The purpose of this study is to find out the safety crisis of Chinese international students studying in Korea and how to improve safety perception. After COVID19 as a sudden public event, safety perception and education on public health should be strengthened. Although China is taking many protective measures for the safety of international students, not only the popularity of health bags is high, but also the publicity needs to be improved. The survey results showed that first, it is necessary to establish a mechanism for assessing student safety perception, adjust the focus of education, identify the main factors affecting student safety, and timely and effectively remove the pressure of the epidemic on students. Second, it is necessary to continuously update the safety protection contents for international students. Third, safety education for international students should be thoroughly conducted and attention should be paid to emergency management resources. Fourth, it is required to promote the timeliness and efficiency of information update and to establish a broad and effective information communication channel.
Trang 1© 2022 Crisis and Emergency Management : Theory and Praxis All rights reserved.
Crisisonomy
1)
Improving International Students' Safety Perceptions in the Crisis of COVID-19
Focused on Chinese Student
-Wei Lu # , Jae Eun Lee +
Department of Public Administration & National Crisisonomy Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Korea
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to find out the safety crisis of Chinese international students studying inKorea and how to improve safety perception After COVID-19 as a sudden public event, safety perceptionand education on public health should be strengthened Although China is taking many protective measuresfor the safety of international students, not only the popularity of 'health bags' is high, but also the publicityneeds to be improved The survey results showed that first, it is necessary to establish a mechanism for assessing student safety perception, adjust the focus of education, identify the main factors affectingstudent safety, and timely and effectively remove the pressure of the epidemic on students Second, it
is necessary to continuously update the safety protection contents for international students Third, safetyeducation for international students should be thoroughly conducted and attention should be paid to emergency management resources Fourth, it is required to promote the timeliness and efficiency of information update and to establish a broad and effective information communication channel
Key words: international student, safety perception, COVID-19 crisis, protective measures, safety education
Ⅰ Introduction
As the communication between China and Korea
become closer day by day, the number of Chinese students
studying in Korea continues to increase The rise of the
upsurge of studying abroad has accelerated the process
of China’s internationalization and has also promoted the
progress and development of China’s education, and there
have also been many unpredictable crisis (Xia, 2020: 5) International students face various unpredictable crisis in their study life, such as cultural differences, language communication, unfamiliarity in new country, and study stress The safety accident that occurred overseas for international students moved the hearts of Chinese people, society, media, families, educational institutions, educators, and all became more interested in the issue of international
# The 1st author: Wei Lu, Tel +82-43-261-3337, Fax +82-43-272-5798, e-mail slhnnux731@naver.com
+ Corresponding author: Jae Eun Lee, Tel +82-43-261-2197, e-mail jeunlee@chungbuk.ac.kr
Trang 2student safety (Li, 2010: 199)
As the development of “globalization” accelerates, the
movement of people occurs frequently, and sudden safety
events constantly occur due to factors such as population
stagnation and deepening of environmental pollution, and
control of infectious diseases due to changes in the
transmission route and speed of transmission has become
more difficult and has caused more crisis to society and
human health (Hu & Luo, 2020: 897) COVID-19 exploded
at the end of 2020 and is so contagious that flights have
been drastically canceled to avoid global spread So, a
lot of crisis have been created for Chinese international
students who are about to start school in March 2020
Prevention of infectious diseases is an important task of
each field and an important content of social governance
(Wang, 2011: 661) COVID-19 is affecting international
students in all aspects, including study and life, as the
panic and lack of safety education for international students
are revealed Relaxing the infectious disease crisis
management system is an effective way to reduce losses
more proactively when we face emergencies in the future
(Deng, 2020: 68)
Through literature review, most studies on Chinese
students have focused on cultural adaptation, study
adaptation, study motivation, and safety education for
foreign students Comparison of international students'
perception of safety level and safety education requirements
for Korean society in Korea (Yu, 2019), and changes in
physical, behavior, cognition, and emotion of international
students after quarantine period and release due to
COVID-19 (Zhang, 2021) But COVID-19 is unique, and
it is difficult to find a study to lay the groundwork for
the international student safety crisis due to COVID-19
for Chinese international students Although some scholars
