Determinants of household waste recycling behavior the case of Ho Chi Minh City

DETERMINANTSOFHOUSEHOLDWASTER ECYCLINGBEHAVIOR THECASEOFHOCHIMINHCITY BY PHAN BÙIKHUÊĐÀI MASTEROFARTSINDEVELOPMENTECONOMICS... Table1.Descriptionofthevariables...16 Table2.Prevalenceofre

DETERMINANTSOFHOUSEHOLDWASTER

ECYCLINGBEHAVIOR THECASEOFHOCHIMINHCITY

BY

PHAN BÙIKHUÊĐÀI

MASTEROFARTSINDEVELOPMENTECONOMICS

UNIVERSITYOFECONOMICS INSTITUTEOFSOCIAL

NETHERLANDSPROGRAMMEFOR

VIETNAM-M.AINDEVELOPMENTECONOMICS

DETERMINANTSOFHOUSEHOLDWASTER

ECYCLINGBEHAVIOR THECASEOFHOCHIMINHCITY

Athesissubmitted inpartialfulfilmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofM A S T E R

y D e v e l o p m e n t ( N A F O S T E D ) andlogisticregression.Myfindingsrevealthatpsychologicalfactorstowardsrecyclingg e n e r a l l y appeartobestatisticallyinsignificant.Nevertheless,c o n c e r n aboutwaste,awarenessof

inheritanceforfuturegenerationandsatisfactiono fw a s t e c o n d i t i o n a t h o u s e h o l d

’ s r e s i d e n c y e x p l a i n t h e i r r e c y c l i n g b e h a v i o r f o r somematerials.Anotherinterestingfindingisthatthehousehold’sbeliefofmoneyg a i n e d fromwasterecyclingwillleadtorecyclingpaper,cartonandplastic.F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e s u l t s d i

s c l o s e t h a t i n c o m e a n d a g e i n somec a s e s a f f e c t t h e recyclingb e h a v i o

r n e g a t i v e l y M o r e o v e r , h o u s i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h a v e i m p a c t onrecyclingbehaviorpositivelyinthecaseofmetal,cartonandpaperrecycling

Keywords:householdwasterecycling,recyclingbehavior,logisticmodel

Firstly,IwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorProf.NguyenT r o n g H o a i w h o p r o v i d e d mew i t h p r e c i o u s d a t a s e t f r o m

t h e survey“ C o n su m p t i o n behaviortowardsgreengrowthinurbanareaofVietNam”,fundedbyNationalFoundationforScienceandTechnology Development(NAFOSTED) a n d g a v e mev a l u a b l e g u i d e l i n e s , c o m m e n t s a n d s

u g g e s t i o n s f o r t h e s u c c e s s f u l completionofthisstudy

Iwo ul d l i k e t oe x p r es s myspeciala p p r e c ia t i o n t o Dr T r u o n g Da ng ThuywhomIh a v e l e a r n e d a l o t fromh i s e n t h u s i a s t i c guidance, usefulreco m men dat ions andinspiration.Besides,hisfriendlyandinspiringapproachhasg

I amalso thankful to all lecturers and program administrators oftheVietnam–

TheNetherlandsProgramforM.A.inDevelopmentEconomics.Theyhavegivenmewonderfulknowledgeandhelpedmekindlyduringthecourse

ToallmyfriendsinMDEClass16,19and20,especiallyMA.NguyenVanDu n g (Class16)andMA.NguyenQuangHuy(Class19)whogavemeemotionale n c o u r a

g e m e n t , Iwouldliketoexpressmysincerethanks

Finally,IwouldliketoexpressmydeeplyappreciationtomyfamilyandMr.T r a n KimMinhforspiritualsupportandlove.Inparticular,Idedicatethisthesistomybelovedfarther,Mr.PhanVanBay

HCMC,November2015PhanBuiKhueDai

TABLEOFCONTENTS

LISTOFTABLES v

LISTOFFIGURES vi

Chapter1:INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Problemstatement 1

