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Porphyrosticta Watkins, 1928 in Eastern Ecuador Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Morphinae Harold F.. Granizo-T Heidi Connahs See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional wo

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Porphyrosticta (Watkins, 1928) in Eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Morphinae)

Harold F Greeney

Philip J DeVries

Carla M Penz

Rafael B Granizo-T

Heidi Connahs

See next page for additional authors

Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/biology

Part of the Biology Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Systems Biology Commons

Repository Citation

Greeney, H F., DeVries, P J., Penz, C M., Granizo-T, R B., Connahs, H., Stireman, J O., Walla, T R., & Dyer,

L A (2009) TThe Immature Stages and Natural History of Antirrhea Adoptiva Porphyrosticta (Watkins, 1928) in Eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Morphinae) Journal of Insect Science, 9 (30), 1-10 https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/biology/385

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at CORE Scholar It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar For more information, please contact library-corescholar@wright.edu

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III, Thomas R Walla, and Lee A Dyer

This article is available at CORE Scholar: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/biology/385

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