cafeteria, etc Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
13 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Mada Heye? Hondo Heye? – Storybook about things such as; a headband, a fishing hook, keys, socks, rings, airplane, etc Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
14 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Yada Ni’ił Nizrun? Nidots’o Di’et’an? – What do you Like to Do? What are you Doing? – Storybook about different activities in the home, at the movies, traveling,
hunting, Christmas, fishing, storytelling, with friends, church, camping, and berry picking Vocabulary building Written in Dinak’i, no English, Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska,
Anchorage, Alaska 1975
15 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Yada’e Nwghde? Mit’o Nidots’o Ditighet’eł? What is it? What can you do with it? – Storybook about different items and what can be done with them, such as; Wooden sticks can be used to make play swords, play guns, and fishing rods.fire can be used for keeping warm, cooking, , giving light, burning trash and scaring off bears Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
16 DOTRON’ NONOT’OK – Raven Gets Fooled – Dennis, Alaska State Operated Schools
17 DOTRON’ YOKO’ K’ONAST’WK – Seamakan/Dennis, Alaska State Operated Schools
18 DUHTOT’EŁ – Things You Can Do – Collins, Alaska State Operated Schools
19 Gas Dinayu – The King Salmon People – Petruska/Collins – Unpublished bilingual story located at the UAF Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska
20 HI’IŁ TIME GHOTS’IDEŁT’A TS’E’ – For telling time – A day in the life of children from waking in the morning to going to bed at night, includes; brushing teeth, cutting wood, eating , playing, fishing, feeding the dogs, etc – Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
21 Hwniyye ił tuk’a ił dzedza ił – Animals, Fish and Birds – Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
22 JEZRA – Camp Robbers – Pertruska/Petruska, Iditarod Area School District
Trang 323 K’altsa – Fox – A bilingual story about a daughter who died and became a fox, then the parents figured
it out and they got their daughter back again A traditional story told in Holikachuk Athabascan by Bertha Rock, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska
www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
24 K’IDI’ON TS’IN HEYE – Lolnitz/Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
25 MARY IŁGWH IŁ – Mary and the Rabbit – Roberts, Iditarod Area School District
26 Midisnaka Kwl Henh Ghwlwk – The Poor Orphan – A bilingual story about an orphan boy who does not fit in with the other children and what her does to live his life A traditional story told in Holikachuk Athabascan by Bertha Rock, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska
www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
27 NIKOLAI HWCH’IHWZOYA’ – Pulu/Deaphon/Petruska/Collins, NBMDC
28 NIKOLAI READER – Pulu/Pope/Deaphon/Esai/John/Petruska/Collins, Alaska State Operated Schools
29 Nok’ołonh Chuh Ghiyoł – The Big Woman is Walking Along – This is a bilingual story about how the Loch fish (Burbot) came into being A traditional story told in Holikachuk Athabascan by Hannah Maielle, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990
30 Nune – Porcupine – Paul/Petruska, Iditarod Area School District
31 Nune Itrih – Jones/Dennis, Alaska State Operated Schools
32 SAM – Collins, Alaska State Operated Schools
33 SAMMY – Petruska, NBMDC
34 SIKAYIH – My House – Storybook about all the things found in and around the home, such as; boots, bed, lamp, freezer, rifle, etc Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan
by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University
of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
35 SRUH NONAT’OH – The Robin Came Back – Attla, IASD/ Alaska Native Education Board
36 Suje – Marten – A bilingual story about a marten on a hunting expedition as seen through the marten’s eyes A traditional story told in Deg Hit’an Athabascan by John Paul, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
37 SUTAŁYA NA UDIZRE TS’E – Names of my Family – Petruska, NBMDC
Trang 438 TILDZIDZA DIZ’A CH’IDOGHEŁTAN – Simon/Dennis, Alaska State Operated Schools
39 Tildzidza Hwzoya’ – Mouse Story – Jerue/Petruska, Iditarod Area School District
40 TINDE TS’IYOZRA’ – Translation of Tendi’s Canoe by J.A Macdiarmid by Betty, Agnes and Mary Ellen Petruska, Adapted by Ray Collins, This is the story of a boy named Tinde, and the construction of
a birch bark canoe with each of the different steps illustrated to show how it is done Written in Dinak’i, English translations at the end of the story Production of the Athapaskan Bilingual Education
Department of the Alaska State Operated Schools Anchorage, Alaska, 1973
41 TOK’E SHISR – Three Bears – Dennis, Alaska State Operated Schools
42 TOM IMO NILAN – A Boy Visits a Health Clinic – Pulu/Pope/Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
43 Ts’ima Dzagha’ Dina Hwzoya’ – Spruce-Pitch Man Story – A bilingual story about a mother and daughter and a boy who was made out of spruce pitch A traditional story told in Holikachuk Athabascan
by Hannah Maillelle, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Irene Dennis and Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska
www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
