A traditional story told in Deg Hit’an Athabascan by John Paul, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska.. A tradition
Trang 1Inventory of Available Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan (Dinak’i) Resources Storybooks
1 AESOP KWNJA’ – Betty Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
2 Chena Sritodalin – Story about a lost dog – Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska – Alaska State Operated Schools
3 Ch’in’esh Henh – The Mouse that was Stealing – Rock/Petruska, Iditarod Area School District
4 Ch’itsetina’ – The Skull – Petruska/Collins – Unpublished Bilingual Story – located at the UAF Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska
5 CH’UKAYIH HITS’E’ – Petruska, National Bilingual Materials Development Center
6 Dał – Crane – A bilingual story about a crane and its interrelationship with smaller birds during times of migrations A traditional story told in Deg Hit’an Athabascan by John Paul, translated into Upper
Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
7 Dilja – Squirrel – A bilingual story about a squirrel gathering spruce cones for the winter A traditional story told in Deg Hit’an Athabascan by John Paul, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
8 Dilja Dimaldu’ K’a Ghetrak – Red Squirrel Cried For His Parka – A bilingual storybook about two squirrels that traded parkas The ground squirrel would not give the tree squirrel back his parka so he cried all night for it That is why the tree squirrel looks like it has cried a lot A traditional story told in Deg Hit’an Athabascan by Alta Jerue, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska
www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
9 DINA KAYIH K’OTS’EDINESH – A Dinak’i storybook about the activities of a child in daily life and the seasonal round Developed by the staff of the National Bilingual Materials Development Center, Anchorage, Alaska Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan by Betty Petruska 1977
10 Dinak’I Ch’its’utozre 1 – Upper Kuskokwim Athapaskan Reader 1, Introduces vowel and consonant sounds through the means of a hunting trip Ray and Sally Collins, Produced by the Summer Institute of Linguistics Inc., Nikolai via McGrath, Alaska 1966, reprinted 1980
11 Dinak’I Ch’its’utozre 2 – Upper Kuskokwim Athapaskan Reader 2, 18 letters of the alphabet are
introduced Produced by the Summer Institute of Linguistics Inc., Fairbanks, Alaska 1970
12 Dinak’I Ch’its’utozre 3 – SOS
Trang 213 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Nidots’o Ditoneł? Nidots’o Didyok? – What is he Doing? What is
He Going to Do? – Storybook about the different activities that is done with dogs (feed it, go dog
sledding), snowmachines, airplanes, boats, as well as stories about a mouse and a raven and the differentmethods they obtain food Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan
by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University
of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
14 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Nidots’o Hikogh? Nidots’o Dinogholt’aya? – How Much? How Many? – Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska,
Anchorage, Alaska 1975
15 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Mada? Dot’an? – What? Where? – Storybook about different activities in the school, including; gym, wrestling, jumping rope, basketball, home economics Shop, cafeteria, etc Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
16 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Mada Heye? Hondo Heye? – Storybook about things such as; a headband, a fishing hook, keys, socks, rings, airplane, etc Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
17 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Yada Ni’ił Nizrun? Nidots’o Di’et’an? – What do you Like to Do? What are you Doing? – Storybook about different activities in the home, at the movies, traveling,
hunting, Christmas, fishing, storytelling, with friends, church, camping, and berry picking Vocabulary building Written in Dinak’i, no English, Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska,
Anchorage, Alaska 1975
18 DINAKINAJA’ IK’ATS’OLNISH – Yada’e Nwghde? Mit’o Nidots’o Ditighet’eł? What is it? What can you do with it? – Storybook about different items and what can be done with them, such as; Wooden sticks can be used to make play swords, play guns, and fishing rods.fire can be used for keeping warm, cooking, , giving light, burning trash and scaring off bears Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