1.1.1 Realworldproblem 1

1.1.2 Scientificproblem 1

1.2 Researchobjectives 2

1.3 Researchquestions 2

1.4 Researchscopeanddata 2

1.5 Thestructureofthisstudy 2

Chapter2:LITERATUREREVIEW 4

2.1 TheoreticalReview 4

2.2 EmpiricalReview 5

2.2.1 Socio-EconomicandDemographiccharacteristics 5

2.2.2 Housingcharacteristics 9

2.2.3 Psychologicalfactorstowardsrecycling 10

Chapter3:RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY 15

3.1 Conceptualframeworkandtheeconometricmodel 15

3.2 Datasource 20

3.3 Methodology 20

Chapter4:EMPIRICALRESULTS 22

4.1 DescriptiveStatistics 22

4.1.1 Dependentvariables 22

4.1.2 Independentvariables 22

4.2 Bivariateanalysis 24

4.2.1 Metalrecycling 24

4.2.2 Cartonrecycling 27

4.2.3 Paperrecycling 29

4.2.4 Plasticrecycling 32

4.2.5 Glassrecycling 34

4.2.6 Clothrecycling 36

4.3 Regressionresults 38

Chapter5:C O N C L U S I O N AND POLICYRECOMMENDATION 43

5.1 Conclusion 43

5.2 Policyrecommendation 44

5.3 Researchlimitation 44

REFERENCES 45

APPENDICE 48

Table1.Descriptionofthevariables 16

Table2.Prevalenceofrecyclingtowardsixmaterials 22

Table3.Descriptivestatisticsofnumericalvariables 23

Table4.Descriptivestatisticsofbinaryvariables 24

Table5.Acomparisonbetweenmetalrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof income,ageandsizeofhousing 24

Table6.Acomparisonbetweenmetalrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof gender,typeofhousingandeducation 25

Table7.Acomparisonbetweencartonrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof income,ageandsizeofhousing 27

Table8.Acomparisonbetweencartonrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof gender,typeofhousingandeducation 27

Table9.Acomparisonbetweenpaperrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof income,ageandsizeofhousing 29

Table10.Acomparisonbetweenpaperrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof gender,typeofhousingandeducation 30

Table11.Acomparisonbetweenplasticrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermofincome,ageandsizeofhousing 32

Table12.Acomparisonbetweenplasticrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof gender,typeofhousingandeducation 32

Table13.Acomparisonbetweenglassrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof income,ageandsizeofhousing 34

Table14.Acomparisonbetweenglassrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof gender,typeofhousingandeducation 34

Table15.Acomparisonbetweenclothrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof income,ageandsizeofhousing 36

Table16.Acomparisonbetweenclothrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof gender,typeofhousingandeducation 36

Table17.Parameterestimatesforthelogitmodels 39

Figure1.Conceptualframework 15Figure2.Acomparisonbetweenmetalrecyclingandnon-

recyclingintermofsomeselectedpsychologicalfactors 26Figure3.Acomparisonbetweencartonrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof

someselectedpsychological factors 28Figure4.Acomparisonbetweenpaperrecyclingandnon-

recyclingintermofsomeselectedpsychologicalfactors 31Figure5.Acomparisonbetweenplasticrecyclingandnon-recyclingintermof

someselectedpsychologicalfactors 33Figure6.Acomparisonbetweenglassrecyclingandnon-

recyclingintermofsomeselectedpsychologicalfactors 35Figure7.Acomparisonbetweenclothrecyclingandnon-

recyclingintermofsomeselectedpsychologicalfactors 37

Chapter1:INTRODUCTION1.1 Problemstatement

m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n a n d t h e s e r i o u s l y i m p a c t o n p u b l i c h e a l t h I n t h e g e

n e r a l context,HoChiMinhCityis

facingmanychallengesinwastemanagement.E v e r y day,thecityhasmorethan7,000tonsofgarbageandcostseachyearupto235billionVNDtohandle.Thus,inordertorecommendgovernmentinthedesigno f e f f e c t i v e p o l i c i e s tominimizew a s t e , i t isnecessarytou n d e r s t a n d h o u s e h o l d w a s t e recyclingbehavior.ThestudyanalyzesthedeterminantsofhouseholdwasterecyclebehaviorwiththescopeofresearchinHoChiMinhCity

1.1.2 Scientificproblem

Currently,t h e r e a r e f e w s t u d i e s o n t h e i s s u e o f h o u s e h o l d b e h a v i o r i n V i

e t n a m , m a i n l y towardsgreenconsumption(wateruse;energyuse;recyclingandtransportc h o i c e ) O f w h i c h , t h e r e i s onlyone s t u d y ofL u u B a o D o a n a n d NguyenT r o n g H oa i ( 2 0 1 5 ) o n h o u s e h o l d w a s t e r e c y c l i n g

b e h a v i o r Using

structurale q u a t i o n modeling,thisstudyindicatedthatrecyclingrelatedtotheattitudeofthehouseholdtowardsrecycling.Further,generalconcernandknowledgeofenvironmentdonoth a v e directrelationswiththebehaviorofinteresttorecycle

Therefore,thestudywithlogitmodelsmaycontributetoacademicknowledge onrecyclingb e h a v i o r int h e c o n t e x t o f a

d e v e l o p i n g countryl i k e Vietnam.F u r t h e r m o r e , thisstudycanprovidepolicymakerswithanewperspective onthen a t u r e ofrecyclingbehavior,therelationshipbetweenthisbehaviorandsuchfactorsa s p s y c h o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s o f t h e

environmenting e n e r a l a n d w a s t e recyclingi n p a r t i c u l a r , s o t h a t t h e a u t

h o r i t y c a n c o n s i d e r a p p r o p r i a t e t o o l s t o a d j u s t c i t i z e n ' s behaviortowardsrecyclingmore

