This character is also reflected in its name which comes from old language with literally meaning “the city inside river” The natural water surface system of inner city consists of Red R
Trang 1[ EFFECT OF URBAN POLICY ON
TRANSFORMATION
OF NATURAL WATER
Proceeding IACSC 2013 – The 4th International academic consortium for sustainable cities symposium
generic
LE Quynh Chi NGUYEN thi Thuy Hang
Trang 2Hanoi with a history of more than 1000
years owns a large number of lakes and
ponds endowing with an amazing water
network that is very rare in the world, giving
Hanoi the characteristics of wetland area
This character is also reflected in its name
which comes from old language with literally
meaning “the city inside river”
The natural water surface system of inner
city consists of Red River and its four
tributaries, 24 main lakes, and numerous
small lakes and ponds (CSUR, 2010, pp42)
Figure 1: Hanoi natural water system
The main and the most important river is
Red River In the old days, the Red River had
been given another common name as Mother
River, since Hanoi is situated on an ancient
soil area deposited from time memorial with
layer after layer of alluvium carried down
from Northern Mountain ranges by Red River
and its tributaries Red River originates in
Van Nam (China) with the section flowing
through Hanoi 40km long Red River
constantly threatens to cause flooding
because in the flood season, the water level is
usually 4 to 6m higher than topography of
Hanoi (CSUR, 2010, pp41) A dyke system was
constructed from 9th century to early 20th
century to protect people, paddy field, and
other infrastructure The Red River shape has been not stable yet due to the change in the course, the component including sand and silt
of riverbed and riverbank which is easily eroded
Figure 2: The change of Red River’s course1
Four river tributaries have a total length
of 40km Its function has been drastically changed from main transportation route and daily life serving to main drainage axes of the city In addition, an agriculture drainage system in suburban area also empty into those rivers Since the amount of unprocessed waste water surpassed their transport capacity, couple with gentel relief, these rivers has been seriously polluted
Figure 3: To Lich River in 1890 (left)
and 2011 (right) The lake system had been formed mainly
by water remaining after flood (Gourou, 1936) Several big lakes are the remains of previous horseshoe-shape river The total 24 main lakes occupy an area of 765 ha The size
of those lakes varies in wide range, the largest
1Workshop on Hanoi water urbanism http://vietnam-studio.blogspot.com/
Trang 3one the West Lake 516 ha, followed by Linh
Dam 52.2 ha, the smallest one Ho Me 1.3ha
(CSUR, 2010, pp41-43) Those main lakes are
considered as giant lungs of the city, which
covered with shade trees to make city more
close to the nature Hotels, restaurants,
entertainment facilities utilize the lake in
various ways to benefit from natural scenery
of water body Besides main lakes, there
exists small lakes and pond scattering inside
the city with main function of recycle and
store water, stabilize climate, feed fish,
receive waste water
In the last 50 years, under the pressure of
development, 80% of water surface area has
been filled up for development2 It causes
serious problems, especially flooding and
inundation It is estimated that if the amount
of rain water is around 100mm, there would
be 21 flooding locations inside Hanoi (Thanh,
2012) Flood and inundation in the Hanoi
area not only leads to economic damage, but
also directly impacts on the social activities,
daily life, resident health, traffic jams
Figure 4: Flood in Hanoi inner city in 2013 3
In order to reduce the flood and
inundation problems, the city government
has 13 projects on renovation 20 lakes and
construction 3 pump stations which totally
2In 50 years, Hanoi has purchased 80% of water surface for
development ttp://ashui.com/mag/tuongtac/phanbien/80 h
9-50-nam-qua-ha-noi-san-lap-80-phan-tram-dien-tich-mat-nuoc-de-xay-dung.html
3Terrible images of Hanoi in flood days
http://soha.vn/xa-
hoi/ha-noi-nhung-hinh-anh-ngap-lut-dang-so-ngay-88-20130808143450346.htm
cost 14 billion VND (Thanh, 2012) However, besides those projects, it is crucial to conserve the remaining natural water body to function as rainwater store The paper aim is
to understand the relationship between water surface’s area decrease and urban policy, based on it to propose revised policy The methodology is to analysis set of geographical maps to clarify the typology transformation By integrating river-lake typology transformation and the change in urban policy in different periods, the paper discuss the reason of changing in natural water system
Hanoi inner city has experienced administration boundary change several times After getting independent in 1945, the municipality conducted the first administrative boundary expansion in 1961, the urban area increased from 12.2km2 to 38km2 Over the course of next 30 years, from 1961 to 1990, urban boundary had been maintained because of constraining of central planning economy In 1990s and 2000s, due