19 DOTRON’ NONOT’OK – Raven Gets Fooled – Dennis, Alaska State Operated Schools
20 DOTRON’ YOKO’ K’ONAST’WK – Seamakan/Dennis, Alaska State Operated Schools
21 DUHTOT’EŁ – Things You Can Do – Collins, Alaska State Operated Schools
22 Gas Dinayu – The King Salmon People – Petruska/Collins – Unpublished bilingual story located at the UAF Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska
Trang 323 HI’IŁ TIME GHOTS’IDEŁT’A TS’E’ – For telling time – A day in the life of children from waking in the morning to going to bed at night, includes; brushing teeth, cutting wood, eating , playing, fishing, feeding the dogs, etc – Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University ofAlaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
24 Hwniyye ił tuk’a ił dzedza ił – Animals, Fish and Birds – Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
25 JEZRA – Camp Robbers – Pertruska/Petruska, Iditarod Area School District
26 K’altsa – Fox – A bilingual story about a daughter who died and became a fox, then the parents figured
it out and they got their daughter back again A traditional story told in Holikachuk Athabascan by Bertha Rock, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska
www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
27 K’IDI’ON TS’IN HEYE – Lolnitz/Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
28 MARY IŁGWH IŁ – Mary and the Rabbit – Roberts, Iditarod Area School District
29 Midisnaka Kwl Henh Ghwlwk – The Poor Orphan – A bilingual story about an orphan boy who does notfit in with the other children and what her does to live his life A traditional story told in Holikachuk Athabascan by Bertha Rock, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska
www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
30 Nenł’an Hineyash Ch’uzazełts’on – Initial Consonants of Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan – Collins, SOS
31 NIKOLAI HWCH’IHWZOYA’ – Pulu/Deaphon/Petruska/Collins, NBMDC
32 NIKOLAI READER – Pulu/Pope/Deaphon/Esai/John/Petruska/Collins, Alaska State Operated Schools
33 Nok’ołonh Chuh Ghiyoł – The Big Woman is Walking Along – This is a bilingual story about how the Loch fish (Burbot) came into being A traditional story told in Holikachuk Athabascan by Hannah Maielle, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990
34 Nune – Porcupine – Paul/Petruska, Iditarod Area School District
35 Nune Itrih – Jones/Dennis, Alaska State Operated Schools
36 SAM – A bilingual storybook about a boy that defines the people and their activities within his
immediate family life This book is a version of Nuk’ankut translated by Ray Collins and the Nikolai Bilingual Teachers, Athabaskan Bilingual Program, Alaska State Operated School System, Anchorage,
AK 1972
Trang 437 SAMMY – A Dinak’i storybook about a boy’s trip to the store, all the things he sees, and what he buys Developed by the staff of the National Bilingual Materials Development Center, Anchorage, Alaska Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan by Betty Petruska 1975
38 SIKAYIH – My House – Storybook about all the things found in and around the home, such as; boots, bed, lamp, freezer, rifle, etc Written in Dinak’i, no English Prepared in Upper Kuskokwim Athapascan
by Betty Petruska National Bilingual Materials Development Center Rural Education Center, University
of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska 1975
39 SRUH NONAT’OH – The Robin Came Back – A bilingual storybook about a day in the life of a robin during the spring season Written by Marjorie Attla, Iditarod School District, Alaska Native Education Board, 1975
40 Suje – Marten – A bilingual story about a marten on a hunting expedition as seen through the marten’s eyes A traditional story told in Deg Hit’an Athabascan by John Paul, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Betty Petruska, Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
41 SUTAŁYA NA UDIZRE TS’E – Names of my Family – Petruska, NBMDC
42 TILDZIDZA DIZ’A CH’IDOGHEŁTAN – Simon/Dennis, Alaska State Operated Schools
43 Tildzidza Hwzoya’ – Mouse Story – Jerue/Petruska, Iditarod Area School District
44 TINDE TS’IYOZRA’ – Translation of Tendi’s Canoe by J.A Macdiarmid by Betty, Agnes and Mary Ellen Petruska, Adapted by Ray Collins, This is the story of a boy named Tinde, and the construction of
a birch bark canoe with each of the different steps illustrated to show how it is done Written in Dinak’i, English translations at the end of the story Production of the Athapaskan Bilingual Education
Department of the Alaska State Operated Schools Anchorage, Alaska, 1973