1.2 Researchobjectives

Theobjectiveofthestudyistoidentifyfactorsaffectinghousehold’swasterecyclingb e h a v i o r inH o C h i M i n h Cityt o w a r d s s i x d i f f e r e n t materials:metal,c a

aresocio-n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s towardsr e c y c l i aresocio-n g F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s e f a c t o

r s impactp o s i t i v e l y o r n e g a t i v e l y o n recyclingbehaviordependingonthecircumstancesandthematerialaswell

Thischapterprovideswiththeoreticalandempirical reviewsrelatedtohouseholdw a st e recyclingbehavior.Thefirstsectionwillreviewrandomutilitytheory.Thee m p i r i c a l researchesindicatethattherearethreemaingroupsoffactorsthataffectindividual’sbehaviorofrecycling.Theyaresocio-

economicanddemographicc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , housingcharacteristicsandpsychologicalfactorstowardsrecycling.F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s e f a c t o r s i m p a c t p o s i t i v e

l y o r n e g a t i v e l y onr e c y c l i n g b e h a v i o r d e p e n d i n g onthecircumstancesandthematerialaswell

2.1 TheoreticalReview

ArelatedtheoryexplainingrecyclingbehaviorisRandomUtilityTheorybyMarschak(1960).Thistheoryindicatedthatanindividualutilitycouldbedefinedbyt w

Similarly,thetotalutilityofahouseholdiwithnon–recycling:

U0i=V0i+e0i

Where,V1icanbeapproximatedbyalinearfunctionofrecyclinginthevectorofXiand thepopulationutilityweightsforeachattributeinthevectori:V0i=0iX0i.Inadditional,e0iisrandomutilitycomponent

Theprobabilitythatahouseholdrecyclescanbeexpressedastheprobability thattheutilityassociatedwithrecyclingishigherthantheutilityofnon–recycling:

Pr(recycling)=Pr(U1i>U0i)OrPr(recycling)=Pr(V1i+e1i>V0i+e0i)=Pr(e1i-e0i>V0i-

V1i)O rPr(recycling)=Pr(e1i-e0i> 0iX0i-1iX1i)

Weassumethaterrortermsofalternativesdonotcorrelatewitheachotherandtheyh a v e thesamevarianceandfollowlogisticdistribution.Inthiscasetheprobabilitythatahouseholdchoosestorecycleisalogitprobability:

e1i X1i Pr(recycling)

e0i X 0i

2.2 EmpiricalReview

Environmentald e g r a d a t i o n c o u l d d e s t r o y o u r n a t u r a l h a b i t a t a n d recyclingu s e d materialsisarguedtobeabettersolutiontomaketheenvironmentcleaner,

c o n s e r v e materials,saveenergyandreducegarbageinlandfills(Fiorillo,2013)

Ag r e a t d e a l o f r e s e a r c h a n d e m p i r i c a l s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n c a r r i

e d o u t i n o r d e r t o investigatethenecessityandimportantroleofrecyclingtowardourlifethroughthef o l l o w i n g dependent

yclingbehaviorofbothhouseholdandindividual.Manys t u d i e s haveshowna s i g n i f

i c a n t p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n h i g h er householdincomeandrecyclingbehavior(Halvorsen,2008; Leeetal.,2011;

FerraraandMissios,2012;Fiorillo,2013;Halvorsen,2012;HuiZhaoetal.,2013).Halvorsen( 2 0 0 8 a n d 2 0 1 2 ) s u r v e y e d 1 1 6 2 a n d 1 0 2 5 1 h o u s e h o l d s r

e s p e c t i v e l y f r o m

N o r w a y and10variousOEDCcountriesin2008andindicatedthatthehigherincomerespondentshave,themorelikelytheyaretorecyclehouseholdwaste.In2011,L e

e e t a l s h o w e d t h a t h i g h e r i n c o m e c r e a t e s a h i g h e r i n c e n t i v e f o r h ou seho ldst o p a r t i c i p a t e i n b o t h f o o d s e p a r a t i o n a n d r e c y c l i n g t h r o u g h a s u r v e yincluding196r e s p o n s e s c o n d u c t e d i n S e o u l , K o r e a F e r r a r a a n d Missios( 2 0 1 2 ) u s e d thesampleof10.251respondentsfrom10OEDCcountriestoconcludethatveryricherhouseholdsorindividualsaremorelikelytotakepartinglassrecyclinga s wellasrecycleatalargerratioofglass,plasticandaluminum.One yearlater,F i or l lo (2013) c o n d u c t e d a n empirical studyof4 7 6 4 3 ho use ho lds

an d f ou nd outthatp e o p l e w i t h h i g h incomet e n d t o r e c y c l e a l l materialsi n c l u

d e d p a p e r , g l a s s , p l a s t i c andaluminumexceptingforfoodwaste.Inthemeanwhile,HuiZhaoetal

