Issues on FBAs What is a Functional Behavioral Assessment FBA?—The FBA requirement is related to the provision in IDEA requiring that "in developing an IEP for 'a child whose behavior im
Trang 1Legal Issues and Practical Strategies for IEP Teams
by Jose L. Martín, Attorney at Law
RICHARDS LINDSAY & MARTIN, L.L.P.
13091 Pond Springs Road, Suite 300
Austin, Texas 78729 jose@rlmedlaw.com
Copyright © 2015, 2017 R ICHARDS L INDSAY & M ARTÍN , L.L.P.
Issues on FBAs
What is a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?—The FBA requirement is related
to the provision in IDEA requiring that "in developing an IEP for 'a child whose behavior impedes the child's learning.' the school district must 'consider the use of positive behavioral interventions and supports, and other strategies, to address that behavior.'" 20 U.S.C. §1414(d)(3)(B)(i). There is no language, however, on the necessary components of an FBA, or who must conduct an FBA. See Letter to Janssen, 51 IDELR
253 (OSERS 2008). Neither IDEA ’04 nor the 2006 final regulations, moreover, contain a definition or additional guidance with respect to FBAs
In commentary to the 1999 IDEA regulations, the USDOE indicated that in conducting an FBA, “the IEP team need to be able to address the various situation, environmental, and behavioral circumstances raised in individual cases. 64 Fed. Reg. 12,620 (1999)
Some cases have attempted to cast further light on what an FBA should accomplish, In Independent Sch. Dist. No. 2310, 29 IDELR 330 (SEA MN 1998), a
Minnesota hearing officer stated that the general purpose of an FBA is to provide the IEP team with additional information, analysis, and strategies for dealing with undesirable behavior, especially when it is interfering with a child's education. The process involves some variant of identifying the core or "target" behavior; observing the pupil (perhaps in different environments) and collecting data on the target behavior, antecedents and consequences; formulating a hypothesis about the cause(s) of the behavior; developing an intervention or interventions to test the hypothesis; and collecting data on the effectiveness of the intervention(s) in changing the behavior. Yet another hearing officer stated that “developing an FBA is a process that involves identifying the core or "target" behavior; observing the student and collecting data on the target behavior; formulating a hypothesis about the causes of the behavior; developing
Trang 2interventions to test the hypothesis; and collecting data on the effectiveness of the interventions in changing the behavior.” Broward County Sch. Bd., 110 LRP
38,160 (SEA Florida 2010)
This commentator’s “horsesense” definition of an FBA is an assessment of a student’s behavioral functioning, gleaned from observational data from sources knowledgeable about the student’s daytoday behavior, that is reasonably calculated to assist the IEP team in developing an appropriate BIP (Behavior Intervention Plan, a general term intended to describe the portion of an IEP that contains positive behavior interventions, supports, and strategies)
The FBA is likely to include information regarding type of behaviors, frequency, severity, location, triggering factors, and previously attempted strategies, among others. There is no requirement that the FBA be conducted with the assistance of
a school psychologist, or that it be part of a psychological evaluation. The better the FBA, however, the more effective the BIP. At this point, schools are getting in trouble for not conducting any FBAs, rather than for conducting poor ones (see
caselaw below)
When is an FBA required?—If an IDEAeligible child is exhibiting recurring behaviors
that impede their learning or the learning of others, a FBA should be conducted to help determine the potential need for a behavior intervention plan (BIP). See Connor v. New York City Dept. of Educ., 109 LRP 67,343 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)(Lack of FBA not a denial of
FAPE where student’s anxiety and fidgeting did not impede his learning in the classroom). In addition, IDEA provisions at sections 1415(k)(1)(D) and (F) also require FBAs in the two following situations:
For longterm removals—In addition, IDEA requires an FBA “and behavioral
intervention services and modifications” when the school undertakes a disciplinary change in placement based on a longterm (>10 consecutive school days) removal, including in situations where the student is removed due to special offenses (drugs, weapons, serious injury). 34 C.F.R. §300.530(d)(1)(ii)
When behavior is determined to be related to disability—Also, the regulation
requires an FBA and implementation of a BIP when the school determines that a behavior is a manifestation of the child’s disability in a manifestation determination review If a BIP had already been developed, the regulation requires a review of the BIP, with revisions as necessary to address the behavior