44 Yada Ełtsin? – What do you Smell? (Primary Level) – Developed by the Bilingual Education
Department of the Alaska State-Operated School System under the direction of Baxter Wood Assisted
by Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska, Anchorage, Alaska, 1975
45 YADA’E IŁTSINE? – What do you Smell? (Advanced Version) – Two girls are discussing the smells they encounter such as: coffee; flowers; soup; rain; baking; gasoline; etc –Developed by the Bilingual Education Department of the Alaska State-Operated School System under the direction of Baxter Wood Assisted by Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska, Anchorage, Alaska, 1975
46 Yada Nenli’an – What Can You See? Workbook – Collins/Petruska, Never Published
47 Worksheets for “What can you See?” Unpublished
48 YADA UZAZEŁTS’ON – What do you Hear? (Primary Level) – Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
49 YADA UZAZEŁTS’ON? – What do you Hear? (Advanced Version) – Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
Teaching Resources
1 Bird Hinting in the Upper Kuskokwim, Interior Alaska – Subsistence Education Lessons for Telida
Village, EPA/IGAP (Teresa Hanson, Charlene Dubay, Susan Brown) 2007 www.aknextgenertaion.org
2 Collins, Ray; Upper Kuskokwim Place Names
3 DINAK’I (Our Words): Upper Kuskokwim Junior Dictionary – Collins/Petruska, NBMDC
4 DINAK’I: NOUN DICTIONARY – ANLC
Trang 55 Dinak’I Ch’its’utozre 1 – Upper Kuskokwim Athapaskan Reader 1, Introduces vowel and consonant sounds through the means of a hunting trip Ray and Sally Collins, Produced by the Summer Institute of Linguistics Inc., Nikolai via McGrath, Alaska 1966, reprinted 1980
6 Dinak’I Ch’its’utozre 2 – Upper Kuskokwim Athapaskan Reader 2, 18 letters of the alphabet are
introduced Produced by the Summer Institute of Linguistics Inc., Fairbanks, Alaska 1970
7 Dinak’I Ch’its’utozre 3 – SOS
8 Iditarod Area School District Unit Study Kits contain UKA sections as part of the education One
example is a unit study on the beaver It lists relevant books to read for the unit and then has four
language sections comprising the four languages spoken in the school district The Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan section is bilingual and teaches the Dinak’i words for vocabulary building on everything concerning beavers Examples are; beaver habitat, what they do, trapping beaver, processing hides and other activities that use the beaver to build vocabulary
Other units that have Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan bilingual sections include:
9 Moose Hunting in the Upper Kuskokwim, Interior Alaska – Subsistence Education Lessons for Telida
Village, EPA/IGAP – Contains a Dinak’i bilingual Moose Hunting Story (Teresa Hanson, Charlene Dubay, Susan Brown) 2007 www.aknextgeneration.org
10 Nenł’an Hineyash Ch’uzazełts’on – Initial Consonants of Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan – Collins, SOS
11 Subsistence Gathering in the Upper Kuskokwim, Interior Alaska – Subsistence Education Lessons for
Telida Village, EPA/IGAP (Teresa Hanson, Charlene Dubay, Susan Brown) 2009
www.aknextgenertaion.org
12 Subsistence Fishing in the Upper Kuskokwim, Interior Alaska - Subsistence Education Lessons for
Telida Village, EPA/IGAP (Teresa Hanson, Charlene Dubay, Susan Brown) 2008
www.aknextgeneration.org
13 Subsistence Trapping in the Upper Kuskokwim, Interior Alaska – Subsistence Education Lessons for
Telida Village, EPA/IGAP (Teresa Hanson, Charlene Dubay, Susan Brown) 2009
www.aknextgeneration.org
14 Various collections of hand made wall charts, flash cards, mimeographed worksheets, and other classroom teaching aids
Books/Pamphlets/Articles about the Land, Region and People
1 Bishop, Richard, H., Subsistence Resource Use in the Proposed North Addition to Mt McKinely
National Park, Anthropology and Historic Preservation, Cooperative Park Studies Unit Occasional Paper No 17 (University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska) December 1978
Trang 6Pages 56-75 document the historic and current subsistence usage of the proposed park land addition by Nikolai and Telida peoples, including current and historic trapping and traplines It discusses the
harvesting and customary usage of big game animals, small game, waterfowl and fishing Also covered are the harvesting and traditional uses of berries and timber
2 Brown, William E., A History of the Denali – Mt McKinley Region, Historic Resource Study of Denali National Park and Preserve – Volume 1 – Historical Narrative (U.S Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico) 1991
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/dena/hrs1.htm Chapter One (pp 1-11)
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/dena/hrs2.htm Chapter Two (pp
Chapter One of this book, entitled; Traditional Times, describes the land and traditional peoples of
Denali National Park It explains the historical migrations of peoples into the region and how those peoples began to differentiate from one another due to their local environment Of focus are the bands of Athabascans who inhabited the northwest flank of the Alaska Range These include the Upper
Kuskokwim peoples and the villages of Telida and Nikolai
Chapter Two, entitled Early Exploration, includes brief summaries of all explorations that noted the