( 2 0 1 3 ) researcheda dat a of50 0questionnairescollectedin Qingdaot o provethe p o s i t i v e correlationbetweenhigherincomeandrecyclingbehavior.Moreover,analyzinga dataof402 householdsin DhakaCity,theys u m m a r i z e d

t h a t thef r e q u e n c y ofsolidwasterecyclingbehaviorisinfluencedpositivelybythemiddleo f incomegroup.Theseresultsimpliedthathouseholdsonlowandmiddleincometendtotakeadvantageofallmaterialstominimizethecostofbuyingnewthings.Severalo t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e s u g g e s t e d a n e g a t i v e o r i n s i g n i f i

c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n betweenincomeandhouseholdwasterecyclingbehavior(Hageetal.,2008;Shaufiqueetal.,2010).Usingasampleof2800householdmembersin4differentSwedishmunicipalitiesin2006,Hageetal

(2009)evaluatedthatincomeisnotadeterminantofhouseholdrecyclingbehaviorofpackagingwaste which issimilartot h e f i n d i n g o f N i x o n e t a l ( 2 0 0 9 ) t h a t e x a m i n e d h o u s e h o l d s ’ a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s recycling.Ontheotherhand,Rafiaetal

(2011)didnotseethecorrelationbetweenincomeandrecyclingbehaviorinthedirectma

(2010)demonstratedthatincomehasanegativeimpactonr e s i d e n t i a l recyclingrateperannum.Basedonadatasetof774respondentsrepresenting 86countiesinMinnesota,thestudyofShaufiqueetal

(2010)calculated thatifannualincomepercapitaincrease1000dollarthentherewillbea

o r e s eta l ( 2 0 1 1 ) c o n c e r n e d t h a t

womenareeasiertoengageinewasterecyclingandbewillingtorecycleewasteatd r o p

-o f f c e n t e r t h a n mena f t e r t e s t i n g a d a t a -o f 2 1 3 6 h -o u s e h -o l d s f r -o m a

2 0 0 6 n a t i o n a l surveyofUS.Noticeably,FerraraandMissios(2012)andFiorillo(2013)p r o v e d thesignificantpositivesignbetweengenderandhouseholdrecyclingb eh av io r o f f i v e followingmaterials:g l a s s , p l a s t i c , p a p e r , f o o d a

n d aluminumw a s t e H o w e v e r , w h i l s t F e r r a r a a n d M i s s i o s s u g g e s

t e d t h a t mena r e w i l l i n g t o recycleand recyclemorealuminumthanwomen,Fiorillofoundoutthatwomenarer e a d y torecyclea l l m a t e r i a l s t ha nm e n T

h e s e f i n d i n g s im pl ie d t h a t t he g e n d e r ’ s i m p a c t onrecyclingtrendmaybedependentonkindofwastematerialsaswellass u r v e y area

u f f m a n etal.,2 0 1 4 )

V.Joshi,Lupi,2010;DwivedyandMittal,2013;Pakpouretal.,2013;Langeetal.,2 0

1 4 ) A n d o ( 2 0 0 5 ) u s e d t h e p r o b i t a n d d o u b l e

-c e n s o r e d tobitm o d e l t o ex a m i n e re-cy-clingratesof214multifamilydwellingsinUrbana,Illinoisbeforeconcludingt h a t numbero f yearso f e d u c a t i o n p r e s

e n t a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h c o n t a i n e r recyclingrate.Significantly,Andersonetal

(2013)appliedthelogisticregressionmodelinordertoanalyzeasamplefromthe2003-

2006andsuggestededucationlevelo f h o u s e h o l d h e a d playsa c r u c i a l r o l e

i n makingt h e d e c i s i o n t o recycle.Educationalsoshowedanegativeimpactonrecyclingbehaviorformonetaryr e a s o n s

Ontheotherhand,SternerandBartelings(1999)foundanegativecorrelationofagewit h household’swillingnesstopayforcaringforrecyclingissues

whichimplythatp e o p l e w it h lesseducation arew i l l i n g topaymore.S i m i l a r l y ,

H a g e e tal

(2009)s h o w e d thateducationhasanegativeinfluenceonpaperrecycling.However,somee m p i r i c a l s t u d i e s i n v e s t i g a t e d t h a t t h e r e i s n o i m p a c t s o f e d u c a t

l , 20 14) AsforHageetal

(2009),agewasdeemedtobeapositivedeterminantfora l l packagingmaterialsrecycledbyindividualsandhouseholds.Inthesamepattern,Ayalon,S h a r o n a n d S h e c h t e r (

2 0 1 3 ) , t h r o u g h a s u r v e y o f 1 2 0 0 0 h o u s e h o l d s i n 2 0 1 1 , provedageinfluencepositivelyonhouseholdseparationandrecyclingb eh av i o r exceptforfoodandgarden.WhilstLeeetal