to pressure of steeply population growth, international and national projects, living standard improvement, urban administrative boundary has been increased drastically with the establishing of new urban districts Three new urban districts were formed in 1990s, and another three new urban districts in 2000s, resulting in urban area increasing from 40 km2 to nearly 180km2 (Chi, 2009)
Trang 4Figure 5: Hanoi zoning based on
urbanized time The paper will analysis the change of
natural water surface area in three zones
(urbanized in 1960s, urbanized in 1990s,
urbanized in 2000s) with hypothesis that the
natural water system in each zone has
changed in different ways; therefore, it needs
specific strategy for each zone in order to
maintain natural water surface effectively
The GIS will be applied to connect data, maps,
satellite images as well as other ancillary data
that can efficiently enhance the analysis of the
city’s natural water surface transition
through different periods We particularly use
the Landsat satellite images in 1989, 1999,
2009 for mapping the water bodies
transformation
Hanoi historical development vs
natural water surface
Thang Long (old name of Hanoi) used to
consist of Royal City (Hoang Thanh),
Commoners’ City (Kinh Thanh) As the Asian
concept of living in harmony with nature, the
city had been built mostly based on
topographical feature; the natural water
system had maintained and played role of providing fertilized agriculture land, main transportation route, water supply, water store, and irrigation Moreover, the water body had decisive role in constructing city and building because according to fengshui regulation, water body should be regarded as accumulation of good fortune Last but not least, according to historian Prof Tran Quoc Vuong, the Red River and its tributaries, namely To Lich River, Kim Nguu River, was formed the feudal city structure, the city gate located right at these river’s junction Western bishops used to name Hanoi as Asian Venice city
Figure 6: Hanoi City in 1866-1873 (Lancret,
2003)
French time (1858 - 1954):
The French had conducted modernization process in two phases Logan described the first phase of French occupation (1873-1888)
as a period characterized by “bold steps to tame the place they had acquired, to subdue the indigenous population and to overcome the most urgent of Hanoi’s many environmental problems” (Logan, 2000) To increase hygiene in the city, as part of
“mission civilisatrice”, French program filled
hundreds of swamps and ponds inside Royal
Trang 5City and Commoners’ City with sand from the
Red River (Stephanie, 2007) In the second
phase starting from 1888, Hanoi was
proclaimed a municipality and became to take
on the appearance of a “western-like” town,
especially similarities with buildings and
urban structure in Paris, leading to fill up
large number of ponds and lakes in the
southern part for block development
Figure 7: Hanoi natural water system in French colony time
Above: from left to right: Hanoi in
1873, 1890 Left: Hanoi in 1936
After getting independence (1954 – now)
Figure 7: Hanoi natural water system after getting
independence
After the French left in 1954 following the Indo-China War, Hanoi became the capital of Democratic Republic of Vietnam The contemporary Hanoi has been under the influence of two periods: socialist planned economy and socialist market – oriented economy
In the first period (before 1986), the socialist ideals were reflected in constructing large number of micro rayon model development In those neighborhood units, the natural water surface had been maintained, playing function of open space for community, climate stabilizing, local waste water and rain water store when the city drainage system had not been fully developed
In the second period, especially since greater economic liberalization mid 1990s, along with the booming in housing development, the natural water surface’s area has decreased steeply It is estimated that in
15 years, Hanoi has lost half of its main lakes (JICA) Satellite images analysis shows that the four core urban districts of Hanoi lost 64.5% of the water surface area of ponds and lakes but experienced a 22.4% increase in residential area in 10 first years of development, from 1986 to 1996 (VACNE 2006)
The change in legislation system
Institutional Reform
The shift from the centrally planned economy to market oriented one in Vietnam
in 1986 was associated with drastic change in regulatory environment; investment management, private property right have changed significantly under the new policies
Trang 6Institutional Reform on Investment
Management
The core of economic renovation is to
build a socialist market-oriented economy
regulated by the state The previous absolute
domination of the state economic sector is