45 TOK’E SHISR – Three Bears – Dennis, Alaska State Operated Schools
46 TOM IMO NILAN – A Boy Visits a Health Clinic – Pulu/Pope/Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
47 Ts’ima Dzagha’ Dina Hwzoya’ – Spruce-Pitch Man Story – A bilingual story about a mother and daughter and a boy who was made out of spruce pitch A traditional story told in Holikachuk Athabascan
by Hannah Maillelle, translated into Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan by Irene Dennis and Betty Petruska,Iditarod Area School District, McGrath, Alaska 1990 This book is currently available for sale through the Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, Fairbanks Alaska
www.uaf.edu/anlc/pub/uk.html
48 Yada Ełtsin? – What do you Smell? (Primary Level) – Developed by the Bilingual Education
Department of the Alaska State-Operated School System under the direction of Baxter Wood Assisted
by Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska, Anchorage, Alaska, 1975
49 YADA’E IŁTSINE? – What do you Smell? (Advanced Version) – Two girls are discussing the smells they encounter such as: coffee; flowers; soup; rain; baking; gasoline; etc –Developed by the Bilingual
Trang 5Education Department of the Alaska State-Operated School System under the direction of Baxter Wood Assisted by Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska, Anchorage, Alaska, 1975.
50 Yada Nenli’an – What Can You See? Workbook – Collins/Petruska, Never Published
51 Worksheets for “What can you See?” Unpublished
52 YADA UZAZEŁTS’ON – What do you Hear? (Primary Level) – Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
53 YADA UZAZEŁTS’ON? – What do you Hear? (Advanced Version) – Pulu/Pope/Collins/Petruska, Alaska State Operated Schools
Teaching Resources
1 Bird Hinting in the Upper Kuskokwim, Interior Alaska – Subsistence Education Lessons for Telida
Village, EPA/IGAP (Teresa Hanson, Charlene Dubay, Susan Brown) 2007 www.aknextgenertaion.org
2 Collins, Ray; Upper Kuskokwim Place Names
3 DINAK’I (Our Words): Upper Kuskokwim Junior Dictionary – Collins/Petruska, NBMDC
4 DINAK’I: NOUN DICTIONARY – ANLC
5 Iditarod Area School District Unit Study Kits contain UKA sections as part of the education One example is a unit study on the beaver It lists relevant books to read for the unit and then has four
language sections comprising the four languages spoken in the school district The Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan section is bilingual and teaches the Dinak’i words for vocabulary building on everything concerning beavers Examples are; beaver habitat, what they do, trapping beaver, processing hides and other activities that use the beaver to build vocabulary
6 Moose Hunting in the Upper Kuskokwim, Interior Alaska – Subsistence Education Lessons for Telida
Village, EPA/IGAP (Teresa Hanson, Charlene Dubay, Susan Brown) 2007 www.aknextgeneration.org
7 Subsistence Gathering in the Upper Kuskokwim, Interior Alaska – Subsistence Education Lessons for
Telida Village, EPA/IGAP (Teresa Hanson, Charlene Dubay, Susan Brown) 2009
www.aknextgenertaion.org
8 Subsistence Fishing in the Upper Kuskokwim, Interior Alaska - Subsistence Education Lessons for
Telida Village, EPA/IGAP (Teresa Hanson, Charlene Dubay, Susan Brown) 2008
www.aknextgeneration.org
9 Subsistence Trapping in the Upper Kuskokwim, Interior Alaska – Subsistence Education Lessons for
Telida Village, EPA/IGAP (Teresa Hanson, Charlene Dubay, Susan Brown) 2009
www.aknextgeneration.org
10 Various collections of hand made wall charts, flash cards, mimeographed worksheets, and other classroom teaching aids
Trang 6Books/Pamphlets/Articles/Recordings about the Land, Region and People
1 Aigner, Jean S and Guthrie, R Dale; et al, eds., Interior Alaska A Journey Through Time, (Alaska Geographic Society, Anchorage, AK) 1986
William Schneider’s chapter entitled, “On the Back Slough, Ethnohistory of Interior Alaska” has several references to the Upper Kuskokwim River region and its people It covers migration, trade and Telida’s rescue of Lt Herron’s party Richard Nelson’s chapter entitled, “Raven’s People, Athabascan Traditions
in the Modern World) records a couple of narrations by Miska Deaphon from the village of Nikolai
2 Bishop, Richard, H., Subsistence Resource Use in the Proposed North Addition to Mt McKinley
National Park, Anthropology and Historic Preservation, Cooperative Park Studies Unit Occasional Paper No 17 (University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska) December 1978