Alaska Range or Denali itself Actual Euro-American penetration into the Upper Kuskokwim Region was recorded by prospector Frank Densmore and companions in 1889 Geologist, J.E Spurr’s,
exploration as well as Lt Herron’s 1899 exploration and subsequent rescue by the residents of Telida Village, which is covered in detail Pictures of Carl Sesui and his wife are included Explanations about the gold strikes in Fairbanks (1902) and Kantishna (1905) began the roadhouse system through the Upper Kuskokwim as well as the surveying of the Iditarod Trail in 1908
Chapter Three mentions Judge Wickersham’s encounter with Chief Sesui and his band of hunters while
on their way to climb Denali
The book also contains maps of the park which include the Upper Kuskokwim headwaters
3 Collins, Ray; Dickinanek’ Hwt’ana: A History of the People of the Upper Kuskokwim who Live in Nikolai and Telida (National Park Service, U.S Department of the Interior, Denali National Park and Preserve) 2000
This report written for the National Park Service is an important document written by a linguist who was commissioned by Wycliffe Bible to translate and write down the Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan
language He was the first to do so He and his wife have lived amongst the UKA people for most of their lives The National Park Service commissioned this work as the Upper Kuskokwim people have traditionally hunted and gathered in the present Denali National Park boundaries
Ray Collins documents the common heritage that the people of Telida and Nikolai share He records contact history of both the Russian and American explorations and fur trading experiences of the UKA peoples There is a whole section describing the people of Telida, how the successive villages were founded and why they were moved, traditional stories from the village, the school, and identification and
Trang 7short histories of the traditional families associated with Telida The family trees of these families are drawn
The village of Nikolai receives similar coverage The village was relocated a couple of times and
contains descriptions of where and why this happened A school opened there and its’ impact is
described The village incorporated in 1969 and the ensuing results of that action are recorded Seasonal firefighting became a large employment opportunity for many Nikolai members A few of their
adventures are recorded Finally, traditional Nikolai family histories are recorded and family trees are drawn
The last section of the book explains the traditional usage and history of the UKA peoples to Denali National Park lands It ends with the need for future research The book contains many pictures, both historical and some taken by the author throughout the years he has lived with the people These picture are priceless as they document traditional subsistence methods that are no longer used today
4 Craft, Charlene; “The Last of the Telidas Tells His Story: Farthest North Collegian (March, 1950) pp
13-15 & 28
This article, written in 1949, begins with an overview of the archaeological work done on Athabaascan sites and the need for more, especially along the Kuskokwim River The rest of the article details their expedition to Lake Telida in the summer of 1949 They located the “Old Telida” site and explained what was found there Early in July they met Carl Sesui and his story comprises most of the rest of the article
5 F inal Environmental Assessment of the Upper Kuskokwim/NYAC Planning Blocks for Mineral Leasing Mineral Entry and Settlement; (U.S Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska) June, 1983
Pages between 2 and 36 are filled with the land usage of the tribes who live on the Upper Kuskokwim geologic block Included are explanations of mining sites, minable resources, and radio transmitter locations Pages 22-25 explain the socioeconomic and sociocultural conditions of the residents of the region Pages 35-36 discuss the natural history resources of the region
6 Griffin, Kristen; Gudgel-Holmes, Dianne; An Overview and Assessment of Archeological Resources, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska National Park Service – Alaska Region, Research/Resources management report AR-16 (U.S Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Alaska Region, Anchorage, Alaska) 1990
As stated by the title, this is an assessment of archeological resources of Denali Park, here referred to as DENA It begins with a synopsis of the geographic setting with pictures and maps Pages 33-52 provide
an ethnographic overview of the peoples that have traditionally lived in this region, including an
archeological reconstruction There is a survey of known explorers that traversed the region and current anthropological studies and data that are available as of 1990 Pg 34 begins a general discussion of Athabaskan lifeways for the five Athabascan groups that used the lands currently encompassed by DENA The Upper Kuskokwim region is included Of particular interest are the map on pg 39 of the seasonal movements of the Athabascan groups around DENA, and the map of currently (1990) known
Trang 8prehistoric archeological sites on pg 84 Pg 77-78 discuss the literature available for the Upper
Kuskokwim region
7 Gudgel-Holmes, Diane, Espiscopal Records and 1900 Census Records for Lower Tanana River
8 Gudgel-Holmes, Diane, Native Place Names of the Kantishna, Drainage, Alaska – Kantishna Oral
History Project (Gudgel-Holmes and Associates, Anchorage.)