have already intervened in research in the crisis of study
abroad safety, overall research is insufficient, and no
research issues or fields have been created In line with the craze for studying abroad and the era of “With COVID-19”, an in-depth study on the safety perceptions
of international students is necessary
The purpose of this study is to find out what the crisis
is that affects the safety of international students and to find a way to improve safety perception This study is based on an online survey of Chinese international students studying in Korea during the COVID-19 quarantine and control period Through an empirical study, this study seeks
to find a safety perception regarding the crisis and epidemic crisis in which COVID-19 affects the safety of international students Based on empirical research and analysis, we propose measures to improve international students' safety perception In the face of various future crises, we would like to suggest ways for international students to receive timely and effective protection measures
of international students, some scholars define it as a threat
to the property and life safety of international students due to various unexpected accidents that occurred while studying abroad, including political crisis and crisis of injury (Li, 2010: 74) When classifying according to the cause of safety incidents for international students and the degree of injury, they can be divided into three aspects:
Trang 3political safety issues, criminal crime-related issues, natural
disasters and unexpected injury safety issues (Li, et al.,
2012: 35-37)
Since December 2019, pneumonia of unknown cause
has been found in some hospitals in Wuhan, China, and
it has been confirmed as an acute respiratory infection
caused by the novel coronavirus infection (Chen & Ye,
2020) WHO named it COVID-19
According to the global data of COVID-19 released by
the WHO, by April 18, 2020, the number of patients
worldwide has exceeded 20 million, seriously threatening
the life and safety of the people around the world, giving
a great shock to the global economy (Zhu, 2020b: 30)
Newly occurring infectious diseases have a high speed of
transmission, a wide range, and many ripples, which
seriously affect the economic and social development of
the affected area and the health and safety of people (Ling,
et al., 2020: 6) Because of the prevention of COVID-19,
number of events such as outings and banquets has
decreased due to the global demand for quarantine
measures, and routes between countries have been closed
The world seems to have been “on hold” by the COVID-19
crisis (Gössling, et al., 2020), as it has not only transformed
many people lifestyle, transformed many people lifestyle
(Rawat, et al., 2021), but has also disrupted the normal
operations of numerous businesses (Dai, et al., 2021).
Student movement restrictions and school closures are
cited as the biggest challenges facing higher education
during COVID-19 (Dao, 2022: 98) The number of foreign
students in Korea has shown a steady increase every year
but has been on a downward trend since COVID-19 in
2020 (Tao, 2021: 34) According to the Korean Ministry
of Education (2020, www.moe.go.kr), from February 29
to March 7, nearly 80% of Chinese students canceled their
plan to Korea
The impact of life order and production activities on
many countries is no less than the two world wars (Zhu, 2020b: 30) IMF (2020) has named the global public health crisis “The Great Lockdown” and “The Great Depression.”
“Lockdown” due to the coronavirus pandemic crisis have brought to the fore the issue of stress students may be feeling, especially living far away from their home countries
and comfort zones (Misirlis, et al., 2020: 6).
Although the COVID-19 prevention in South Korea and China has been highly praised all over the world, for Chinese students often feel confused in specific fields, it is difficult
to obtain detailed information about South Korea's epidemic prevention policy (Zhang & Kim, 2021: 76)
COVID-19 has spread worldwide at the fastest rate, spreading to more than 200 regions and countries in three months COVID-19 has had a major impact on the officials
of each country and has also affected the current state and future of state governance (Yu, 2020: 72) It has had
a major impact on health care, public administration, and lifestyles in all countries It is a serious risk to human life, health and normal life, and its spread is so widespread that it can be called a major test for humans In addition, COVID-19 has brought a serious secondary risk to countries around the world, and the normal life of people will be greatly affected, and the crisis will change lifestyles and behaviors to some extent (Sun, 2020: 3-4)
2 International Student Safety Perceptions Among the various emotions that affect the quality of life of urban people, safety perceptions plays a prominent
role (Pánek, et al., 2017) Safety perceptions is the concept
of safety that must be established in people's minds In daily life, people have a state of alert to various external environmental conditions that may cause harm to themselves or others (Baidu, 2020) The most important thing in the safety of international students is to pay attention to their own safety perceptions (Xu, 2007: 586)
Trang 4Personal safety includes issues such as home and fire safety,
road and public transport safety, and knowing and using
emergency contacts, etc (Nyland, et al., 2010)
Health risk decision-making is the process of cognition
and the trade-off of information, so it is important to