Pages 56-75 document the historic and current subsistence usage of the proposed park land addition by Nikolai and Telida peoples, including current and historic trapping and traplines It discusses the
harvesting and customary usage of big game animals, small game, waterfowl and fishing Also covered are the harvesting and traditional uses of berries and timber Pages 76-107 discuss the Eastern portion of the addition which centers mostly on the Lake Minchumina region However there are comparisons withthe Telida area throughout Pgs 108-113 include a reply to the survey that arrives too late to be included
in the report This is important as it displays the survey method used to gather the information for this report
3 Brooks, Alfred H., An Exploration to Mount McKinley, America’s Highest Mountain, From the
Smithsonian Report for 1903, (Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.) 1904
Brooks mentions his team coming through Rainy Pass, overlooking the Kuskokwim River and finding the almost obliterated trail marking from a previous expedition
4 Brooks, Alfred Hulse, Blazing Alaska’s Trails, University of Alaska and the Arctic Institute of North America, (Caxton Printers, Ltd Caldwell, Idaho) 1953
Former head of the United States Geological Survey work in Alaska, Brooks does a historical survey of exploration in Alaska, including his own The Upper Kuskokwim River is included
5 Brown, C Michael, Extract of Alaska’s Kuskokwim River Region, A History, (Bureau of Land
Management State Office, Anchorage, AK) 1985
Trang 7history and information pertaining to the Upper Kuskokwim River region Chapter Six, pgs.25-29, covers the history of water transportation pertaining to the Upper Kuskokwim River.
6 Brown, William E., A History of the Denali – Mt McKinley Region, Historic Resource Study of Denali National Park and Preserve – Volume 1 – Historical Narrative (U.S Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico) 1991
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/dena/hrs1.htm Chapter One (pp 1-11)
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/dena/hrs2.htm Chapter Two (pp
Chapter One of this book, entitled; Traditional Times, describes the land and traditional peoples of
Denali National Park It explains the historical migrations of peoples into the region and how those peoples began to differentiate from one another due to their local environment Of focus are the bands ofAthabascans who inhabited the northwest flank of the Alaska Range These include the Upper
Kuskokwim peoples and the villages of Telida and Nikolai
Chapter Two, entitled Early Exploration, includes brief summaries of all explorations that noted the
Alaska Range or Denali itself Actual Euro-American penetration into the Upper Kuskokwim Region was recorded by prospector Frank Densmore and companions in 1889 Geologist, J.E Spurr’s,
exploration as well as Lt Herron’s 1899 exploration and subsequent rescue by the residents of Telida Village, which is covered in detail Pictures of Carl Sesui and his wife are included Explanations about the gold strikes in Fairbanks (1902) and Kantishna (1905) began the roadhouse system through the Upper Kuskokwim as well as the surveying of the Iditarod Trail in 1908
Chapter Three mentions Judge Wickersham’s encounter with Chief Sesui and his band of hunters while
on their way to climb Denali
The book also contains maps of the park which include the Upper Kuskokwim headwaters
7 Collins, Ray; Dickinanek’ Hwt’ana: A History of the People of the Upper Kuskokwim who Live in Nikolai and Telida (National Park Service, U.S Department of the Interior, Denali National Park and Preserve) 2000
This report written for the National Park Service is an important document written by a linguist who wascommissioned by Wycliffe Bible to translate and write down the Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan
language He was the first to do so He and his wife have lived amongst the UKA people for most of their lives The National Park Service commissioned this work as the Upper Kuskokwim people have traditionally hunted and gathered in the present Denali National Park boundaries
Ray Collins documents the common heritage that the people of Telida and Nikolai share He records contact history of both the Russian and American explorations and fur trading experiences of the UKA peoples There is a whole section describing the people of Telida, how the successive villages were founded and why they were moved, traditional stories from the village, the school, and identification andshort histories of the traditional families associated with Telida The family trees of these families are drawn
