After the Restoration, high-quality woolens manufactured in England became as equally desirable as silk in the international market, partly due to the fact the English crown had banned
Trang 1- NGẬN Hy, TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGÂN HÀNG TP HÒ CHÍ MINH
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“AW? Tén hoc phan: Tiếng Anh: Doc - viét 6 (English: Reading - Writing 6)
Thời gian làm bài: 60 phút
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NOI DUNG TRA L
Trang 2
NOI DUNG DE THI:
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on questions 1-13 which are based on Reading passage | below
THE HISTORY OF WOOL
The first recorded uses of wool originate from Anatolia, which is roughly where modern-day Turkey lies, during the Stone Age Neanderthals residing on the Mesopotamian Plain used sheep
to fulfill their basic needs of food, shelter, and clothing Many years later, humans learned how to spin and weave the fleece of sheep into woolen garments The warmth provided by wool clothing and the mobility of sheep allowed these early humans to venture outside the warm climate of Mesopotamia and expand their civilization From around 3000 BC onwards, the Persians, Greeks and Romans developed and improved various breeds of sheep shipping the animals and wool to various countries throughout Europe In particular, the Romans viewed sheep as a_ vital commodity, transporting large numbers of them as the Roman Empire expanded into the British Isles, Spain, and North Africa In approximately 50 AD, the Romans had established a wool plant
in the region of England that the town of Winchester now occupies Later, around the beginning
of the 8th century, the Saracens, nomads who lived throughout the Arabian deserts established a wool export trade agreement with North Africa and Greece afier their military victory over Spain
In the 12th century, the Norman conquest of Greece indirectly led to a weaving boom in the Italian
cities of Florence and Venice Hundreds of Greek weavers were sent to Italy as slaves and Italian
weavers were immediately impressed with the weaving skill exhibited by their Greek counterparts
In medieval times, the annual fairs of the Champagne and Brie regions of France largely focused
on the production and sale of wool cloth from small local towns such as Provins The trade network created by the annual fairs allowed merchants from Spain and Constantinople to purchase the wool cloth of Provins and distribute it locally The wool trade quickly evolved into a lucrative business generating significant revenue throughout much of Europe The two factors that determined the quality and value of wool were the dyeing and finishing of the woven material
Italy By the end of the 14th century Italy had come to the forefront as the dominant wool producer
in Europe, but Italian manufacturers would gradually turn their attention to silk production over the next century The wool industry largely relied on exported raw wool from England, and was a crucial source of revenue for the English monarchy, which had been receiving sizable sums of money in export taxes on wool since 1275 In Spain, finances accumulated through the trading of wool were utilized to fund expeditions undertaken by Christopher Columbus and_ the Conquistadores Spain imposed strict regulations on its wool trade and sheep and anyone caught exporting sheep was sentenced to execution without trial
The English textile trade blossomed during the 14th century, but the government gave serious consideration to blocking the export of wool The smuggling of wool out of the country often referred to as owling, had become increasingly common, despite harsh punishments such as hand removal After the Restoration, high-quality woolens manufactured in England became as equally desirable as silk in the international market, partly due to the fact the English crown had banned its American colonies from trading wool with any country other than England In 1377 England's King Edward III, who citizens sometimes referred to as “the royal wool merchant.” cancelled the
Trang 3import of woven-goods and forbade the domestic weaving of foreign wools He invited Dutch and
Belgian weavers, who had fled their home countries during the Spanish invasion, to resettle in
England and work to improve the wool industry During the 1509-47 reign of King Henry VIII, England’s “wool empire” reached its highest levels of productivity and profitability, and by the mid- 1600s, wool textile exports contributed to almost 70 per cent of England’s foreign trade revenue The king ordered that flocks of sheep belonging to Trappist monks be taken and redistributed among nobles favoured by the monarchy This resulted in unemployed shepherds being imprisoned when they were unable to repay their debts, and was one of several unfair actions taken by the king that encouraged citizens to immigrate to America
Even though England had long tried to obstruct the establishment of a wool industry in North America, a relatively small number of successfully smuggled sheep had turned into a flock of approximately 100,000 by 1665 The burgeoning American wool industry gave rise to many traditions and cultural characteristics For example, since spinning was a task assigned to the eldest unmarried daughter in the family, the term ‘spinster’ came into usage, and is still used even to this day In the mid-1700s, King George III] of England made wool trading in England’s colonies a
punishable offense Decisions like this, as well as controversial taxation issues, contributed to the
beginning of the Revolutionary War Despite the war and the king’s best efforts to highly regulate wool commerce, the wool industry in America went from strength to strength American presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson maintained flocks of sheep and wore high-quality wool suits during their inaugurations
Technological developments such as water-powered looms, combing machines, and the spinning jenny led to a rapid expansion of the wool industry on a global scale At the turn of the 18th century, pioneers brought small flocks of sheep to Australia and New Zealand, which are two of the largest producers of wool in the present day However, the rise in popularity of synthetic fibers led to a decrease in demand for wool, so production has seen a sharp decrease over the past 100 years In 1966, the price of wool fell by a massive 40% and has continued to fall gradually ever since This has led to further decreases in production, with many sheep growers turning their attention toward meat rather than wool in order to make a living