understand the cognitive part correctly, so as not to affect
people's ability to think about decision-making (Fischhoff,
et al., 1993) Therefore, the focus of safety education is
the cultivation of safety perceptions, so as to promote the
mastering of some appropriate methods, so as to inspire
them to form good safety habits (Sheng, 2019: 81)
Since the Consular Center of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of China establishment on 2007, has paid great
attention to the safety of international students The “Guide
to Chinese Consular Protection and Assistance” compiled
and printed by it has specially set up a “study abroad”
chapter On 2009, the ‘Chinese Ministry of Education Study
Abroad Service Center’ has been providing public
education for students before leaving the country, providing
education in terms of personal safety, mental and physical
health, and national knowledge to improve the safety
perceptions of international students
It is fundamental for international students to understand
and value the safety of international students, to raise their
perceptions of safety, and to acquire the ability to study
safety (Li, 2017: 2) It has become an important part of
ensuring the safety of studying abroad
3 Previous research
In recent years, the number of international students
in China has continuously increased, and safety problems
due to the aging population have frequently occurred (Shin,
2020: 25) International student make a huge economic
contribution to the education sector and also enrich the
cultural diversity of society, so when international students
study abroad, ensure their safety is very important (Lê,
et al., 2013: 15)
Taylor, et al (2017) find that increasing risk perception
could be a viable way to increase safety behavior Zhao (2021) find most of the students in China have a weak safety perceptions, systematic study abroad safety knowledge is a valuable intangible asset for international students before they leave the country, and foreign security issues are expressed and approached differently from China, students always face many security issues, so multi-faceted cooperation is required for the safety of studying abroad Cotterall (2011) study of Ph.D students, showed that international students are socially isolated, which exacerbates their difficulties, especially in times of crisis Gustafson (1998) find that gender as a research object is
an important aspect of social risk research, studies have shown that women and men perceive risk differently
Honarvar, et al (2020) find that less educated people,
older adults and men have lower knowledge and compliance
with COVID-19 Chang, et al., (2020) find students with
the age older, the perceptions of COVID-19 are higher, feel the less anxious and depressed This differs from previous focus on differences between risks, differences among risk-perceivers were proposed, therefore, in some cases, risk perceptions differed according to the sociological characteristics
In crisis management, it is very important to identify and obtain information about disasters and exchange information (Zhang & Lee, 2022: 47) People known most
of COVID-19 information through "Internet, online
newspapers, social networks (Wong, et, al., 2021)"
The practice about protective behaviors has played an important role in controlling the spread of COVID-19
(Wong, et al., 2020) So training courses should include
theoretical and situational approaches for effective
epidemic control (Jalloh, et al., 2021).
With the changes in society, the situation of disasters
Trang 5Author Subject Main Content
Li,
(2017)
Reasons and methods for
strengthening safety education for
international students before studying
abroad
Reason:
① As the number of students studying abroad continues to increase, so are reports of accidents abroad.
② The psychological impact and impact are obvious when danger is real around you.
③ The tendency to study abroad at an aging age, a relatively low level of social experience, a lack of ability to live, a low sense of security, living alone in a strange environment, and facing many challenges.
Methods:
① Strengthen safety awareness and enhance self-help capabilities.
② Before go abroad, student need to learn more about safety in relevant institutions, and families should also let foreign students understand the relevant safety common sense.
③ Implementation and strengthening of safety simulation exercises Help students improve their safety awareness and self-help skills.
Li,
(2010)
International student safety is part of
the overseas safety of Chinese citizens
and is currently the focus of Chinese
consular protection Forms of study
abroad crisis, causes of formation, and
① There is a general lack of safety perceptions.
② The ability to prevent and deal with crisis is weak.
③ The international economic development is imbalanced to respond.
Response:
① International students should raise perceptions of safety and crime prevention.
② International students should strengthen their ability to prevent crime and self-restraint.
③ Each sector should prepare for emergencies and serious crises related to the safety of Chinese citizens abroad.
④ Played the role of a group of overseas Chinese and joined forces to cope with the crisis
Zhang,
(2021)
COVID-19 is a not only a medical
problem, but also a psychological
and social problem
Psychological:
① Anti-epidemic restrictions make foreign students feel more and more alienated from society, which has a negative impact on adapting to college life.
