be going to Expressing the future in time clauses Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future time 0.20..... 5 Noncount nouns ...- -6 Some common noncount no
Trang 1INTERNATIONAL EDITION—Not for Sale in the U.S.A
UNDERSTANDING AND USING
ba
with ANSWER KEY
~
HH
by)
waa Betty S Azar
== i Stacu A Hagen
Trang 2Brow r Verbs: An Alphabetical Reference List
NOTE: Verbs followed by a bullet (*) are defined at the end of the list on the inside back cover
Simple Simple Past Simple Simple Past
Form Past Participle Form Past Participle
awake awoke awoken forbid forbade forbidden
be was, were been forecast» forecast forecast
bear bore borne/born forget forgot forgotten
beat beat beaten/beat forgive forgave forgiven
become became become forsake+ forsook forsaken
begin began begun freeze froze frozen
bend bent bent get got golten/got*
binds bound bound grinds ground ground
break broke broken hear heard heard
bring brought brought hit hit hit
broadcasts broadcast broadcast hold held held
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt keep kept kept
burst* burst burst kneel kneeled/knelt kneeled/knelt
choose chose chosen lean leaned/eant leaned/leant
clings clung clung leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt
come came come learn learnediearnt leamedflearnt
dig dug dug light lighted/t lighted/lt
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt | mean meant meant
drive drove driven mislay mislaid mislaid
eat ate eaten mistake mistook mistaken
feed fed fed prove proved proven/proved
fight fought fought quit*** quit quit
fit fitfitted fiMiilted rid rid rid
flings flung flung ring rang rung
*In British English: gergorgor, In Am:
in English: ger-gor-gotten/gat
“Tang is a regular verb when it means to Kill someone with a rope around his/her neck
Compare: [fumng my clothes in the closet They hanged the murderer by the neck until he was dead
+** Also possible in British Engl:
h quiit-quitted-quitted
(continued on the inside back cover)
Trang 3UNDERSTANDING AND USING
®
FOURTH EDITION
7 Betty S Azar
PEARSON
Longman
Trang 4Understanding and Using English Grammar, Fourth Edition
with Answer Key
Copyright © 2009, 2002, 1989, 1981 by Betty Schrampfer Azar
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher
Azar Associates: Shelley Hartle, Editor, and Sue Van Eten, Manager
Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606
Staff credits: The people who made up the Understanding and Using English Granwmayr Fourth Edition
team, representing editorial, production, design, and manufacturing, are Janice Baillie, Dave Dickey, Ann France, Amy McCormick, Robert Ruyo, and Ruth Voetmann
Text composition: $4Carlisle Publishing Services
Text font: 10/12,5 Plantin
Illustrations: Don Martinetti, pages 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 18, 23, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 47, 50, 51, 65, 72, 73, 81,
84, 88, 91, 99, 103, 107, 109, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143, 145, 148, 152, 161, 169,
183, 185, 188, 190, 194, 201, 213, 220, 223, 232, 236, 238, 247, 255, 256, 259, 260 (top), 275, 278, 280,
286, 287, 292, 301, 303, 308, 316, 319, 321, 328, 340, 342, 347, 353, 355, 357, 362, 371, 373, 389, 396,
408, 413, 420, 424, 425, 432, 441, 446; Chris Pavely, pages 8, 41, 43, 45, 47, 54, 56, 60, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75,
77, 79, 86, 98, 100, 113, 116, 138, 142, 146, 153, 158, 170, 174, 175, 178, 181, 196, 198, 206, 211, 228,
235, 251, 257, 260 (bottom), 265, 272, 284, 289, 293, 309, 315, 331, 345, 349, 360, 363, 367, 378, 385,
393, 394, 403, 414, 422, 428; Kris Wiltse, pages 17, 19, 28, 29
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941-
Understanding and using English grammar 4th ed / Betty S Azar,
Stacy A Hagen
peem
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-233333-7 (with audio)
ISBN- 10: 0-13-233333-3 (with audio)
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-233331-3 (with audio and answer key)
ISBN-10: 0-13-233331-7 (with audio and answer key)
[ete.]