Questions 1-9
Complete the notes below
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 1 -9 on your answer sheet
THE HISTORY OF WOOL Early uses of wool
° - Sheep and wool were distributed throughout Ï
» - The Saracens defeated 2 to establish a wool trade
© MaRy 3.0 sas essa sane exae tases om were sent to work in Italy as slaves
6 The atrial ¿seo ssisnimaio in Champagne and Brie created a wool trade network
° -_Wool cloth was valued according to the quality oŸ its Š and finishing
* Italian wool manufacturers eventually put more emphasis on 6 production
Wool in England and America
¢ The English monarchy ordered that a 7 be removed from anyone
* smuggling wool
° _ American colonies were only permitted to trade wool with 8
+ Sheep were taken from monks and given to highly-regarded 9
Trang 4Questions 10-13
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
10 England's wool industry peaked during the reign of King Edward III
11 England worked hard to support the American wool industry
12 Disputes related to wool led to military conflict in America
13 Wool production slowed down throughout the 20th century
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on questions 14-26 which are based on Reading passage 2 below
THE HISTORY OF STEEL
Due to its high tensile strength and relatively low cost, steel is one of the most commonly used materials in modern construction As an alloy of iron and carbon — among other materials — steel
is produced through a process known as smelting This involves heating iron ore in blast furnaces
to remove its impurities before adding carbon Smelting is a technique that has been used by humans since around the 13th century BCE, when early blacksmiths discovered that iron ore was stronger when heated by charcoal However, the first large- scale steel production occurred in southern India and Sri Lanka in the 6th century BCE The steel produced there was known as wootz steel and was renowned for its strength It was exported throughout the world, but became particularly prevalent in the Middle East, where it was used to make weapons
While wootz steel was produced in a crucible, a metal container in which pure iron and carbon were heated and then cooled, other methods of steel production were used in both China and Europe These included the tempering of steel, a method to reduce steel’s brittleness which was discovered by the Romans for use in strengthening weapons In China meanwhile, steel was
common throughout the country from the 3rd century BCE onwards Some of this steel was
probably produced through combining wrought iron and high-quality cast iron, as was the case with the sword of Liu Bang, the first Han emperor Sophisticated methods of steel production were
in use in China from at least the 11th century AD, including an early version of the Bessemer process which would revolutionise European steel manufacturing around eight centuries later The start of the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th century saw a massive increase in the use of steel This steel boom was facilitated by several innovations The first was Benjamin Huntsman’s invention of a technique for producing high-quality steel in a crucible in 1740 Huntsman was a clockmaker who wanted to make a better quality of steel for his clock springs
He came up with the idea of heating carbon steel in a crucible until it melted, a method that gave the resulting steel a more uniform composition The invention of the steam engine during this period also boosted demand for steel, while Henry Cort’s invention of the steel rolling system in
1783 — a new way of producing steel rapidly — led to a much higher output
Trang 5The next significant milestone in the history of steel was the invention of the Bessemer process, a means of steel production in which impurities were removed through the introduction of air to molten iron This resulted in much stronger steel that could also be produced relatively cheaply It was developed by Henry Bessemer in 1856, although it had been used in various forms for centuries, and subsequently allowed for the inexpensive mass production of steel Following the adoption of this process, steel became the most important material in industrialisation It could now be produced at prices low enough to make it a cost-effective material for large-scale buildings bridges and railroads, where it would soon replace less durable wrought iron rails
The use of steel in large constructions was most evident in two huge projects in America: the Brooklyn Bridge — the first steel suspension bridge — and the Home Insurance Building in Chicago — the first steel skyscraper Both were completed in the 1880s and symbolised America’s new position as global leader in steel production This was driven, in part, by the Scottish- American industrialist Andrew Carnegie, who built a massive steel empire which stretched across the United States Much of the steel produced by Carnegie’s steelworks was used in building the railroads which were being laid throughout the continent in the latter decades of the 19th century
In the early 20th century steel’s role as the material of modern industry was further established by the invention of stainless steel in 1912 This rust-resistant material increased the range of applications in which steel could be used It led to the use of steel tools in housewares, surgical instruments and storage tanks, which were now able to transport liquids In the next few decades
of the 20th century, the two world wars both resulted in a spike in the production of steel, which was used for weapons and vehicles Despite this high demand, steel was still relatively abundant and even replaced copper, which was much rarer, as the material of the American one cent coin for the duration of the Second World War In recent decades, the steel industry has continued to grow, although China has replaced America as the main producer and consumer of steel Indeed,
it is estimated that China is now responsible for over 50 per cent of the world’s steel production
Questions 14-18
Look at the following statements (Questions 14-18) and the list of people below
Match each statement with the correct person, A-E