② Some people will secretly ignore and disparage Chinese students.
③ Chinese students are faced with many short-term problems, such as life adaptation and language problems, which affect not only themselves, but also their friends, and have a negative impact
on adapting to college students' life.
④ Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is increasing in severely affected areas and the need for psychotherapy is increasing.
Impact of the entry ban policy imposed
by each country on China after
COVID-19 on international students.
① The problems faced by Chinese international students are school-going problems such as flight cancellations and entry bans.
② Due to the impact of COVID-19, on students' studies the stress of classes increases due to the shortening of the semester, and on lives, the "isolation policy" has caused many inconveniences Jeon,
(2020)
Due to COVID-19, the number of
foreign students has decreased
sharply.
① After COVID-19 outbreak, the number of international students has decreased significantly.
② After COVID-19, movement between countries is limited, making it difficult for universities
to attract foreign students
Tak,
(2020)
Students are concerned about the
quality of their classes due to the
change in teaching methods due to
COVID-19.
As internet classes caused confusion, such as internet collapse and poor signal contact, the quality
of classes and the violation of students' right to study emerged as the most worrying issues The change in the form of internet classes has somewhat reduced the possibility of infection, but there are also negative aspects.
Jung,
(2020) Due to COVID-19 online school advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: study at home without going out, free time, control the pace of the class, repeat learning, etc Disadvantages: difficulty in concentration, anxiety about uncertainty in test/performance and evaluation/life record writing, difficult of understanding class content, poor internet access, difficulty in submitting assignments, etc
Yang,
(2020)
Chinese students residing in Korea
have difficulties in studying and living
due to COVID-19
① Visa and flight ticket problem.
② Immigration restrictions for both Korea and China.
③ Difficulties in studying, living, graduating, and finding jobs.
④ Frequent opinions of people around Chinese students
Table 1 Analysis result of previous research
Trang 6has also changed, and the people's perceptions of disaster
safety will also change (Lee, 2018: 84) Samadipour, et
al (2020) study argued that people's risk perception of
COVID-19 pandemic is not optimal
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced the
mobility of international students, and Chinese students
have shown a lack of interest in studying abroad Health
and safety have become the primary concerns of students
studying abroad, while crisis management has become a
key factor in attracting international students (Altbach, et
al., 2020)
According to a nine-month survey, among those who
are angry or disgusted by the COVID-19, as of July, 2020,
the negative image of China was still a large proportion
(You, 2020), Chinese international students were more
stressed than other international students To find the safety
perceptions of Chinese students in the crisis of the
COVID-19, previous research and main content
summarized by the following <Table 1>
Li (2017) found that Chinese students' safety perception,
risk prevention and coping ability are weak, and
international economic development is uneven, leading to
frequent study abroad crises Therefore, international
students need to raise perception of safety and self-reliance
Li (2010) confirmed that it is possible for international
students to secure personal safety through sufficient safety
education before going abroad And Li (2010) found that
most risks can be prevented and reduced if international
students understand the security situation in the country
they are going to study in and have the ability to help
themselves
Zhang (2021) found that COVID-19 is not only a medical
problem, but also a psychological and social problem
Social distancing, some people's prejudices against China,
life adjustment and language problems, and quarantine
restrictions can lead to psychological illness After
COVID-19, many international students return to China, especially in high-tech fields COVID-19 has raised perception of health and safety, has changed traditional lifestyles, ways of working, education, consumption, and has taken 'online' in our lives
Zhu (2020a) find the problem faced by Chinese students
is the cancellation of flights and the ban on entry to schools Due to the shortened semester, intensive classes have increased academic stress, and the "isolation policy" has caused many inconveniences in life
According to Jeon (2020), they found a significant decline in the number of international students as movement between countries was restricted due to COVID-19
