Journal of International Economic Policy Manual for Authors and Reviewers

This manual is a general guide for authors and reviewers unfamiliar with internationalstandards of the anonymous peer-review process and who are considering publishingarticles in periodi

Journal of International Economic Policy

Manual for Authors and Reviewers

3 Grammar and Spelling

4 Citations, Notes and References

Plagiarism How to Recognize Unacceptable and Acceptable Paraphrases

This manual is a general guide for authors and reviewers unfamiliar with internationalstandards of the anonymous peer-review process and who are considering publishing

articles in periodicals / journals, including the Journal of International Economic Policy,

that subscribe to these standards and process Although some parts of the manual aredevoted to writing an academic article and other parts to reviewing academic articles, westrongly believe that studying the whole manual will be equally beneficial to both authorsand reviewers interested in learning about and understanding the anonymous peer-reviewprocess and how to write academic papers and articles according to internationalstandards

The goal of the manual is to give you a clear understanding of the publishing process,from its beginning, when a scholar has an idea he/she would like to write about, to thepublished article Understanding the process for submission of an article and its reviewwill make you a better author and a better peer reviewer

Why write and review articles for a peer-review journal?

Before we begin, we would like to take a moment to explain why it is in your interest to

contribute to the Journal of International Economic Policy specifically and anonymous

peer-review journals generally First, as an academic and researcher, you will want toshare your research with as broad a community as possible, the broadest of which is ofcourse the international academic community By gaining access to this community, youwill develop invaluable partnerships and networks beyond your national base, deepenyour field of specialization, contribute to a larger knowledge-base, raise your profile andenhance your credibility However, in order to access this community, it is important toparticipate in and become familiar with its practices and standards These practices andstandards include the anonymous peer-review process

As a member of the scholarly community, you have an obligation to share your research findings and your intellectual efforts by publishing them 1

Second, publishing articles in anonymous peer-review journals will assist in careermobility and advancement While career advancement may certainly have nationalcharacteristics, such as those in Ukraine which should continue to be respected, thesenational characteristics may have little in common with the criteria for careeradvancement in other countries or systems As a result, an academic trying to branch outand establish him/herself outside of the national base will find him/herself being judgedaccording to standards and criteria about which he/she has little knowledge and in whichhe/she has had little experience and opportunities One such standard and criteria ispublishing in anonymous peer-review journals, widely considered to be the bestmeasurement of an academic’s credentials and credibility and, thereby, of his/her meritfor career advancement and promotion Thus, to advance in one’s career – if such career

1 Donald Fiske, “Planning and Revising Research Reports,” in Writing and Publishing for Academic Authors, ed Joseph M Moxley and Todd Taylor (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publisher, Inc.,

1997), p 71.

plans include branching out internationally – then publishing in anonymous peer-reviewjournals is essential Otherwise, the career trajectory will be limited.

Finally, reviewing articles for a peer-review journal is also a very good way ofdeveloping one’s own expertise, learning about other research and new developments,and building a community of professionals in international economics Moreover,reading works by others will improve one’s own writing skills

As mentioned above, this manual is for authors and reviewers We begin with informationfor authors

I AUTHORS

Any written material can be judged according to international standards on two things:

first, the message it carries, or the substance, and second, how the message is carried out,

or the style Both the substance and style need to be very good for an article to be published in a journal subscribing to international standards, such as the Journal of International Economic Policy Some authors may be familiar already with this

information, but it is always worthwhile to review

Part A: Substance

1 Framing a question/thesis/argument

Before you sit down to write you have to know what the substance of your paper is, or inother words what your paper is about What aspects of international economic issues,including trade, investment, management, monetary stability, reform, cooperation, law,political economy, international financial institutions as well as security which facedeveloped, transition and developing states fascinate you? What questions posed by theinternational economics have not been answered yet? What would you like to brainstormabout and begin an intellectual discussion on?