34 C.F.R. §300.530(f)(1).
Is there a requirement for a FBA/BIP in cases where there is no manifestation or “link” but the school decides not to undertake a longterm removal?—In the 2006 commentary
Trang 3to the final IDEA regulations, USDOE did not require the FBA/BIP process in situations where the behavior was not related to disability. It stated that “we must recognize that Congress specifically removed from the Act a requirement to conduct a functional behavioral assessment or review and modify an existing behavioral intervention plan for all children within 10 days of a disciplinary removal, regardless of whether the behavior was a manifestation or not. We also recognize, though, that as a matter of practice, it makes a great deal of sense to attend to behavior of children with disabilities that is interfering with their education or that of others, so that the behavior can be addressed, even when that behavior will not result in a change in placement. In fact, the Act emphasizes a proactive approach to behaviors that interfere with learning by requiring that, for children with disabilities whose behavior impedes their learning or that of others, the IEP Team consider, as appropriate, and address in the child’s IEP,
“the use of positive behavioral interventions, and other strategies to address the behavior.” (See section 1414(d)(3)(B)(i) of the Act). This provision should ensure that children who need behavior intervention plans to succeed in school receive them.” Fed Reg. 46,721. Here, USDOE is reminding schools that the FBA/BIP process is one that must be considered proactively, in response to behavior that impedes learning, irrespective of a recommendation for serious disciplinary action
What about cumulative removals totaling 10 school days in a school year?—As with
the language of IDEA ‘04, the final regulations do not contain any requirement to conduct the FBA/BIP process when a student has been removed a total of 10 school days in a school year. Schools, however, are cautioned that the general threshold for conducting the FBA/BIP process is when the student engages in recurring behaviors that interfere or impede their learning or that of others. As a matter of good practice, schools should use the FBA/BIP early in situations of repeated or escalating misbehavior, for both educational and legal reasons. In situations where a student has been removed 10 days within a school year, it is highly likely that the standard of recurringbehaviorthatimpedeslearning has been met, and thus an FBA is needed
Is an FBA a required “prerequisite” to developing an appropriate BIP?—The general
notion is that the FBA data informs the development of the BIP and is the data foundation of the BIP. But, legally, a BIP could be appropriate even if a formal FBA was not conducted. In the recent case of C. F. v. New York City Dept. of Educ., 57 IDELR 255 (S.D.N.Y. 2011), a federal court held that a BIP was appropriate, and addressed the pertinent behavioral issues, despite not being preceded by an FBA. The court ruled that the IEP team “had access to a substantial amount of information on C.F.'s current interfering behaviors and did draft a BIP, which reflected the behaviors and provided for the continued use of intervention strategies.” Nevertheless, it appears advisable for districts to proceed along the lines of the generally accepted practice of conducting FBAs to collect the data necessary to formulate appropriate BIPs
Trang 4child has been placed in private schools before enrolling in a public school, the public school IEP can rely on behavioral observations and data provided by the private school. See A. L. v. New York City Dept. of Educ., 57 IDELR 69 (S.D.N.Y.