In Tak (2020), unless COVID-19 is over, classes will
be held through online classes, and the quality of classes and violations of students’ ‘learning rights’ has emerged
as the most worrying issue
In the study of Jung (2020), it was confirmed that online classes have the advantage of studying at home and having free time And Jung (2020) found the disadvantage of having a poor internet connection and difficulties in submitting assignments when taking online classes.According to Yang (2020) research, it was confirmed that the following difficulties in the study and life of Chinese students living in Korea due to COVID-19; Visa and flight ticket, study and living adjustment, submission
of assignments and more
Ⅲ Survey Design
1 Measure Variables1) Safety perceptionsSafety perceptions is the idea that production built up
in people's heads must be safe (Baidu) International student safety means that students and studies are avoid from threatening interference and influence on their lives and
Trang 7studies while studying abroad It is expanding not only
to simple personal safety such as natural disasters and
unexpected damage, but also to the psychological safety
of international students and learning safety (Xu, 2007;
Sheng, 2020)
2) Safety education
McCarthy (2016: 1-5) suggested 10 countermeasures to
improve the safety status of international students It
includes cultural education, health needs, crisis
management and security training The ‘7 Standards for
School Safety Education’ presented by the Korean Ministry
of Education includes seven areas: life safety, traffic safety,
violence/personal safety, drug/cyber safety, disaster safety,
occupational safety In the second half of 2018 “People's
Feelings of Safety”, it was consistently high for new
infectious diseases (2.96) and security threats (2.94) by
area out of a 5-point scale In “Basic Principles of Safety
Education”, as “universal”, it is stipulated that “recipients
of safety training include Korean nationals, compatriots
and foreigners residing in Korea.” The scope of safety
education is 6 major areas: life safety, traffic safety, natural
disaster safety, social infrastructure safety, crime safety,
and health safety (Yu, 2019: 15-31)
3) Crisis caused by COVID-19
People’s lives have been changed due to the sudden
COVID-19, the spread is continuing, causing anxiety to
spread throughout society When international students
leave their hometown to study in a new country, they must
also face various difficulties and psychological obstacles
to adapt to a new culture and life (Eun, 2011:1) Most
international students are constantly experiencing language
problems, living expenses and tuition, long time for leaving
hometown, conflicts between individual tasks, regional
discrimination, and difficulties in daily life (Jin, 2011;
Zhang, 2005; Xu, 1998) The impact of COVID-19 on international students was divided into four major categories: life crisis, study crisis, psychological crisis, and personal safety crisis
(1) Life Crisis
Wang, et al (2020: 20) a study about the affect of
COVID-19 on master students in China revealed that the sudden event changed students' normal lives As the number
of outings decreased due to the demand for quarantine measures against the corona virus, students were not able
to attend school In particular, the stress increased sharply due to the spread and prolonged duration
(2) Study Crisis The world has never stopped the education or development of the world due to China's special circumstances Western universities have no plans to delay the start of school, and some universities delay admission
if they do not return to school before the deadline, and masters do not even master properly Some schools can take online lectures, Reporter Yang (2020), in an interview with Chinese students in Korea, believed that online classes did not affect the quality of lectures and that online lectures could help classrooms focus rather than listening However, students who cannot return to Korea have many study problems, such as being unable to participate in actual classes due to internet problems and having difficulty submitting homework properly (Zhu, 2020a)
(3) Psychological Crisis
It can form psychological crises when faced with significant events or problems (Fu & Mu, 2020: 26) A study by Jung (2020: 34) suggests that COVID-19 is also
a psychological and social problem You (2020: 59) conducted a survey on perceptions and psychological states
Trang 8related to COVID-19 Factors of social exclusion are
considered to be at the heart of these security threats (Le,̂
2013: 21) So, it seems that after COVID-19 Chinese
students have suffered more life and psychological stress
Mental health issues arising from the global health crisis
caused by COVID-19 should be on the international and
national public health agenda (Cheng, et al., 2022: 496).