(2011)presentedtheimportanceofindividualsbeingolderintheKoreanhouseholdre

(2011)mentionedolderwomenareeasiertointendtorecycle.Afrozeta l

(2011)andFiorillo(2013)alsofoundthatrespondentfrom25to35orfrom51to 60yearsoldwilltendtoengageinrecyclingactivitiesforallmaterials

However,afewrecentstudiesshowednegativerelationshipbetweenageandh o u s e h o l

d wasterecycling.AccordingtoFerraraandMissios(2012),theyounger

2.2.2 HousingcharacteristicsHo

usetype

Ther e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n hometypew i t h t h e i n t e n t i o n o f h o u s e h

o l d r e c y c l i n g b e h a v i o r hasbeenexamined.AndoandGosselin(2005)indicatedthatmultifamilyd w e l l i n g s livingin theapartmenthavingadequatestoragespacewillachievehigherrecyclingrate.Accordingto Barr(2007),hometypewasdeemedtobepositivelyi m p a c t onrecyclingintentionthroughapplyingthestandardizedregressionmodeltoanalyzeadataof673respondentsofExeter.DalenandHalvorsen(2011)realizedt h at womenl i v i n g i n d e t a c h e d h o u s e w i l l b e morel

i k e l y torecycle.I n 2 0 1 2 , Halvorsen alsof o u n d

t h e s i m i l a r i m p a c t ofdetachedh o u s e o n

t h e numbero f materialsrecycled.Inanotherrecentstudy,DwivedyandMittal(2013)illustratedt h a t among1 5 0 res po nde nt s f r o m India whol i v i n g in an a p

a r t m e n t wi ll be m or e willingtotakepartine-wasterecycling

Incontrast, usingorderedprobitanalysis, Ha g e etal

(2009)proposedthat householdl i v i n g i n anapartmentt e n d t o r e c y c l e l e

s s metalw a s t e t h a n o t h e r s Moreover,FerraraandMissios(2012)indicatedthathouseholdlivinginadetachedo r s e m i -

d e t a c h e d i s l e s s p r o b a b l e t o r e c y c l e T h e r e a r e a f e w ofthestudiesnotshowinganyrelationshipb e t w e e n t w o ab o v e v a r i a b l e s ( N i x o n e t a l , 2 0 0 9 ; B y r n e

a n d O’regan,2014)

Housesize

Thec o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n h o u s e s i z e a n d recyclingb e h a v i o r i s investigatedd i f f e r e n t l y amongstudies.Throughasurveyof1507householdsintheUS,

1 0

outthatsizeofresidencewillimpactpositivelyonhouseholdrecyclingandwastep r e v e n t i o n Themoreroomshouseholdowns,themoreprobableitistoengageinrecyclingallmaterialsexceptforplasticandaluminumwaste.Afterwards,Fiorillo( 2 0 1 3 ) suggestedthatpeoplelivinginahousehavingfrom1to5roomspromotethelikelihood of r e c y c l i n g al lm a t e r i a ls e x ce p t fo rf oo d waste Ho weve

r, anothere m p i r i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n d i d n o t p r o p o s e anyr e l a t i o n s h i p b

e t w e e n h o m e s i z e a n d recyclingbehavior(Afrozetal.,2011)

2.2.3 Psychologicalfactorstowardsrecycling

Withreferencetoempiricalinvestigations,thereisagreatdealofstudiesdepictingt h eeffectofpsychologicalfactorstowardsrecyclingbehavior.ThefirstandforemostonewouldbeSternerandBartelings(1999)suggestingthatpeopleshowingtheirconcerntowardtheimportanceofwasteareeasiertopayfortakingc a r e o f h o u s e h o l d w

a s t e , w h e r e a s , r e s p o n d e n t s r e p o r t i n g d i f f i c u l t y o f recyclingd i f f

e r e n t materialsarelesslikelytopayattentiontorecyclingproblemtogetherwithrecyclingbehavior

RegardingBruvolletal

(2002),itwasclearthatthereisanintensepositiverelationship b e t w e e n sortingbehaviorandhouseholds’attitudestowardsorting.Afterexaminingpsychologicalfactorsof1162intervieweesin1999,namely:Perceivingsortingasmandatory,environmentalconsiderationsandmoralr e q u i r e m e n t s , theauthorspointedoutthatindividualsconcerningmoreaboutn a t u r a l h a b i t a t s a s t h e i r o w n a n d c i v i c r e s p o

n s i b i l i t y w i l l d e f i n i t e l y c o n t r i b u t e toclassifyingbehavior