2011)
Is an FBA an “evaluation” requiring parental consent under IDEA?—In 2007, OSEP explained that a district that intends to conduct a functional behavioral assessment should ask whether the planned FBA will focus on the educational and behavioral needs of a specific child. If so, the FBA qualifies as an evaluation or reevaluation under Part B and therefore triggers all of the accompanying procedural safeguards, including the need to seek parental consent. If, however, the district uses an FBA as a widespread intervention tool to improve the behavior of all students in its schools, the FBA is not an evaluation and parental consent is not necessary. Letter to Christiansen, 48 IDELR 161
(OSEP 2007); see also Northwestern School Corp., 111 LRP 26,429 (SEA Indiana 2011)
(district that used questionnaires to gather information from a kindergartner's teachers
as part of an FBA should have obtained parental consent first, as this was not merely a review of existing data, but rather a collecting of new data)
Can a parent request an independent FBA if the district has conducted its own and the parent disagrees with it?—Apparently yes OSERS has ruled that a parent who
disagrees with an FBA that is conducted in order to develop an appropriate IEP is entitled to request an IEE at public expense Questions and Answers on Discipline Procedures, 52 IDELR 231 (OSERS 2009).
Examples of Useful FBA Questions
What are the main behavior problems in order of priority?
How frequent are these behaviors?
How severe?
Where do the behaviors take place?
When do the behaviors take place?
What happens just before the behavior?
What happens after behavioral incidents?
What strategies are currently being used?
How effective are the strategies currently used?
What strategies were used, but discontinued?
What consequences are currently used?
How effective is application of consequences?
To which reinforcers does the student respond?
Which reinforcers are not effective?
What input can the parent provide?
Trang 5Many schools collect the above type of questions in a standardized form that teachers and staff can complete, and which the IEP team can use to help develop the BIP
Comments on Behavior Intervention Plans (BIPs)
When to develop a BIP?—Generally, an IEP team should consider development of a BIP
whenever an IDEA student exhibits recurring behavior problems that impede their learning or the learning of others. It is best to intervene early with a BIP, before the behavior pattern becomes entrenched and more difficult to address
A point on BIP forms—The forms that are used to develop BIPs should be flexible,
and allow for the most individualized process possible. Although not necessarily inappropriate, checklist BIPs tend to “shoehorn” staff into the listed strategies, instead of encouraging innovative and uniquely individualized approaches Moreover, many checklist items on BIP checklists include interventions and strategies that really are nothing more than traditional classroom discipline management techniques, rather than innovative ideas for individualized interventions for particular problem behaviors
Interplay with IEP goals and objectives—The BIP should tie into the behavioral
goals and objectives on students’ IEPs. The BIP provides daytoday strategies and techniques to address the behavior, while the objectives serve to measure progress on the behaviors in question
Common BIP Problems
1 Not taking nature of disability into account
2 Insufficient customization of consequences and reinforcers (reduces their
effectiveness)
3 Inappropriate or partial implementation by instructional staff
4 Simple lists of consequences—punishmentonly formats
5 Lack of meaningful positive strategies to prevent behaviors or promote
acquisition of appropriate replacement behaviors
Trang 66 Failure to revise ineffective BIPs (watch for old BIPs that student now
manipulates or learns to “work”)
7 Using minor modifications to regular discipline plan for complex cases (difficult
cases require well thoughtout and highly individualized BIPs)
8 Contingencies not clear or specific (leads to staff confusion and inconsistent
implementation)
9 Insufficient contingencies (give staff a plan B if A fails)
10 Failure to address all target behaviors
11 Overreliance on a BIP checklistbased form
Ideas for Steps to Develop a Solid BIP
1 Gather FBA data (observation, evaluation, teacher comments) and determine
proper behavioral baselines as part of the FBA report
2 Identify target behaviors
3 Review data regarding possible strategies and consequences
4 Develop positive strategies to promote acquisition of appropriate behaviors to
replace inappropriate behaviors
5 Customize potential consequences for inappropriate behavior
6 Develop hierarchy of consequences, in case first consequence is ineffective (or
gather a set of nonhierarchical consequences for staff to choose from)
7 Prepare draft BIP for IEP team deliberation
8 If feasible, solicit input from evaluating psychologist prior to presenting BIP
draft at meeting
7 Identify potential support services needed to facilitate successful implementation
of BIP
Trang 78 Evaluate effectiveness of BIP periodically with a databased approach.