(4) Personal Safety Crisis
At the responded to COVID-19 by maintaining daily
life without taking extreme measures such as city lockdown
from the perspective of the competitiveness of the Korean
government Some Chinese international students said they
were abused on the street and excluded from the school,
etc (Lee, 2020) It is true that ‘Chinese students’ temporarily
became a symbolic group after the COVID-19 spreads
around the world
4) Measures to protect international students
Various actors participate in the safety management
process (Lee, 2018: 84) Chinese embassies abroad are
urging for quarantine measures by increasing the number
of phone lines dedicated to consular protection and opening
an online discussion meeting according to the development
of overseas corona virus (Chen & Ye, 2020: 46) Providing
online psychological counseling and interviewing for
international students and increasing temporary flights for
international students to ensure return home (Hao, 2020)
Chinese embassies send ‘health bags’ containing quarantine
materials and quarantine guidelines to students (Sun, 2020)
5) Way about get news
After the outbreak of COVID-19, diplomatic missions
abroad immediately issue and update consular alerts, and
deliver related warning information such as internet sites,
Wechat and Weibo, and the international student
organization of each university also delivers quarantine news to international students every day (Chen & Ye, 2020: 46) Korea's emergency messages also notify the development and news of COVID-19 every day, and Kakao Talk opened a new specialized part for COVID-19
2 Hypothesis setting
Figer 1 Research hypothesis model
⟹ Hypothesis 4: Recognition, acceptance, and satisfaction with the measures to protect international students vary
⟹ Hypothesis 5: The requirements for safety education will vary after COVID-19
3 Questionnaire composition
Characteristics
of the participants
Gender Age Period of studying abroad Educational background Language ability Living way Safety
perceptions
Life safety, Traffic safety, Natural Disaster, School safety, Environmental safety, Health safety,
Psychological health COVID-19
crisis
Life crisis, Study crisis, Psychological crisis, Personal
safety crisis Protective
measures
Health bag; Air ticket priority; conference; Video conferencing or telephone consultations; Online symptom counseling; Online psychological counseling; etc Way about get
news
Chinese sites, Wechat and Weibo; Korean sites, KakaoTalk and Naver; Emergency message; Chinese Embassy; International student organization; etc Safety training
needs Safety education direction
Table 2 Questionnaire composition
Trang 9Table 3 Characteristics of the participants
4 Data collection and analysis methods
This study is focused Chinese international students in
Korea, from March 23 to March 30, 2021, due to the
COVID-19 prevention requirements questionnaire was
conducted online, 261 questionnaires were collected
Through spss26 to made reliability analysis, frequency
analysis, and T-test
Ⅳ Analysis Results
According to the demographic characteristics, there are
more women, the age is concentrated in the 24-30s, and
there are more college and master students in Korea Most
of the international students Korean can be used fluently,
and there are more students living alone It is summarized
in the following <Table 3>
Hypothesis 1: Safety perception will vary according to demographic characteristics.
Looking at the results of the survey on safety perceptions
in <Table 4>, it was found that international students were more than 50% interested in living safety, school safety, and environmental safety around them, but their interest
in health and safety was low and didn’t consider important According to the demographic sociological characteristics, shown that the points of concern for safety found that no significant relationship between language ability and age
In terms of gender, female students were more interested
in life safety and male students were more interested in school safety In terms of education background, language students and master's students are more interested in life safety, and college students and Ph.D students are more interested in school safety According to the living way,
it was found that the students who lived the dormitory and co-renting were most interested in school safety, one room and living with their family were most interested
in the life safety
Hypothesis 2: The crisis caused by COVID-19 will vary according to demographic characteristics.
The results of the reliability analysis of this questionnaire
in SPSS26 are shown in <Table 5> The standardized a coefficient of the COVID-19 crisis is 0.806, which is greater than 0.7, which means that the confidence level of the questionnaire is high, was reliability and stability.The crisis due to COVID-19 is analyzed through the T-test <Table 6> shown that the effect of the crisis caused
by COVID-19 is that there is a difference in psychological health between genders (p=0.043<0.05), and the effect is more on women On the other side, it did not appear There are more things that women consider, and it can easily
Trang 10Avg SD Cronbach’s alpha
Table 5 Reliability analysis
Characteristics Life Traffic Natural Disaster School Environmental Health Psychological
Table 4 Safety perceptions according to characteristics of the participants
Table 6 Crisis due to COVID-19 will vary by gender
create psychological stress
In the crisis caused by COVID-19, differences in other
demographic and sociological characteristics are used as
LSD analysis
As a result of the <Table 7>, there is a difference in
life crisis (p=0.04<0.05), and international students under
the age of 18 were more affected In previous studies,
safety problems due to aging occurred frequently, and
younger international students were easier the lack of awareness of safety in life There is a difference in study crisis (p=0.029<0.05), and the effect was more for students aged under 18 than for those aged 25-30, and more for students aged 18-24 than those aged 25-30 From aged
18 to 24, most of them are language institutes and college students, they have a lot of classes, so they were more influenced by their studies There is a difference (p