2 Originality

The more original the issue you choose to write about and your study of that issue, themore likely you will find a receptive audience and a publisher As a result, when youfind an interesting issue to write about, you must ensure that you have somethingnew to say about it that others who write on that same issue may not have alreadycovered If your article happens to be just another statement on a topic alreadypublished by others, the value of your contribution to understanding that issue isdiminished and you are less likely to find a better quality audience and / or publisher

3 Strength of Argument

Your main argument must be sound, based on well-developed and clearly presentedsupporting arguments, and meaningfully conclude At the same time, you mustremember that you are limited to 20-25 pages of text, or 5000 words (see more

Styleguide for Authors); thus, your paper must argue its point and conclude within theselimits In this respect, keep in mind that a topic suitable for a thesis or dissertation of ahundred to three hundred pages is not suitable for an article in an academic journal

4 Documentation

The strength of your argument and paper will also be determined according to the amount

of research you have carried out and cite in your paper Uncited statements andreferences to facts, statistics and other research is unacceptable according to internationalstandards Such information and material must be documented Make sure that you haveaccess to the information necessary to support your arguments Give yourself time toexamine the evidence and the background literature as you prepare the article (See also

in this manual the section on Plagiarism for related information on avoiding improper andunacceptable use of sourced material.)

5 Time allocation

Think about how much time you have for research, writing and organizing your paper.Organize your ideas and notes so that when you start writing you do not spend much timelooking over your notes trying to find a quote or reference

6 Revisions

Revise your article before you submit it, and then revise some more Some authors find itbeneficial to have a qualified colleague read the article or to present the paper at aconference before it is submitted for consideration by the Journal to help the author dealwith any areas of weakness before the article undergoes the formal review process.Leave yourself time to make corrections You may spot some paragraphs that need re-writing or expanding You may also move sentences or paragraphs around to strengthenthe organization of your paper

Proof-read, proof read, proof-read!

PART B: Organization and Style

The organization and style of your article are very important because, despite a veryinteresting thesis and good evidence to support your argument, your paper will not beacceptable for publication if it is not organized according to international practice.Accordingly, an academic paper, like any written material, has to have a flow: the readermust be able to follow your argument and understand your logic The argumentationbehind your thesis should be clear, not only to you, but to everyone who reads yourarticle

1 Organization

The general structure of an academic article consists of three parts: an introduction, abody, and a conclusion. In the introduction, the author outlines the problem examined,thesis and/or main argument related to the problem, the article’s major purpose, and therelationship with theoretical or policy issues To emphasize, stating the thesis and/or

main argument in the introduction is essential A very good introduction will do just that:introduce the article to the reader by informing the reader what the article is about and bygiving the reader enough relevant information about the article to assist him/her indeciding whether the article is of interest In this respect, a good introduction will standout from the rest of the paper and can be read on its own In general, the introductionshould not be more than 2-3 pages.

Editors of scholarly journals agree that one of the most common and frustrating problems with submitted articles is a failure on the part of the authors to express their thesis clearly and early in the article 2

In the body, the author carries out his/her argument Each supporting argument ispresented and clearly developed according to paragraphs and/or sections identifiable withsection headings In presenting these supporting arguments, the author demonstrateshis/her knowledge of the latest research and publications on the problem, cites theresearch that supports the article’s argument or which he/she is disputing, and proposes asolution to the problem It is in this part of the paper where the author will demonstratethe credibility of the paper, particularly with ample citation of sources and the ideas andmaterials of other scholars In general, the body should be approximately 15-20 pages

Structure demands that in a good paper not only should each sentence be well

written and make sense; it should also be logically connected to the sentences

around it, each paragraph to the paragraph around it, each section to the section

around it, and all of them to the overall theme of the paper 3

Finally, in the conclusion the author provides a summary of the paper, considers thelarger theoretical and/or policy implications of the findings, and may offer suggestionsfor future research The conclusion should not introduce new ideas or arguments, butstay relevant to the article and argument just presented In general, the conclusion shouldnot be more than 2-3 pages

2 Style

Style is difficult on which to offer advice because it is such a personal matter and anexpression of the individual However, there is general agreement about which writingstyles make for a stronger academic article Below are some style guidelines forpublications of the Centre for Trade Policy and Law in Ottawa which you may findhelpful

Usage:

• Use the active voice whenever possible rather than the passive voice The active

voice is more vigorous, direct, and easier to read However, sometimes the passivevoice is essential

2 Fiske, “Planning and Revising Research Reports,” p 59.

3 Judith Richlin-Klonsky and Ellen Strenski, A Guide to Writing Sociology Papers (New York: St Martin’s

Press, Inc 1991), p 20.

• Write in a positive rather than a negative form The positive is more straightforward,

vigorous, and brief For example, illegal is stronger than not legal.