Tips for Successful Implementation of BIPs
1 Involve implementers in drafting of BIP
2 Communicate to staff the legal implications of failure to implement BIP
3 Avoid power struggles over application of BIP
4 Apply consequences in firm, but nonemotional tone
5 Remember that positive strategies may be more effective than consequences
6 Apply BIP consistently
7 On complicated BIPs, hold a meeting of instructional staff to review the BIP and
conduct Q & A
8 Make BIP available to all staff who might be involved in disciplining the child
9 Monitor implementation of BIP periodically (preferably on a planned data basis)
10 Allow implementers to provide input regarding effectiveness of BIP
Some BIP Cases
Walker County Bd. of Educ., 111 LRP 48,174 (SEA Alabama 2011)—The district’s failure
to conduct an FBA or develop a BIP despite a student’s escalating behavior problems amounted to a denial of FAPE. The behavior had escalated to the point that the student was placed in an alternative disciplinary setting several times in a school year, and the parents reported that the student had experienced an emotional breakdown that led to a hospitalization
Mesquite Ind. Sch. Dist. v. Student, 197SE0410 (SEA Texas 2011)—A parent argued
that an FBA was deficient because it was conducted at an ARDC meeting, instead of by means of behavioral observations over time. Given that the school knew of the student’s serious behavior problems prior to the evaluation, the Hearing Officer stated that “the
Trang 8FBA should have been conducted as part of Student’s comprehensive FIE given Student’s behavioral needs as related to student’s suspected ED. MISD used the FBA to identify Student’s problem behaviors and help the ARDC select interventions to directly address those behaviors; however, MISD did not conduct the FBA in accordance with best practices based on observation of Student’s behavior over time and in a variety of settings.” But the Hearing Officer ruled that, the failure to conduct the FBA as part of the FIE and in accordance with best practices is, at best, a procedural issue that is legally significant only if it results in the denial of a FAPE. “The question then is whether the FBA resulted in a BIP and Behavior IEP that addressed Student’s needs and conferred upon student the requisite benefit in the behavioral arena.” And, the Hearing Officer found that it did. Lake Travis ISD v. M.L., Cause No. 1:06cv00046SS (W.D. TX 2007).
WallingfordSwarthmore Sch. Dist., 110 LRP 68,486 (SEA Pennsylvania 2010)—In a
case that demonstrates that difficult cases may require more intensive FBA/BIP work, a hearing officer held that a school denied a child with multiple disabilities and behaviors
a FAPE. The school commonly modified the BIP without prior FBAs or parent input, and although it had the capacity to create behavior charts and collect detailed behavioral data, there was little evidence that staff used these tools to revise and improve the student’s BIP “The District cites the use of behavioral technology (data collection) but demonstrates the clear lack of sufficient knowledge of how to apply procedures to positively affect behavior change.”
Imagine Charter Schools at East Mesa, 55 IDELR 112 (SEA Arizona 2010)—When an
Arizona parent requested a BIP, the IEP team determined, based on teacher input and observation, that the student was not exhibiting behavior that impeded her learning, so
it denied the request. The hearing officer rejected the parent’s argument that an FBA was necessary, as the behaviors were not serious and did not subject the child to disciplinary actions. “Based on the documentation submitted, [the student's alleged] behaviors are either related to the student's learning disability or are typical mild behaviors for a secondgrader in a school classroom.” Thus, the standard for requiring
an FBA was not met
Little Rock Sch Dist., 37 IDELR 30 (SEA Arkansas 2002)—Failure to provide
appropriate BIP for student with disruptive and injurious behaviors led to need for more restrictive environment. BIP was outdated, used a onepage form, and relied mostly on the parents taking the student home when he misbehaved
Conroe Ind. Sch. Dist., 38 IDELR 53 (SEA Texas 2002)—The hearing officer found that
the BIP for a student with extremely disruptive behavior and verbal outbursts was appropriate. It contained some planned ignoring of minor behaviors, warnings, cooling off periods, and limited personal reactions to disciplinary incidents.