Trang 8The village of Nikolai receives similar coverage The village was relocated a couple of times and
contains descriptions of where and why this happened A school opened there and its’ impact is
described The village incorporated in 1969 and the ensuing results of that action are recorded Seasonal firefighting became a large employment opportunity for many Nikolai members A few of their
adventures are recorded Finally, traditional Nikolai family histories are recorded and family trees are drawn
The last section of the book explains the traditional usage and history of the UKA peoples to Denali National Park lands It ends with the need for future research The book contains many pictures, both historical and some taken by the author throughout the years he has lived with the people These picturesare priceless as they document traditional subsistence methods that are no longer used today
8 Cook, Dr Fredrick; Brown, Belmore and Stuck, Hudson, Denali, Deception, Defeat, & Triumph (The Mountaineers Books, Seattle, WA) 2001
Chapter 3 of Dr Frederick Cooks’ To the Top of the Continent covers his trek through the Kuskokwim River valley on his way to Denali
9 Craft, Charlene; “The Last of the Telidas Tells His Story: (Farthest North Collegian, March, 1950) pp
13-15 & 28
This article, written in 1949, begins with an overview of the archaeological work done on Athabaascan sites and the need for more, especially along the Kuskokwim River The rest of the article details their expedition to Lake Telida in the summer of 1949 They located the “Old Telida” site and explained what was found there Early in July they met Carl Sesui and his story comprises most of the rest of the article
10 Dunn, Robert, The Shameless Diary of an Explorer: A Story of Failure on Mt McKinley, (Modern Library, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, NY) 2001
Dunn recounts his experiences on the failed McKinley attempt as part of Dr Frederick Cook’s party He makes brief references to the Upper Kuskokwim on pages 13-14 and 92-93, referring to the paths Brook’s and Herron took
11 Evans, Gail E H., From Myth to Reality: Travel Experiences and Landscape Perceptions in the Shadow
of Mount McKinley, Alaska, 1876-1938, Master’s Thesis (University of California Santa Barbara) 1987Documents the history of Mount McKinley becoming a national park and what it took for park amenities
to be put in place Particular relevance for the Upper Kuskokwim region is the documentation of early explorations and access thorough the UK region to get to the mountain
12 F inal Environmental Assessment of the Upper Kuskokwim/NYAC Planning Blocks for Mineral Leasing Mineral Entry and Settlement; (U.S Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska) June, 1983
Pages between 2 and 36 are filled with the land usage of the tribes who live on the Upper Kuskokwim geologic block Included are explanations of mining sites, minable resources, and radio transmitter
Trang 9locations Pages 22-25 explain the socioeconomic and sociocultural conditions of the residents of the region Pages 35-36 discuss the natural history resources of the region
13 Griffin, Kristen; Gudgel-Holmes, Dianne; An Overview and Assessment of Archeological Resources, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska National Park Service – Alaska Region, Research/Resources management report AR-16 (U.S Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Alaska Region, Anchorage, Alaska) 1990
As stated by the title, this is an assessment of archeological resources of Denali Park, here referred to as DENA It begins with a synopsis of the geographic setting with pictures and maps Pages 33-52 provide
an ethnographic overview of the peoples that have traditionally lived in this region, including an
archeological reconstruction There is a survey of known explorers that traversed the region and current anthropological studies and data that are available as of 1990 Pg 34 begins a general discussion of Athabaskan lifeways for the five Athabascan groups that used the lands currently encompassed by DENA The Upper Kuskokwim region is included Of particular interest are the map on pg 39 of the seasonal movements of the Athabascan groups around DENA, and the map of currently (1990) known prehistoric archeological sites on pg 84 Pgs 77-78 discusses the literature available for the Upper Kuskokwim region
14 Gudgel-Holmes, Diane, Espiscopal Records and 1900 Census Records for Lower Tanana River
15 Gudgel-Holmes, Dianne, Ethnohistory of Four Interior Alaskan Waterbodies, (State of Alaska Departmet