1 English language Textbooks for foreign speakers 2 English
~Grammar Problems, exercises, etc T Hagen, Stacy A., 1956-
PE1128.A97 2009
428.2'4 de22 2008050357
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-233331-3
ISBN 10: 0-13-233331-7
123456789 10—CRK—14 13 12 11 1009
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-246450-5 (International Edition)
ISBN 10: 0-13-246450-0 (International Edition)
123456789 10—CRK—14 13 1211 1009
Trang 5Por Larry
B.S,A
For Andy and Julianna
S.H.
Trang 7Preface to the Fourth Edition
Acknowledgmenis
Chapter] OV ERVIEW OF VERB TENSES
1-1 The simple tenses
1-2 ‘he progressive tenses
1-3 The perfect tenses
1-4 The perfect progressive tenses 1-5 Summary chart of verb tenses
1-6 Spelling of -izg and -ed forms
Chapter 2 PRESENT AND PASI; SIMPLE AND PROGRESSIVE 13
HE - nẽnẽ
2-2 _ Present progressive
2-3 Non-progressive verbs
2-4 Regular and irregular verbs
Irregular verb list
2-6 2-7
2-8
2-9 2-1 -10 Using expressions of place with progressive verbs
Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings
Simple past
gi pPokrwstke
Using progressive verbs ot always
Chapter 3 PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES .- "
3-1
Present perfect , Have and has in spoken English Present perfect vs simple past Present perfect progressive
Past perfect
Had in spoken English
Past perfect progressive
CC Oe RE RUTLIR ENLIIVIEE-srersveseg-s y2 201540282125 2/018X9186 62107819469 214991613 8S (ohlekvlrl 6) s6
4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4
Simple future: will and be going to Will vs be going to
Expressing the future in time clauses Using the present progressive and the simple present to
express future time 0.20 0c cece cece cece eee e eee e eee eens 69
CONTENTS V
Trang 8Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter &
Chapter 9
Vi CONTENTS:
4-5 Future progressive
4-6 Future perfect and future perfect progressive
REVIEW OR VIERB TENSES) 0) 0.006 sub id 0 as eure on am aM AS aaa 76 SUB.JECT-VERB ACREEMENT cuc nen co
6-1 Final -s/-es: use, pronunciation, and spelling
6-2 Basic subject-verb agreement P
6-3 — Subject-verb agreement: using expressions of quantity
-4 Subject-verb agreement: using there + be
5 Subject-verb agreement: some irregularities
7-1 Regular and irregular plural nouns
2 Possessive nouns
3 Nouns as adjectives
4 Count and noncount nouns
5 Noncount nouns .-
-6 Some common noncount nouns
7
8
9 1ì
il
1
Basic article usage
General guidelines for article usage
Expressions of quantity used with count and noncount nouns Using @ few and few; a little and Hitle 7
Singular expressions of quantity: one, each, every
Using of in expressions of quantity
PRONOUNS BPs issue scams mink ean gym 31p g- ‹ ngan: nI.Eme n2 6km + 135
8-] - PersonalproiOuh§ .- cu 22022 2n na 136
8-2 Personal pronouns: agreement with generic nouns and
indefinite pronouns
8-3 Personal pronouns: agreement with collective nouns
8-4 Reflexive pronouns -
8-5 Using you, one, and duy: as whose pronouns
8-6
8-7
Forms of other
Common expressions with off 0.0 .00ccee cece cece cece eee
MODAIS, PART1
9-1 Basic modal introduction
2 Polite requests with “Y” as the subject
3 Polite requests with “yor” as the subject
4 Polite requests with would you mind
5 Expressing necessity: zest, have to, have got to
-6 Lack of necessity and prohibition: have to and must in the negative
7
8
9
at D)
1
Advisability: should, ought to, had better
The past form of should
Obligation: be supposed to
Unfulfilled intentions: was/were going to
Making suggestions: fet’s, why don’t, shall Thwe a
Making suggestions: could vs should 6.0.00 000000 e eevee eee ees
Trang 9Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
MODALS PART 2D ooo csism SQUErGqomd HAS aD CAMO MNO KERHD HATE