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet
14 He created a way to cheaply produce large quantities of steel
15 He wanted to make better steel for clocks
16 He had a weapon made of two types of iron
17 He invented a steel rolling production system
18 He constructed a huge steel business in America
List of People
Benjamin Huntsman Andrew Carnegie
Henry Bessemer
Liu Bang Henry Cort
mo
Trang 6Questions 19-22
Complete the summary below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet
THE STEEL INDUSTRY IN THE 20TH CENTURY The steel industry grew significantly in the early decades of the 20th century due to the creation
OF 1D), een a3 ass eons 2 Steel could now be used in a much wider range of applications, including for surgery, storage and as 2Ú -: The steel industry expanded further due to the two 21
" which required a massive amount of steel for weapons Although steel was in demand during these conflicts there was still enough steel for it to replace 22 -: as the material of one of the American coins
Questions 23-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet, write
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
23 Wootz steel was only exported to the Middle East
24 A form of the Bessemer process was used in China before its use in Europe
25 Wrought iron rails lasted longer than steel ones
26 The Brooklyn Bridge remains the largest steel suspension bridge in the world
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on questions 27-40 which are based on Reading passage 3 below
HEALTH CARE: HELPING THE SICK
Candy Stripers
A candy striper works in a hospital or medical facility They are called candy stripers because of their pink aprons Candy stripers can work on either a volunteer or paid basis Candy stripers help sick people feel more comfortable in hospitals Their duties include delivering newspapers, flowers and mail to patients Most candy stripers are students They come to work after classes Many elderly people also work as candy stripers
Physical Therapists
Physical therapists help people regain physical mobility after an accident illness or surgery A physical therapist works closely with a patient’s doctor to relieve pain and increase the mobility
of the affected body part To be a physical therapist you will need a master’s degree in physical therapy Then you must be certified by the state Physical therapy is a rapidly growing field.
Trang 7Emergency Medical Technicians
The emergency medical technician, or EMT, is the first level of trained life support a patient is likely to meet following a car accident or an emergency health situation EMTs are certified to take blood pressure and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation They can also give oxygen Most community colleges offer the minimum requirement of 120 hours of study along with the proper certification With enough further training, you can become a paramedic
Paramedics
Paramedics do work similar to that of EMTs, but they are state certified to practice more advanced procedures and have more responsibilities They can administer specific drugs and intravenous, or
IV, solutions Paramedics report for duty at hospitals From there they are sent to emergency sites, often along with an EMT, who is second-in-command To become a paramedic, you must first become an EMT Then you continue your schooling for another eighteen months or two years Starting salaries for paramedics range between $25,000 and $27,000 a year
Medical Assistants
Medical assistants work under the direction of a doctor to assist in the examination and treatment
of patients They interview patients, measure vital signs such as pulse rate, temperature, blood pressure, weight, and height, and record information on patients’ charts They also prepare treatment rooms for examination of patients by draping patients with a covering, and positioning instruments and equipment During the examination, medical assistants hand instruments and materials to a doctor as directed After the examination, they clean and sterilise instruments Physicians
To become a physician, or medical doctor, you must complete a long course of training Before applying for medical school, a student must first have a bachelor’s degree from a four-year college
Then, a student must attend medical school, which takes four years to complete Next, the doctor
must complete an internship and a residency at a hospital These are the doctor’s first jobs when
he or she works in a hospital learning from experienced doctors These generally take another four years After several more years of practice and training, doctors are eligible to take the board certification exams Dectors can work in hospitals, private practice, medical groups, relief organisations or government agencies
Questions 27-32
Look at the following list of required works numbered 27-32 and decide by whom the work should be done according to the duties mentioned in the passage Health Care: Helping the Sick You can use the choices more than once
In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write
if it should be done by Candy Stripers
if it should be done by Physical Therapists
if it should be done by Emergency Medical Technicians
if it should be done by Paramedics
if it should be done by Medical Assistants
MOOWS
27 interviewing patients
28 giving orders to EMT in emergency sites
29 delivering letters to patients
30 helping patients to move properly
31 taking blood pressure in emergency sites
32 recording information about patients
Trang 8Questions 33-40
Refer to the passage Health Care: Helping the Sick and look at the following statements
In boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the writer
NO if the statement does not agree with the writer
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
33 Candy stripers working in hospitals are all paid
34 Elderly people work more hours as candy stripers than students do
35 You don’t need to be certified to be a physical therapist if you have a master’s degree
36 An EMT needs more training to be a paramedic
37 Paramedics often wait in the hospitals until EMTs take the patients back from emergency sites
38 Medical assistants have to make sure that the instruments are in the right positions for examinations
39 One must spend four years in a medical school to be a medical doctor
40 Doctors working to complete an internship at a hospital are not paid well