being replaced by diversification, which
includes non-state ownership forms and
types of employment, such as private and
joint-venture capitalist economic enterprises
(Beresford 1988; Vylder 1995; Dixon and
Kilgour 2001), and the new participation of
foreign enterprises, foreign investment and
new international trade
In term of water environment
improvement, it is worth to note on the
investment flow of ODA “Total commitment
ODA from 1st January to 17th November 2009
accounts for US$ 5,401.62 million, which is
36.62% higher than ODA commitment in the
same period of 2008 Key donors with large
committed ODA amount are: Japan (US$
2,112.28 million), WB (US$ 1,445.86 million),
and ADB (US$ 1,330.7 million)” Almost 13%
of committed ODA programs/projects focus
on transportation, water supply and drainage,
and urban development” (CG Meeting 2009,
page 3) Net commitment to social
infrastructure (including urban upgrading
and water/waste water projects) of some US$
1.5 billion (+58%) was led by JICA/JIBC (net
new commitments of US$ 1.1 billion) (Sixth
Joint Portfolio Performance Review, Page 11,
2009).The first phase of project on upgrading
water/waste water in 1995-2005 has
improved the drainage canals The second
phase starting in 2006 with total investment
US 370 million (ODA accounts for more than
76%) has target to improve the To Lich river
(main axe of city drainage) to reduce the
flood and inundation problems.4
4 503 billion Vietnam Dong for Hanoi Drainage
Improvement Project http://moitruongxanh.org.vn/
Default.aspx?Module=Site&Function=News&Id=672
Institutional reform for Private Property Right
Since the socialist reform of private production and trade in 1958-1960, private properties and land were gradually converted
to state ownership Until 1980, Constitution stipulated that the state had the land ownership for whole country Thus, no private rights in land were allowed As all land belonged to the state, any private land transaction were considered unconstitutional and unlawful (Quang, 2003)
Since 1986 and the “DoiMoi” policy, as far
as land rights are concerned, the regulatory environment witnessed two major changes
By 1988, the State enacted a Land Law affirming that all land is owned by people and the State functioned as an administrator, but permitting the grant of land use right to organizations and individuals However, not until 1993, the new Land Law established a legal basis for land allocation and lease, securing land use rights of landholders including the rights for long-term use, transfer, inheritance, lease, mortgage, and compensation for expropriation Coupled with this is the issuing Land use rights (LUR) certificate to register land only and Building Ownership and Land use Right Certificate (BOLUC) to register house with land lot as a whole for houses located inside urban area The institutional reform in land use right has stimulated and control the formal land market Under the land reform policy in which properties with attached land use rights can be transferred freely among state and private owners, the number of household reporting sale of land increase ten-fold, from 1% to 10% in 1993 and 1998 respectively (Do et al, 2002)
Hanoi Urban Planning
Trang 7Throughout nearly 60 years of
construction and development of Hanoi since
its liberation in 1954, there have been
significant changes to many factors that affect
urban planning such as economic capacity,
speed of economic growth, economic
structure, population size, advancement of
science and technology, living standards,
process of awareness and thought Hanoi
master plan 1980 was assembled, approved
in 1981, for a population of 1,5millin by 2010,
with a total area of urban construction
around 13,500ha The city center would be
developed around the southern and western
part of West lake and southwest axis
In 1992, the Hanoi master plan was
revised and approved By the innovative
policies, the city center was located at Hoan
Kiem and Ba Dinh district, while most of the
west lake area was reserved for cultural,
tourism, sport development Urban land area
was considered to be only 8000-9000 ha by
2010
In 1998, Hanoi Government and Ministry
of Construction considered some changes in
the Master Plan of Hanoi by 2020 The central
city will be developed along the banks of Red
River On the south bank, four districts and
the West Lake will become administrative
zone On the north bank, a new Hanoi will be
developed along of the Hong River and both
side of Duong River(CSUR, 2010)
The new Master Plan of Hanoi until 2020,
vision to 2030 continues with developing the
city of both side of Red River, remains and
improves the administration center around
Hoan Kiem Lake, renovates main lakes as
open space for Hanoian
Therefore, with regard to natural water
system, Hanoi urban planning mostly focus
on Red River and main lakes, in which two
main lakes named West lake and Hoan Kiem
Lake has been paid special attention as hub of administrative and cultural activities