10-1 Degrees of certain
10-2 Degrees of certain resent time negative 10-3 Degrees of certainty: past time
10-4 Degrees of certainty: future time
10-5 Progressive forms of modals
10-6 Ability: can and could
10-7 Using would to express a repeated action in the past
10-8 Expressing preference: would rather
10-9 Combining modals with phrasal modals
10-10 Summary chart of modals and similar expressions
NEPASSIVE) igor unuaguinnr dung L2n MEMG GAA SIREATT NRC SưEA đã RA R9tRơn ft TH: ni 21
L1-L Active vs passive -aaạg]A]ẶẠậẠ1 21 11-2 Tense forms of the passive 213 11-3 USing thepaSSiv€ , mm 214 11-4 The passive form of modals and phrasal modals , ,220 11-5 Non-progressive passive
11-6 Common non-progressive passive verbs + prepositions 11-7 The passive with get
11-8 Participial adjectives
NOUN CLAUSES
12-1 Introduction
12-2 Noun clauses beginning with a question word
12-3 Noun clauses beginning with whether or if
12-4 Question words followed by infinitives 252 12-5 Noun clauses beginning with £ha£ 253
12-7 Reported speech: verb forms in noun clauses 261 12-8 Using -ever words 268
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
13-1 Adjective clause pronouns used as the subjecL
13-2 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a verb TT
13-3 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a preposition
13-4 Usingtofose
13-5 Using where in adjective clauses 13-6 Using when in adjective clauses `
13-7 Using adjective clauses to modify pronouns
13-8 Punctuating adjective clauses , -
13-9 Using expressions of quantity in adjective clauses 13-10 Using which to modify a whole sentence
13-11 Reducing adjective clauses to adjective phrases
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 1
14-1 Gerunds: introduction
14-2 Using gerunds as the objects of mì mg
14-3 Common verbs followed by gerunds
CONTENTS vii
Trang 10Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
viii CONTENTS
1A Gokigeerund peperrsepeacemMT™, opcitpiase PTT iesg raơl 14-5 Special expressions followed by -ing
14-6 Common verbs followed by infinitives 14-7 Common verbs followed by either infinitives or gerunds 14-8 J¢ + infinitive; gerands and infinitives as subjects 14-9 Reference list of verbs followed by gerunds : ae 14-10 Reference list of verbs followed by infinitives 5.000 000 c eee eee
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 2
15-1 Infinitive of purpose: #7 order to
15-2 Adjectives followed by infinitives
15-3 Using infinitives with too and enough 15-4 Passive infinitives and gerunds
15-5 Using gerunds or passive infinitives following need 1,
15-6 Using verbs of perception cv
15-7 Using the simple form after fet and help
15-8 Using causative verbs: make, have, get
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
16-1 Parallel structure
16-2 Parallel structure: using commas
16-3 Paired conjunctions: both and; not only
either or; neither
16-4 Separating independent clauses with periods; connecting with
and and but
but also;
ADVERB CLAUSES
17-1 Introduction
17-8 isheag sciver’ đhuờng Xo shom va 4040lansbio
17-3 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect
17-4 Expressing contrast (unexpected result): using even though
17-5 Showing direct contra i
17-6 Expressing conditions in adverb clauses
17-7 Shortened zfclauses
17-8 Adverb clauses of condition:
17-9 Adverb clauses of condition:
17-10 Adverb clauses of condition:
REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES
18-1 Intoduction
18-2 Changing time clauses to modifying adverbial phưäse§ 388 18-3 Expressing the idea of “during the same time” in modifying
adverbial phrases ee ee 18-4 Expressing cause and effect in modifying adverbial phrases 18-5 Using upon + -ing in modifying adverbial phrases