9 Haigh, Jane; Denali Early Photographs of Our National Parks, Wolf Creek Books Inc., Whitehorse, Yukon 2000 www.wolfcreek.ca
This book gives a general description of the Athabascan people who inhabit the lands of Denali Park Pages7-13 specifically mentions the village and people of Telida and Lake Minchumina Printed are some pictures from the Stephen Foster photograph collection of Chief Deaphon and Chief Sesui of Telida and Chief Andrew of Lake Minchumina There is a short accounting of the arrival of the Russians
to the region Two excerpts from Judge James Wickersham’s, Old Yukon, 1938, are cited, one about the
building of birch bark canoes, the second about the rescue of Lt Joseph S Herron’s exploration party by Telida’s Chief Carl Sesui and their harboring of the party for 2 months
10 Hosley, Edward H.; The McGrath Ingalik, (Anthropological Papers of the University Of Alaska, Vol.9,
No 2, May 1961) pp 93-113
This article is based on the author’s 3 month visit with what he terms as the “McGrath Ingalik.” The bulk of his time was spent in the villages of Medfra and Nikolai At the time of this anthropological study it was assumed that the Upper Kuskokwim people were “an amalgamation of at least two earlier societies, and they show the strongest connections with the Ingalik of the lower Yukon River.” (p.93) Because of this the author retained “Osgood’s designation of these people as the McGrath Ingalik (Osgood, 1940, p 31).” p 93 This work is important as it describes the people and practices of the Upper Kuskokwim during the early 1960’s
Hosley describes the history, geography and demographics of the Upper Kuskokwim River region and its’ settlements as he found them in 1960 He includes maps of the Upper Kuskokwim River and its’ relevant tributaries that comprise the region He describes the past and present culture in terms of the seasonal round, economic life, religion, education, socio-political organization, legends and folklore He ends with his conclusions that “the McGrath Ingalik are closely related to, and ultimately derived from, Ingalik Indians on the lower Yukon River.” (pg.113) and gives his reasons why he came to that
conclusion
11 Hosley, Edward Howard; Factionalism and Acculturation in an Alaskan Athapaskan Community,
University of CA, Los Angeles, Ph.D., 1966 Dissertation
Hosley’s doctoral dissertation was written before he delineated the Upper Kuskokwim peoples from
members of the Ingalik culture to being Kolchan and part of a separate culture within themselves
Despite this disparity, the dissertation is an exhaustive look at the state of the people of the Upper Kuskokwim in the early 1960’s Hosley’s purpose was “to reconstruct and present the aboriginal culture and present way of life, and to examine the acculturative process in a situation relatively free of many of
Trang 9the direct pressures and economic dislocations of less isolated communities.” His work focuses on the village and people of Nikolai
Hosley’s work is invaluable He reconstructs the past of the people and how they got to where they are
in the 1960’s While Hosley was there, the people of Nikolai still primarily lived by their ancient
subsistence way of life While the nomadic part of their lives was disappearing, their methodology remained Hosley saw and documented their lifeways and methodologies in such detail, so that any reader can be transported back in time to a way of life that has largely disappeared today
Hosley opens with the setting of the land and people He covers the “Protohistoric Period” between 1800-1835, as a time of no direct contact Next is the “Period of Early Contact” between 1835-1900 when the peoples dealt directly with fur traders and explorers Following is “Population Decline and Coalescence” between 1900-1935 Hosley places “The Rise of Factionalism” between 1935-1950 and its’ continuance from 1850-1965 He looks at the community at the time he was there and concludes with a discussion of the term “Acculturation,” a literature review of the term, its processes and how it is changing Finally he has a theoretical discussion on “Factionalism and Differential Acculturation.”