of Natural Resources, Division of Research and Development, Anchorage, AK) August 1979
This report reviews the historic occupancy of several river drainages, of which the Upper Kuskokwim River is one of them Use of interviews with current occupants helps to complete the historic and currentusage of the river and its tributaries
16 Gudgel-Holmes, Diane, Finding Aid for D Gudgel Kantishna Oral History Collection at University of Alaska, Anchorage Archives, (Anchorage, AK) June 30, 1884
Gives finding aids to interviews that include information on: 1890’s -1920’s Native lifeways and land use patterns including the establishment of Episcopal churches; the Nenana-McGrath mail trail; Mining period between 1905-1978; Trapping period between 1910-1940; Air transportation period; and Land legislation period
17 Gudgel-Holmes, Diane, Native Place Names of the Kantishna, Drainage, Alaska – Kantishna Oral
History Project (Gudgel-Holmes and Associates, Anchorage.)
18 Haigh, Jane; Denali Early Photographs of Our National Parks, (Wolf Creek Books Inc., Whitehorse, Yukon) 2000 www.wolfcreek.ca
This book gives a general description of the Athabascan people who inhabit the lands of Denali Park Pages7-13 specifically mentions the village and people of Telida and Lake Minchumina Printed are some pictures from the Stephen Foster photograph collection of Chief Deaphon and Chief Sesui of Telida and Chief Andrew of Lake Minchumina There is a short accounting of the arrival of the Russians
Trang 10to the region Two excerpts from Judge James Wickersham’s, Old Yukon, 1938, are cited, one about the
building of birch bark canoes, the second about the rescue of Lt Joseph S Herron’s exploration party byTelida’s Chief Carl Sesui and their harboring of the party for 2 months
19 Herron, Joseph S., First Lieut., 8th Calvary, Explorations in Alaska, 1899 for AN All-American Overland route From Cook Inlet, Pacific Ocean, to the Yukon, (Washington: Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C No XXXI) March, 1901
Lt Herron’s own account of his explorations of Alaska commissioned by the War Department On pg
19 he explains his orders for this mission Pg 38 mentions meeting Carl Sesui and pgs 41-46 recount the actual story of Herron and his team’s winter rescue by the people of Telida in his own words
20 Holmes, Charles E., Lake Minchumina Prehistory: An Archeological Analysis in Aurora (Alaska
Anthropological Association, Anchorage, AK) Monograph Series #2, 1986
Holmes presents a section on ethnohistory of the Upper Kuskokwim region on pgs 15-19, 115-121 and explains it from his findings from his archeological excavations in the region
21 Hosley, Edward Howard; Factionalism and Acculturation in an Alaskan Athapaskan Community,
University of CA, Los Angeles, Ph.D., 1966 Dissertation
Hosley’s doctoral dissertation was written before he delineated the Upper Kuskokwim peoples from
members of the Ingalik culture to being Kolchan and part of a separate culture within themselves
Despite this disparity, the dissertation is an exhaustive look at the state of the people of the Upper
Kuskokwim in the early 1960’s Hosley’s purpose was “to reconstruct and present the aboriginal culture and present way of life, and to examine the acculturative process in a situation relatively free of many ofthe direct pressures and economic dislocations of less isolated communities.” His work focuses on the village and people of Nikolai
Hosley’s work is invaluable He reconstructs the past of the people and how they got to where they are
in the 1960’s While Hosley was there, the people of Nikolai still primarily lived by their ancient
subsistence way of life While the nomadic part of their lives was disappearing, their methodology remained Hosley saw and documented their lifeways and methodologies in such detail, so that any reader can be transported back in time to a way of life that has largely disappeared today
Hosley opens with the setting of the land and people He covers the “Protohistoric Period” between 1800-1835, as a time of no direct contact Next is the “Period of Early Contact” between 1835-1900 when the peoples dealt directly with fur traders and explorers Following is “Population Decline and Coalescence” between 1900-1935 Hosley places “The Rise of Factionalism” between 1935-1950 and its’ continuance from 1850-1965 He looks at the community at the time he was there and concludes with a discussion of the term “Acculturation,” a literature review of the term, its processes and how it is changing Finally he has a theoretical discussion on “Factionalism and Differential Acculturation.”