Inr e f e r e n c e t o B a r r ( 2 0 0 7 ) , t h e m o s t s t r i k i n g f i n d i n g w a s t h a t i n d i

v i d u a l s w h o c o n s i d e r e d recyclingtobethenormofthesocietyaremoreprobabletorecyclethano t h e r s Itwasalsoassumedthatrecyclingwillingnessandintensityareabletobestimulatedbyprovidinghouseholdsconvenientrecyclingfacilities.Forinstance,ifr e s p o n d e n t s p e r c e i v e t h e p r e s e n c e o f d r o p - o f f

l o c a t i o n s o r f e e l easyt o a c c e s s cu rb sid e r e c y c l i n g s e r v i c e s , i t i s c e r

t a i n t h a t residentialr e c y c l i n g r a t e p e r a n n u m willincreasesubstantially(Shaufiqueetal.,2010,X.Gellyncketal.,2011)F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e h a b i t o f recycl

ingo r g a n i c w a s t e e n c o u r a g e d m u n i c i p a l i t i e s t o minimizetheirdomesticwaste

In2008,Halvorsenappliedordinaryleastsquareestimation(OLS)toevaluatethenumberoffractionsrecycledbyt h e householdandpointedoutthatbeliefofrecyclingisthestrongestfactor.I n anotherlaterstudy,HalvorsenandDalen(2011)u s e d

ofmaterialsrecycledbyt h e h o u s e h o l d T h i s s t u d y d e s c r i b e d t h a t w o m

e n ’ s r e c y c l i n g e f f o r t s a r e m o r e encouraged bytheirconcernaboutwastegeneration,whilstmenres po nd moretot h e b e l i e f s o f b e t t e r e n v i r o n

m e n t F u r t h e r m o r e , H a l v o r s e n ( 2 0 1 2 ) i l l u s t r a t e d t h a t p eo ple inanenvironmentalorganizationswilltendmarkedlytorecyclemorethano t h e r s Inaddition,respondent concerned about waste generation, wa te rpollution andbelievingofrecyclingastheircivicdutyismoreprobabletorecycle.However,i n 2 0 1

2 , H a l v o r s e n a l s o indicatedthatp e o p l e w h o h a v e c o n c e r n a b o u t climaticch angew il l c o n ce n t r a t e t h e i r e f f o r t s o n ot he rg r e e n -

f r i e n d l y activitiesr a t h e r t h a n recycling

AccordingtoNixonetal.(2009),

respondentswillrecyclemoreifitisbelievedthatrecyclingbehavioristhedeterminantofreducingtheuseoflandfillssignificantlya n d conservingnaturalresourceseffectively.Moreover,households’recyclingp a r t i c i p a t i o n w a s a l s o proven

t o a r i s e f r o m e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t s r a t h e r t h a n economicbenefits.Noticeably,thisstudydemonstratedthatpeopleconcurringwithh o w internalvaluesandmoralsaffecting pro-

environmental behaviororfeeling amoralobligationtorecyclearewillingtorecycleandrecyclemoreby7.2timesthant h o s e dissentingwiththeabovestatement

schoolaremorelikelytorecycleby7.3and5.0timesrespectively.Also,theyimplied

thatthemoreinformationr e s o u r c e s h o u s e h o l d s r e c e i v e , t h e morel i k e l y theya r e t o e n g a g e inrecyclingbehavior

In2009,Hageetal.showedahighlypositivecorrelationbetweenmoralobligationandrecyclingbehaviorwhichmeansthathouseholdswhoareawareoftheirp e r s o n a l r

e s p o n s i b i l i t y w i l l d o recyclea l l m a t e r i a l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y p a p e r, g l a s s a n dmetal.Itisassumedthattheperceptionofothers’recyclingeffort,concernaboutthe

Afterwards,A f r o z e t a l

( 2 0 1 1 ) s h o w e d a p o s i t i v e a n d c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e h o u seh o l

d ’ s attitudeandrecyclingbehavior.Specifically,environmentalawareness,w i l l i n g n e s stoseparateandminimizethehouseholdwasteandrespondent’sbeliefto ward solidwastemanagementpracticesarethedeterminantsencouragingthemtop r o d u c e lesswasteandrecyclemore

Besidest h a t , B a o ( 2 0 1 1 ) analyzeda s a m p l e o f 1 5 2 3 s t u d e n t s i n T u r k u t h

r o u g h P e a r s o n

chi-squarestatisticandsuggestedpositive,relevantimplicationofrecyclinga n d psychologicalfactors,namely:respondentsreportedhigherconcernaboutsustainabledevelopmentandbelievingRecyclingassiststoconservethee n v i r o n m e n t w i l l s h o w h i g h e r d e

g r e e s o f d e s i r e t o w a r d r e c y c l i n g A d d i t i o n a l l y , individualsacceptingmoralnormsaswell asconsideringrecyclingastheirr e s p o n s i b i l i t y aremorewillingtotakepartinrecycling.Finally,recyclingbehaviori s abletobestimulatedbygivingindividualsmoreinformationonwasteseparation,makingrec yc li ng morec o n v e n i e n t a n

d g u i d i n g t h e m the d e s t i na t i o n o f s e p a r a t e d w a s t e

In2011,thereportofOECDaboutgreenhouseholdbehaviorshowedavailabilityofco nv en i

en t recyclingserviceandthecharacteristicsofrecyclingcollectionservicesalsoimpactpositivelyonrecyclingbehavior.Curbsiderecyclingfacilityanddrop-

offsystemincreasealuminumrecyclingrateby34percent.Thisscientific sourcea l s o proposedthatrecyclingintentionandparticipationforglass,plasticandaluminumarepromotedmarkedlybyindividuals’environmentalattitudes.Recyclingprogramsarealsocitedaspositivefactorsimpactingonthelikelihoodofh o u s e h o l d recyclingdecision,particularlyaluminumwaste.