• Be as specific as possible in all time references Avoid time references that might

confuse the reader or date the work unnecessarily When possible use specific dates

Use the 1980s instead of the last decade, or give the specific year instead of last year Last year would be misleading for someone reading a 1992 publication in 1995 Also, avoid the word recently

• Write in clear and simple language.

• Avoid jargon whenever possible Explain in the text or in a footnote terms or

phrases which may be unique or highly specialized and that may be unknown to thewell-informed generalist

• Avoid laborious phrases, non-working and needless words For example, if or

should is better than in the event that Avoid phrases such as close proximity (use instead near), or end result (use instead result), at this point in time (use instead at this time, or, now)

Abbreviations/Acronyms:

• In the first instance, always spell out the full name or term and follow it with theabbreviation or acronym in parentheses For all succeeding references, use theabbreviation or acronym alone It is best to use abbreviations and acronyms sparingly

• Capitalize official and legal names and titles, but not subsequent references that are

partial, inverted, or colloquial versions of the full form (e.g., Government of Canada, but Canadian government; Prime Minister Jean Chrétien but the prime minister).

• In titles of books or articles, capitalize the first and last words and all nouns,pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions Do not

capitalize articles (a, an, the) unless part of a corporate name (e.g., The Globe and Mail), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor), subordinating conjunctions (if,

as, before, after, when, where), or prepositions (in, at, by, of, off, out, to, up, for, on, under) unless they are the first or last word in a title.

• For hyphenated and compound words, always capitalize the first element in a title.Capitalize the second element if it is a proper noun or proper adjective, if it is as

important as the first element, or if it comes at the end of a title (Twentieth-Century Literature, Neo-Conservatism in Theory, Run-of-the-Mill Responses, Medium-Sized Businesses, Non-Tariff).

3 Grammar and Spelling

Towards the end of writing your article you should check for grammatical errors, spellingand punctuation Regardless of the language in which you submit your article (English orUkrainian) the paper should be as error free as possible Articles with an unacceptableamount of errors will not be considered and automatically returned to authors

Proof-read!

4 Citations, Notes and References

References should be listed at the bottom of the text as endnotes Number the notesconsecutively and ensure that they correspond to those in the text

• Notes should be used to identify all sources of information referred to in the articleand to present explanatory material that is not an integral part of the text

• Reference to a note is indicated by an arabic superscript (an arabic numeralpositioned slightly above the line) The numeral is not bracketed and stands outsideall punctuation, except a dash Most word processing programs have a feature thatgenerates a footnote; it is strongly recommended that you take advantage of thisfeature to facilitate the process

• Do not place notes in chapter titles and in headings Avoid placing them in sentence

mid-• Cite a work in full at first mention Subsequent references may appear in abbreviatedform

Articles submitted in Ukrainian should follow the style for references required in Ukraine(according to the form 23 approved by Supreme Attestation Commission of Ukrainedated March 3, 2008 № 147); articles submitted in English should follow internationalstandards (as an example, you can use the Chicago Manual of Style) Articles translatedinto English will be prepared accordingly In sum, the international standard requires thefollowing information to be included in the footnote:

- first and last name of author(s) followed by a comma;

- title of article — if from a journal — , or title of chapter — if from an edited book

—, set out in quotation marks and followed by a comma;

- title of journal, edited book, or book if the book itself is the reference, set in italicsand not followed by any punctuation if there are no editors, otherwise insert acomma;

- names of the editors of the edited book and not followed by any punctuation;

- for books, city of publication followed by a colon (:), name of publisher, followed

by a comma and year of publication — all set out within parantheses;

- for journals, the volume and issue numbers, separated by a colon (:), as well as thequarterly season of the issue and volume year set out in parantheses;

- the page number(s) where the information being cited can be located (for books,preceded by a comma; for journals, preceded by a colon)

Proper punctuation (use of commas, colons) is vital

The examples below are again from the Style Guide for Publications for the Centre forTrade Policy and Law in Ottawa

Examples of notes:

1 Gilbert R Winham, Trading with Canada: The Canada-US Free Trade

Agreement (New York: Priority Press Publications, 1988), p 40.

2 Winham, Trading with Canada, p 59.

3 Michael Hart, “The Role of Dispute Settlement in Managing Canada-US

Trade and Investment Relations,” in Vanishing Borders: Canada Among Nations 2000, eds Maureen Appel Molot and Fen Osler Hampson (New

York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp 98-99

4 Jim MacNeill, “The Greening of World Politics,” International Journal

45:1 (Winter 1989/90): pp 1-12

5 Hart, “The Role of Dispute Settlement,” p 113

6 Canada, Department of the Environment, Towards an International

Accord on Climate Change (Ottawa: August 1991), p 57.