Trang 9Neosho RV Sch. Dist. v. Clark, 38 IDELR 61 (8th Cir. 2003)—The need for a proper BIP
existed long before the school made efforts to establish a plan for a student with stress related behavior problems. For a significant time, the student exhibited behaviors that impeded his ability to benefit from his education, and there was no BIP
In re: Student with a Disability, 41 IDELR 115 (SEA Wisconsin 2003)—Hearing officer
disagreed with parents that BIP was inappropriate because it called for consequences that included suspension The BIP contained positive behavioral supports and strategies, and the use of consequences was not inappropriate, even for behavior related
to disability Moreover, the district had the right to make the final disciplinary decisions, even if the BIP called for consulting the parents
Mobile County Bd. of Educ., 40 IDELR 226 (SEA Alabama 2004)—District failed to
conduct an FBA and implement a BIP for an 11yearold student with severe MR, CP, hearing loss, ADHD, and ED who exhibited aggressive behaviors, which led to the student’s arrest
Alex R. v. Forrestville Valley Community Unit Sch. Dist #221, 41 IDELR 146 (7th Cir 2004)—BIP drafted to deal with student’s escalating behaviors was appropriate, and
included visual aids, sensory breaks, and manipulatives. The court noted that the IDEA did not include specific substantive requirements for BIPs. Even though the student became more violent, and eventually needed a more restrictive behavior unit, the court refused to find that the BIP was not appropriate
Internet resources on BIPs
www.ldonline.org/article/6180
This article explains the requirements of the IDEA regarding addressing problem behavior. It provides a stepbystep guide to conducting a functional behavioral analysis, and writing a behavior plan.
http://cecp.air.org/familybriefs/
The Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice (CECP) offers a number of family briefs on behavior. Two were mentioned above under "Behavior as Communication." If you'd like to know more about how to write a BIP, read CECP's Behavioral Planning Meetings, which describes
what BIPs are and how parents and the school system work together to write one.
http://cecp.air.org/fba/problembehavior/main.htm
If the IEP team isn't real sure how to address a student's problem behavior, then members might find this CECP resource helpful: Addressing Student Problem Behavior, Part I: An IEP Team's Introduction to Functional Behavioral Assessment and Behavior Intervention Plans It's
Trang 10Other Resources
Behavior Intervention Plans Five Essential Themes that Add up to Adequacy
Researcher Susan Etscheidt of the University of Northern Iowa reviewed 800 due process, district court and appellate court decisions that were decided between 1997 and 2005 and contained the term BIP (Behavior Intervention Plan). That case review yielded 52 published decisions in which the adequacy of the Positive Behavior Intervention Plan was a central feature
Etscheidt reports that five themes emerged from her research. Each provides important information that advocates and parents need to take into consideration as they work together to plan effective behavioral interventions on behalf of students with disabilities
FINDINGS
1 A Positive Behavior Intervention Plan must be developed when a student’s behavior interferes with learning. Seventeen of the reviewed cases concerned the
failure of IEP teams to develop positive BIPs for students with a variety of significant behavior problems. In the majority of the cases, the school districts were aware of the needs but still did not take steps to address serious behaviors that could be dangerous
or long standing issues with school attendance that interfered with educational success Parents prevailed in sixteen of the seventeen cases
School districts ran into difficulty trying to substitute informal BIPs, social skills
programs or student contracts for a fully developed positive BIP. Districts were also confused about when to develop a BIP, one maintaining that a student who had not
been suspended or removed from his program for more than ten days did not require a BIP, despite a very high frequency of disciplinary actions over a seven month period
Another serious issue raised in several cases was the attempt to move students to a
more restrictive placements rather than developing a positive BIP that would be
sufficient to meet the students’ needs in a less restrictive school setting. In these cases, outcomes for parents were mixed – one hearing denied placement in a private school, but in several cases, districts were ordered to either engage a certified behavior analyst
to evaluate and develop a BIP and IEP or private school placement and tuition was ordered