22 Hosley, Edward H., Kolchan, found in, Handbook of North American Indians Volume 6 Subarctic,
Sturtevant, William and Helm, June Eds., (Smithsonian Institution, U.S Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.) 1981
Trang 11The chapter on the Kolchan depicts an encyclopedic, historical description of these Upper Kuskokwim
People up through the 1960’s
23 Hosley, Edward H.; The Kolchan: Delineation of a New Northern Athabascan Indian Group, (Arctic,
Vol 21, 1966) pg 6-11 www.pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic21-1-6.pdf
This article was written subsequent of his earlier work about the McGrath Ingalik Hosley now cites a literature review of earlier ethnographic classifications of the Upper Kuskokwim people and distances himself from Osgood’s classification of the UKA people as McGrath Ingalik He draws upon Lt
Zagoskin’s term of Goltsan for the inhabitants of the McGrath area and north Oswalt (1960) referred to them as Kolchanes and VanStone (1959) used the name, Kyltschanes Hosley has now concluded that
they are an independent Athabascan people group of their own
Hosley then describes what he found during his ethnographic and archaeological studies in the region
and delineates the Kolchan culture from the Ingalik culture He postulates that the Kolchan are a
“separate geographical, cultural, historical and probably linguistic entity” and “deserve to be recognized
as an independent group of Alaskan Athapaskans” (p.10) This is a departure from his earlier findings
24 Hosley, Edward H.; The McGrath Ingalik, (Anthropological Papers of the University Of Alaska, Vol.9,
No 2, May 1961) pp 93-113
This article is based on the author’s 3 month visit with what he terms as the “McGrath Ingalik.” The bulk of his time was spent in the villages of Medfra and Nikolai At the time of this anthropological study it was assumed that the Upper Kuskokwim people were “an amalgamation of at least two earlier societies, and they show the strongest connections with the Ingalik of the lower Yukon River.” (p.93) Because of this the author retained “Osgood’s designation of these people as the McGrath Ingalik (Osgood, 1940, p 31).” p 93 This work is important as it describes the people and practices of the Upper Kuskokwim during the early 1960’s
Hosley describes the history, geography and demographics of the Upper Kuskokwim River region and its’ settlements as he found them in 1960 He includes maps of the Upper Kuskokwim River and its’ relevant tributaries that comprise the region He describes the past and present culture in terms of the seasonal round, economic life, religion, education, socio-political organization, legends and folklore He ends with his conclusions that “the McGrath Ingalik are closely related to, and ultimately derived from, Ingalik Indians on the lower Yukon River.” (pg.113) and gives his reasons why he came to that
conclusion
25 Johnson, Darryll R., Gudgel-Holmes, Diane and Levy, James, Traditional Use of Cabins and Other Shelters in the North Additions to Denali National Park and Preserve: Ethno-Historical Context and Background, Ownership and Transfer Norms, And the Choice of Cabins or Tents as Winter Trapline Shelters, Technical Report NPS/CCSOUW/NRTR-99-02, NPS D-290 (National Park Service, Denver, CO) 1999