Oneyearlater,Saphoresetal.pointedoutmoralbeliefsareconsideredasthemoststatisticallysignificantvariablestowardrecyclingbehaviorfollowedbye-

wasterecyclingconvenienceandmandatoryrecyclingatworkorschoolrespectively.Ino t h e r words,householdsperceivingtheirresponsibilityasvoluntaryormandatorya n d being awareof easeofrecyclingwilltendtorecyclee-wastemoreconsiderablyt h a n ot he rs F u r t h e r m o r e , recyclingpar ti ci pa ti on can

be e n c o u r a ge d byprovidingh o u s e h o l d s knowledgeaboutthepotentialofdangerofe-waste

Inaddition,FerraraandMissios(2012)foundevidencesprovingthat respondentsrep o r ted higherconcernaboutenvironmentalproblemsareathigherlevelsofparticipationo f g l a s s , p l a s t i c , a l u m i n u m a n d f o o d w a s t e recycling.B e s i

d e s , theindividuals’environmentalattitudevariablesareassumedtobet h e determinantspromotingglass,

plasticandaluminumwasterecycling.Whetherandwhatextenttow h i c h recyclingisconsideredtobebeneficialfortheenvironmentneedtakingintoa c c o u n t aspositivefactorstowardrecyclingbehavior

In2 0 1 3 , F i o r i l l o i n d i c a t e d t h a t r e s p o n d e n t s s t a t i n g n o d i r t i n e s s p

r o b l e m s a t t h e residence will increase the probabilityofrecycling

waste.Ifahouseholdclaimsthatthereisnopollutionaroundareatheylive,his/herlikelihoodofrecyclingislowerthanothers,especiallyforpaper,plasticanda l u m i n u

m waste.Conversely,ifanindividualperceivesthehabitatbeingcleandaybyday,h e /

s h e t h e n t r i e s t o k e e p a n d e n c o u r a g e r e c y c l i n g b e h a v i o r c o n t i n u a l

l y Moreover,Pakpouretal

(2013)useddatafrom1782householdsof8urbanhealthcentersi n t h e Q a z v i n c i t

ehavioralcontrol,moralobligationandself-cognitiont o w a r d s w a s t e r e c y c l i n g b e h a v i o r A c c o r d i n g t o t h a t, h o u s e h o l d s w h o r e p o r t e d h i g h er concerntotheseabovevariableswillstimulaterecyclingconsiderably

(2013)analyzedthesurveyofOECDandsuggestedthathouseholdsreportedh i g

h e r c o n c e r n a b o u t e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s a r e l e s s l i k e l y t o r e f u

s e t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n w a s t e recycling.T h i s s t u d y s t r e s s e d t h e p o s i t i v eimpactso f e n v i r o n m e n t a l m o t i v a t i o n s t o w a r d r e c y c l i n g i n a l l c o u n t r

i e s surveyede x c e p t f o r I s r a e l citizen.Obviously,beingawareoftherecyclingserviceavailablelikedrop-o f f centerwillencourageindividualstorecyclemore

Moreover,Andersonetal

(2013)investigatedthedecisiontorecycleamongurbanSouthAfricansanddemonstratedthathouseholdswhoseelitteringasacommunityissuearemorewillingtorecyclethanothersdonot.Thetwo

mainfactors,includingg r e a t e r a w a r e n e s s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n a n d g r

e a t e r a c c e s s t o r e c y c l i n g faci liti es playa n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n m i t i g a t i n

g h o u s e h o l d w a s t e a n d r i s i n g w a s t e recyclingrate.HuiZhaoetal

(2013)alsostatedthatenvironmentalconcernhadap o s i t i v e effectonrecyclingbehavior

In2014,ByrneandO’reganhaveconstructedstatementstoevaluatethereasonwhyo r whyn

o t r e c y c l i n g w a s c o n s i d e r e d a s a dailyr o u t i n e S t a t i s t i c s s h o w e

d t h a t almostrespondentshadpositiverecyclinghabitsandindividual’srecyclingeffortsw o u l d c r e a t e a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c e n t i v e f o r

householdssuggestedthattheywilltendtorecycleifreceivedmoreinformationandknowledgea b o u t r e c y c l i n g f a c i l i t i e s s u p p l i e d byw a s t e collectors

Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristics

Age

Gender

Education

Household Income

Psychological factors towards Recycling

Concern about waste Household’s awareness of impacts on environment Willingness to protect the environment