12 Hosley, Edward H.; The Kolchan: Delineation of a New Northern Athabascan Indian Group, (Arctic,
Vol 21, 1966) pg 6-11 www.pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic21-1-6.pdf
This article was written subsequent of his earlier work about the McGrath Ingalik Hosley now cites a literature review of earlier ethnographic classifications of the Upper Kuskokwim people and distances himself from Osgood’s classification of the UKA people as McGrath Ingalik He draws upon Lt
Zagoskin’s term of Goltsan for the inhabitants of the McGrath area and north Oswalt (1960) referred to them as Kolchanes and VanStone (1959) used the name, Kyltschanes Hosley has now concluded that
they are an independent Athabascan people group of their own
Hosley then describes what he found during his ethnographic and archaeological studies in the region
and delineates the Kolchan culture from the Ingalik culture He postulates that the Kolchan are a
“separate geographical, cultural, historical and probably linguistic entity” and “deserve to be recognized
as an independent group of Alaskan Athapaskans” (p.10) This is a departure from his earlier findings
13 NIKOLAI – February 1975 – Pulu/Pope, Iditarod Area School District Old Channel – Students
Interview Their People, IASD
14 Osgood, Cornelius, Ingalik Material Culture, (Yale University Publications in Anthropology Number Twenty-Two, 1940 Reprinted by Human Relations Area Files Press, New Haven, CT) 1970
Osgood gathered his information for this series of books in Anvik during the summers of 1934 and 1937
At this time the Upper Kuskokwim people were thought to be part of the Ingalik culture They were recognized as a distinct culture in the 1960’s Osgood subdivides the Ingalik into four units His fourth unit is the “McGrath group – occupying the drainage of the Upper Kuskokwim River Osgood notes that
“the fourth subdivision, however, is less certain, and possibly may be characterized by sufficiently distinctive traits to form an independent unit by itself.” (p.31)
Trang 10This book contains detailed descriptions, and often drawings, of the material things used on a daily basis
in the village of Anvik This contains an amazing amount of object and details Inclusion of Osgood’s work in the Upper Kuskokwim bibliography is recognizing that many of the objects would have been the same, or nearly the same, as the material objects used by the Upper Kuskokwim peoples
15 Osgood, Cornelius, Ingalik Mental Culture, Yale University Publications in Anthropology Number Fifty-Six, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT) 1959
16 Osgood, Cornelius, Ingalik Social Culture, (Yale University Publications in Anthropology Number Fifty-Three, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT) 1958
Osgood continued his expository on the Ingalik culture through this book on social customs and the seasonal round Osgood gives detailed descriptions
17 Oswalt, Wendall H., Historic Settlements Along the Kuskokwim River, Alaska, (Alaska Division of State Libraries and Museums, Juneau, AK) 1980
Oswalt compiled a list and history of villages, families and clan names that have resided along the Kuskokwim River Upper Kuskokwim relevancy begins on page 42 with the mention of the Gregory settlement and family Pgs 55-57 cover McGrath settlement’s founding and history of growth Medfra is
on pg 58 Picture of Nicolai on pg 59, descriptions of Nikolai on 64-66 Slow Fork Roadhouse and Smith’s Roadhouse on pg 78 South Fork Village on pg 79 Takotna description on pgs 80-81, picture
on pg 82 Telida pictures and description on pgs 81- 83, Vinasale on pg 86-87 There are maps
showing the river and locations of the settlements Pertinent to the Upper Kuskokwim region are the maps on pgs 93-94
18 Kari, James, Draft Final Report: Native Place Names Mapping in Denali National Park and Preserve, (National Park Service, Denali Park and Preserve Contract through Alaska and Polar Regions
Department, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fund #337662) Aug 1999, revised draft, Dec 1999
This report documents the Athabascan place names for each geographical feature contained in each of the five tribes that are traditional users of the land that is now encompassed in Denali national Park Figure 6 on page 7A outlines a map of each tribe and their geographical placement as associated with
Denali National Park Upper Kuskokwim Places Names Approaching Denali National Park and
Preserve begins on pg.83 and continues through pg 103 This is an extremely important source
document for the tribes, linguists and geographers as it lists every known name, its English translations and where the sources for the names came from, for all the rivers, creeks, streams, hills, mountains, valleys, etc in the region In all, there are 361 Upper Kuskokwim place names listed
19 Kari, Priscilla R., Tanaina Plantlore – Dena’ina K’et’una – An Ethnobotany of the Dena’ina Indians of Southcentral Alaska (Adult Literacy Council, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1977, 1st edition
2nd edition by the National Park Service, U.S Department of the Interior, Washington D.C.) 1987
This is an extremely useful book that describes the Dena’ina people’s customs, and the identification and traditional uses of all plant material found in the region It describes the physical environment, the climate and biotic communities of the region It covers in detail the uses and beliefs regarding the