Figure 8: Hanoi master planning in 1981,
1992, 1998, and 2011
Natural water surface management
The Red River is under the management
of The Communication and Public Work Survey and the Vietnam River Road Survey Its river tributaries (To Lich River, Lu River, Set River, Kim Nguu River) is under the management of Hanoi Drainage Company The West Lake and its neighbor Truc Bach Lake which is hub of cultural activities are under the joint management of district government and private company (West lake Investment and Exploitation Company) Other main lakes are under the management of Hanoi Drainage Company and private one (CSUR, 2010)
For small lakes and ponds in Hanoi, it was private property before 1957 In 1958-1960, with the socialist reform of production, those water areas had been converted to under the management of cooperative as community
Trang 8property Since 1986, the cooperative has lost
its power, the control of water area has
moved to under local government
The transformation of natural water
surface typology and area
The transformation of Hanoi natural
water system from 1986 to present is
clarified through set of map and data resulted
from GIS and remote sensing analysis
Hanoi city scale:
From left to right: Natural water system in Hanoi in 1989,
1999, 2009
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Total area of main lakes in Hanoi
ha
1989 1999 2009 0
20 40 60 80 100 120
.8 1
Total area of small rivers in Hanoi
ha
Sub-zone scale
Zone 1:
Figure 11: From up to down: Natural water system in 1989, 1999, 2009
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74
Total area of main lakes in zone 1
ha
1989 1999 2009 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Total area of small lake and ponds in zone 1
ha
Trang 9Zone 2: Urbanized since 1990s
Figure 12: From left to right: Natural water system in 1989, 1999, 2009
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
Total area of main lakes in zone 2
ha
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Total area of small lake and ponds in zone 2
ha
Zone 3: urbanized since 2000s
Figure 13: From left
to right: Natural water system in
1989, 1999, 2009
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Total area of main lakes in zone 3
ha
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
.7 2
Total area of small lake and ponds in zone 3
ha
4 Discussion
The typical character of original Hanoi topography is dense network of water system which gave Hanoi another name Asian Venice The natural water system had played an important role in our ancestor period, especially they tried to conserve it as a sign of good fortune In our traditional custom, they even called lakes and ponds as Earthen Mother’s eye However, the historical development has witnessed the decrease in natural water surface area In French colony time, in order to solve the hygiene problems
Trang 10and make Hanoi as western city, all of natural
water system in 12km2 except a lake was
filled up The problem has been worsening in
recent time under pressure of development,
especially since greater economic
liberalization mid 1990s It causes floods and
inundation inside Hanoi City
By classify the natural water system to
three categories namely river tributaries,
main lakes, small lakes and ponds, the paper
analysis the change of each category in three
different zones, including urbanized since
1960s, urbanized since 1990s, urbanized
since 2000s
With regard to river tributaries, the figure
show that in 10 years from 1989 to 1999, the
area had been slightly decreased from 87,44
ha to 80,88 ha After 1999, its area has been
recovered and even increased , from 80,88 ha
to 101,76 ha, thanks to the drainage
improvement project initiated and sponsored
by international organization
In term of main lake, in 20 years, Hanoi
lost 26% its water surface, from 1129 ha to
790 ha In zone 1 and zone 2, the figure
depicts slightly change, However, the change
mostly happened in zone 3, decrease from
467 ha to 197 ha, since the main lakes in this
area were not under the control of city until
2000s
In term of small lakes and ponds, the area
has been sharply decreased in 20 years In
zone 1, only 12% of its area was left In zone
2, more than 50% of its area has been
disappeared The figure of zone 3 is
interesting, since it even increases, it is
attributed for new ponds and lakes have been
creating in new urban area as landscape
element
Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to
small lakes and ponds in Hanoi In the time
being, urban policy mostly focus on the river
tributaries and main lakes as for drainage and
open space for city people However, it should maintain the small lakes and ponds for social interaction in community scale, for reduce the flood and inundation in larger scale It also shows that ineffective of local government on water surface control It should involve the role of community to protect such area under the pressure of development
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