Household’s satisfaction of waste condition at residency Belief of economic benefits of recycling

Household waste recycling behavior

Housing characteristics



 House type House size

= 0 otherwise

Dummyv a r i a b l e , = 1 i f h o u s e h o l d recyclesc o n t a i n e r s a n d u t e n s i l s m a d e

r l y co n ce r n e d ” ; = 1 i f t h e r e s p o n d e

n t ’ s degreeofconcernoverwastemanagement“Concerned”or“VeryConcerned”

Dummyvar ia bl e, = 0 i f t h e r e s p o n d e n t

’ s awareness d e g r e e o f environmentalimpactsonhumanl i f e “ N o i d e a ” o r “Disag r ee ” o r “ F a i r l y A g r e e ” ; = 1 i f t h erespondent’sa w a r e n e s s d e g r e e o fenvironmentalimpactsonhumanlife“Agree”or“StronglyAgree”

10 longevity Dummyvariable, = 0 i f t h e r e s p o n d e n t

’ s awareness degree of

environmental

impactsonl o n g e v i t y “ N o i d e a ” o r “ Disag r ee ” o r “ F a i r l y A g r e e ” ; = 1 i f t h erespondent’sa w a r e n e s s d e g r e e o fenvironmentali m p a c t s o n longevity“A

o r “Disagree”o r “ F a i r l y A g r e e ” ; = 1

i f t h e respondent’swillingnessdegreetosaveenergytoprotecttheenvironment“Agree”or“StronglyAgree”

13 water

Dummyvar ia bl e, = 0 i f t h e r e s p o n d e n t

’ s willingness degree tosavewatertoprotecttheenvironment“Noidea”or“Disagree”or“FairlyAgree”;=1iftherespondent’swillingnessdegree

tosavewatertoprotectthee n v i r onment“ A g r e e ” o r “

S t r o n g l y Ag r e e”

14 waste

Dummyvar ia bl e, = 0 i f t h e r e s p o n d e n t

’ s willingness degreetotreatwastetoprotecttheenvironment“Noidea”or“Disagree”or“FairlyAgree”;=1iftheresponde

h e environment“Agree”or“StronglyAgree”.

Dummyvar ia bl e, = 0 i f t h e r e s p o n d e n t

’ s awareness d e g r e e o f e c o n o m i c

b e n e f i t s fromrecycling“Noidea”or“Disagree”or“F airly A g r e e ” ; = 1iftherespondent’sawarenessd e g r e e o f e c

o n o m i c b e n e f i t s fromrecycling“Agree”or“StronglyAgree”

Withthevariablesandmeasurementsabove,theproposedfunctionalformis:

ln(P i

)=α+iSEDCi+iHCi+PFTRi+ui

1P i

Inp a r t i c u l a r , Piisp r o b a b i l i t y o f r e c y c l i n g ; S E D C i s t h e v e c t o r o f

e x p l a n a t o r y v a r i a b l e s i n d i c a t i n g S o c i o

-E c o n o m i c a n d D e m o g r a p h i c C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n c l u d i n g A g e , Gender,Education,HouseholdIncome;HCisvectorofexplanatoryvariablesindicatingHousingcharacteristicsincludingHousesizeandHousetype;PFTR ist h e vectorofexplanatoryvariablesreferringtoPsychologicalfactorstowardsRecyclingi n c l u d i n g h

o u s e h o l d ’ s c o n c e r n a b o u t w a s t e ; a w a r e n e s s o f impactso n e n v i r o n m

e n t ; willingnesstoprotectenvironment;satisfactionofwasteconditionatresidency;beliefofmoneygainedfromwasterecycling

3.2 Datasource

Datausedinthisstudyisobtainedfromthesurvey“consumptionbehaviortowardsgreen

g r o w t h i n u r b a n a r e a o f V i e t N a m ” , f u n d e d byN a t i o n a l F o u n d a t

i o n f o r S ci e n c e andTechnologyDevelopment(NAFOSTED).ThesurveywasconductedinH o ChiMinhCityonAprilandMay2014,including200householdsfromDistrict1,3,4,9,BinhThanh,GoVap,PhuNhuanandThuDuc.Tocollectdata,investigatorsdirectlycontactedthehouseholdforaninterview,clearlyexplainedtheq u e s t i o n s andchoices,thenrecordedtherespondents'feedback

3.3 Methodology

Iamconcerningaboutwhatfactorsaffectingbehaviorofahouseholdtorecycleorn o trecyclet o w a r d s i x d i f f e r e n t materials.H e n c e , d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e i s a binaryoutcome.T w o s t a n d a r d modelsa re o f t e n us ed a re t h e p r o b i t m o d e l a n d t h e l o

1 22i kki

Where,Fisthecumulative distributionf u n c t i o n o f uiandwea s s u m e

t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y densityfunctionofuiissymmetric



e u i

.TheprobabilityofrecyclingP(yi=1):

i 1e u i