Plagiarism

Proper endnotes and references are extremely important Failure to acknowledge anotherwriter’s idea, quotes or findings in your article is considered plagiarism Although it isdifficult to arrive at a precise definition of plagiarism, it can be defined simply as thecopying by one person of another person’s work, in whole or in significant part withoutcrediting the original source.4

Plagiarism can come in a variety of ways The most blatant form of plagiarism iscopying word for word information from another source and not citing the source at all.Another form of plagiarism can occur when the information from the original source isparaphrased (the author uses his/her own words to convey the same information takenfrom that source) and the original source is not cited Finally, while it is understood thatinformation that is common knowledge does not need to be cited, if that commonknowledge is conveyed using the words of another author, it must be cited

4 Morton Freedgood, “Curious Cases of Plagiarism,” in Writing, Revising and Editing, ed Gordon Carroll

(Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1969), p 29.

As academics you are continually engaged with the ideas of others through reading,participating in presentations and conferences, and eventually incorporating them intoyour writing As a result, it is very important that you give credit where it is due.Plagiarism is using others’ ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source ofthat information.

Please review the example of plagiarism below produced by the Writing Tutorial

Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana:5

How to Recognize Unacceptable and Acceptable Paraphrases

Here’s the ORIGINAL text, from page 1 of Lizzie Borden: A Case Book of Family and

Crime in the 1890s by Joyce Williams et al.:

The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the

expansion of the population were the three great

developments of late nineteenth century American history.

As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of

the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm

hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a

rising tide of immigrants With industry came urbanization

the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts,

where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of

production as well as of commerce and trade.

Here’s an UNACCEPTABLE paraphrase that is plagiarism:

The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the

explosion of the population were three large factors of

nineteenth century America As steam-driven companies

became more visible in the eastern part of the country, they

changed farm hands into factory workers and provided jobs

for the large wave of immigrants With industry came the

growth of large cities like Fall River where the Bordens

lived which turned into centers of commerce and trade as

well as production.

What makes this passage plagiarism?

The preceding passage is considered plagiarism for two reasons:

• the writer has only changed around a few words and phrases, or changed the order of the original’s sentences;

• the writer has failed to cite a source for any of the ideas or facts

If you do either or both of these things, you are plagiarizing.

NOTE: This plagiarized paragraph is also problematic because it changes the sense of several

sentences from the original (for example, “steam-driven companies” in sentence two misses the original’s emphasis on factories).

Here’s an ACCEPTABLE paraphrase of the original:

5 “Plagiarism: What it is and How to Recognize it and Avoid it,” Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana

University, Bloomington, Indiana, www.indiana.edu/~wts/wts/plagiarism.html.

Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of

northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century.

Steam-powered production had shifted labor from agriculture

to manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in the US, they

found work in these new factories As a result, populations

grew, and large urban areas arose Fall River was one of

these manufacturing and commercial centers 1

(at the end of the text, the following endnote would appear:)

1 Joyce Williams et al, Lizzie Borden: A Case Book of Family

and Crime in the 1890s (Place of publication: Name of

publisher, year of publication), p 1.

Why is this passage acceptable?

This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer:

• accurately relays the information in the original and uses his/her own words;

• lets the reader know the source of the information

Here’s an example of a quotation and paraphrase used together, which is also

ACCEPTABLE:

Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of

northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century.

As steam-powered production shifted labor from agriculture

to manufacturing, the demand for workers “transformed farm

hands into factory workers,” and created jobs for

immigrants In turn, growing populations increased the size

of urban areas Fall River was one of these manufacturing

hubs that were also “centers of commerce and trade.” 1

(at the end of the text, the following endnote would appear:)

1 Joyce Williams et al, Lizzie Borden: A Case Book of Family and

Crime in the 1890s (Place of publication: Name of publisher, year

of publication), p 1.

Why is this passage acceptable?

This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer:

• records the information in the original passage accurately;

• gives credit for the ideas in this passage; and

• indicated which part is taken directly from his/her source by putting the passage in quotation marks and citing the page number

Note that if the writer had used these phrases or sentences in his/her own paper without putting quotation marks around them, she would be PLAGIARIZING Using another person’s phrases or

sentences without putting quotation marks around them is considered plagiarism EVEN IF THE

WRITER CITES IN HER OWN TEXT THE SOURCE OF THE PHRASES OR SENTENCES HE/SHE HAS QUOTED.

To avoid plagiarism, you must give credit whenever you:

• use another person’s idea, opinion, or theory;

• use any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings–any pieces of information that are not common knowledge;

• quote another person’s actual spoken or written words; or

• paraphrase of another person’s spoken or written words

The credit is given by using quotation marks and proper references in the form of footnotes or endnotes.

The section below, gives you some tips on how to avoid accidental plagiarism when youuse sources:

• “Cite every piece of information that is not a) the result of your own research, orb) common knowledge This includes opinions, arguments, and speculations aswell as facts, details, figures, and statistics

• Use quotation marks every time you use the author’s words (For quotes fourlines or longer, indent the whole quotation; this has the same effect as quotationmarks which are in these instances unnecessary.)

• At the beginning of the first sentence in which you quote, paraphrase, or

summarize, make it clear that what comes next is someone else’s idea:

o According to Smith

o Jones says

o In his 1987 study, Robinson proved ” 6

• At the end of the quoted or paraphrased sentence or paragraph containing the

quoted, paraphrased, or summarized material, insert the superscript arabic numberand in the corresponding footnote number provide the complete information onthe source, including name of author, title of the book or chapter or journal article,publishing information as appropriate, and page number of the source

The Internet provides an excellent tool of plagiarism because it is easy to copy materialfound on the net To learn more about Internet plagiarism please visit the followingwebsite: www.plagiarism.org In sum, information obtained from internet sources andwebsites must also be cited In these instances, cite the document as you would if it was

a hard copy (i.e., include the author’s names, title of document/material, year ‘published’)

in addition to the website address The website address on its own does not give thereader of your document enough information as to what that material is all about,especially if the website of an organization or research centre is cited

PART C: Submitting an article

1 Guidelines

6 “Avoiding Plagiarism,” The Writing Place, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, October 2003, www.writing.nwu.edu/avoiding_plagiarism.html

Now we would like to explain to you the submission process Before you send the article

to the editor you must format it according to the journal’s guidelines (although they arecommon enough, each journal is likely to have its own specific guidelines that must befollowed) The formatting guidelines for the Journal of International Economic Policyare as follows:

Submitted articles should be completely double-spaced (including footnotes), applyingjustified alignment throughout, between 20 and 25 pages long of text (5000 wordsminimum, excluding footnotes), in 12 Times New Roman, and uniform 2 centimeters / 1inch margin Submissions may be in Ukrainian or English

In addition, please note the following:

Dashes: - do not use hyphens for either m-dashes or n-dashes

- hyphens should be replaced where appropriate;

- hyphens should only be used for hyphens!!

For example:

“Canada–China” (n-dash, no spaces)

“The scope of this agreement—and indeed every agreement—is such that…” (m-dash, no spaces)

- i.e., – always written this way

- e.g., – always written this way

- % – is always written out in the text as “per cent” but the symbol is used

- Vs (as in a legal case) is always written as v (and not italic, even though the

opponents in the dispute are written in italics, e.g., United Parcel Service of America Inc v Canada

- Websites should not be underlined; please remove any hyperlink feature associated with the text

- Dollar values – USD4,000 or US$4,000

– CAD8,000 or CA$8,000(Please note: no spaces between the currency and the value)

- Turn on the “kerning” and “hyphenation” features on your word processing program; be sure they apply to the entire document, and not just to a paragraph

A good abstract is accurate – and contains no new information not cited in the

actual paper It is also self-contained, defining any specialized terminology,

abbreviations, or acronyms It should be concise, specific, and as brief as

possible It should report and not evaluate Finally, it must be readable This is

often the only part of the article most people will read It should sell the paper.7

AUTHOR’S NAME SHOULD BE INDICATED ONLY IN THE COVER LETTER

DO NOT INDICATE THE AUTHOR’S NAME ANYWHERE ON THE SUBMITTEDARTICLE DO NOT SAVE THE ARTICLE’S ELECTRONIC FILE UNDER THEAUTHOR’S NAME (as all articles undergo anonymous peer-review).

Articles submitted should be sent to:

Tetyana Tsyhankova

Co-editor

Journal of International Economic Policy

Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman