In the present work, a modified quasichemical model correlates the equilibrium phase diagrams of binary and ternary systems of significance to black liquor, biomass, and coal conversion
Trang 15th US Combustion Meeting Organized by the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute and Hosted by the University of California at San Diego
March 25-28, 2007
Modeling Multicomponent Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium of Salts and Silicates in Biomass and Coal Thermal Conversion
Processes
Bing Liu1, John L Oscarson1, Larry L Baxter1, and Reed M Izatt2
Utah 84602, USA
Utah 84602, USA
A knowledge of the solid-liquid phase equilibrium of salts and silicates is important to understand ash deposition and slagging problems in biomas and coal thermal processing equipment Computer codes simulating combustion/gasification processes require a good thermodynamic subprogram to describe the effect of slagging on the process While ash deposits are generally not in equilibrium, thermochemical equilibrium represents the endpoint of their reaction and differences between current conditions and equilibrium conditions affect both chemical and physical (sintering, melting, vaporization) reaction rates In the present work, a modified quasichemical model correlates the equilibrium phase diagrams of binary and ternary systems of significance to black liquor, biomass, and coal conversion equipment Examples of NaCl-Na 2 CO 3 , Na 2 S-K 2 S, K 2 O-SiO 2 , and FeO-SiO 2 systems validate the model and phase equilibrium algorithm by comparison with literature data The model is discussed and a comparison of the model predictions and data is given.
1 Introduction
Biomass and coal thermal conversion equipment (combustors, gasifiers, pyrolyzers, etc.) represent the primary technologies based on ash-forming fuels for power generation These technologies convert fuel, air/oxygen, and steam to lighter molecules such as water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and various pollutants Depending on the technology and
fuel, the systems typically operate at temperatures (T) from 600 to 2500 K and at pressures (P)
from 0.1 to 50 atmospheres [1] Due to their high energy conversion efficiency and improving environmental performance, these systems commonly represent large and long-term capital investments at the heart of power production or processing industries However, converting the organic portion of the fuel to light gases generally impacts both design and operation of such technologies less than the behavior of inorganic compounds These elements include Si, Al, Fe,
Ca, Mg, Na, K, H, Ti, S, P, C, and O These minerals and oxides form deposits and fly ash that often result in serious operational problems If fixed beds or entrained beds are used, slagging may be even more serious Despite the importance of inorganic transformation processes, the chemistry, , phase behavior, and other thermodynamic properties of these inorganic systems are poorly characterized, especially at high temperatures The difficulty in constructing phase diagrams becomes even more pronounced as the number of components increases and the experiments necessary to obtain the required data become more time-consuming and costly Models can, in principle, describe chemical equilibria in multicomponent systems However, the
Trang 25 US Combustion Meeting – Paper # G37 Topic: Other
complexity and non-ideality of condensed-phase equilibrium calculations thus far prove too great
to yield to the comparatively simple models used to describe gas-phase phenomena In the present work, a modified quasi-chemical model is used to correlate properties of many molten salt and silicate systems of interest to these technologies This model, together with a generalized phase equilibrium algorithm programmed at BYU, can be used to calculate the phase equilibria of many binary systems As a subprogram in the BYU ash deposition project, the present model will be integrated into a software package to supplement existing and developing fouling/slagging models in thermal conversion equipment
2 Modeling Approach
Salt and silicate properteies in liquid/solid phases depend only weakly on pressure Therefore,
the Gibbs energy (G) in most equation-of-state models for condensed salts and silicates are usually expressed as functions of concentration and temperature (T) However, the complexity of
molten salts and silicates leads to phase diagram models involving molten salts and silicates at
high temperatures that are usually system-dependent Even for a given modeling approach, the
equation forms and the number of modeling parameters used in the model vary with components This variety increases the difficulty of developing a generalized model to correlate phase equilibria of multicomponent systems In the present work, we used the modified quasichemical theory initially developed by Pelton and Blander [2, 3] and later further modified by Pelton et al [4] to model binary liquid solutions This model allows us to use one uniform approach to model various binary liquids The model of Pelton et al can be used to correlate many different types of binary systems In this model, Pelton et al used the “first-nearest-neighbor pairs” as the pair
approximation The atoms or molecules A and B are assumed to be distributed over the sites of a
quasilattice The interactions between different atoms/molecules can be obtained using the pair exchange reaction shown in Equation ,
(A A) (B B) 2(A B)
where (A−A), (B-B), and (A-B) represent the first-nearest-neighbor pairs of A-A, B-B, and A-B, respectively The change in G for reaction , ∆gAB, accounts for the nonconfigurational change in
G for the formation of two moles of (A−B) pairs, and is a function of T and mole fraction (x).
The molar G value of the system is shown in Equation ,
where g is the G value per mole of mixture for the binary system, xA and xB are the mole fractions
of components A and B, respectively, o
A
g and o
B
g are the molar G values of the pure components
A and B, respectively, and ∆sconfig is the configurational entropy change and is defined in Equation ,
2
where R is the gas constant, xAA, xBB, and xAB are the mole fractions of A-A, B-B, and A-B pairs, respectively, nAA, nBB, and nAB are the numbers of moles of A-A, B-B, and A-B pairs,
Trang 3respectively, in one mole of solution, and YA and YB are the equivalent fractions of pairs containing components A and B, respectively Equation defines the YA and YB terms.
A AA and B BB
Most terms thus far discussed involve no explicit interactions The ∆gAB term defined in Equation
(2), which encapsulates the interactions, is usually divided into two terms: the enthalpy change
due to mixing, ∆hAB, and the nonconfigurational entropy change, ∆sAB Equation gives the expression for ∆gAB
Both ∆hAB and ∆sAB in Equation are assumed to be independent of T and are usually expressed as polynomial functions of xA and xB, or functions of YA and YB, or functions of xAA and xBB, with the
coefficients of each polynomial function determined from experimental data using a least-squares fitting method
Solids may be modeled as pure minerals or solid solutions, depending on the crystal structures of the compounds in the solid phase Some intermediate compounds may also exist in the solid phase The thermodynamic properties of stable compounds can be found in thermodynamic databases [5, 6] or in published articles Values for the thermodynamic properties of unstable or intermediate compounds result by fitting them to experimental Solid solutions can also be modeled using the modified quasi-chemical approach However, this approach is seldom used for solid solutions Instead, the Bragg-Williams approach [7] with an ideal configurational entropy is
often used and the excess G values are expressed as polynomial functions of mole fractions or
equivalent fractions as shown in Equations through Most solid solutions have more than one sublattice and require more complex models within the framework of the sublattice compound energy formalism
n i
i=0
,
,
When the liquid and solid phases have been modeled and the modeling parameters have been determined, optimizes their values This analysis uses a program initially presented by Greenberg [7] and programmed at BYU for the minimization process Many simpler algorithms either neglect ion formation or implicitly assume that activity scales with mole fraction, or both A computation process diagram is shown in Figure 1
Trang 45 US Combustion Meeting – Paper # G37 Topic: Other
Experimental data (thermochemical and phase diagram data)
Select thermodynamic models for each phase (e.g., modified quasi-chemical model for liquid phases, pure solid phases, etc.)
Optimize model parameters Reproduce the phase diagrams of a given system
Figure 1: Diagram of phase equilibrium computation
3 Modeling Results
Many binary salt and silicate phase diagrams have been modeled and are available from the ash deposition group at Brigham Young University [9]: NaCl-Na2CO3, KCl-K2CO3, NaCl-Na2SO4, KCl-K2SO4, K2CO3-KOH, KCl-MgCl2, Na2O-SiO2, CaO-SiO2, Al2O3-SiO2, FeO-SiO2, Na2S-K2S, etc In this paper, phase diagrams of NaCl-Na2CO3, Na2S-K2S, K2O-SiO2, and FeO-SiO2 are shown and discussed
Figure 2 illustrates the phase diagram of a liquid NaCl-Na2CO3 solution in equilibrium with pure solid NaCl and/or pure solid Na2CO3 The ∆sAB term in Equation was assumed to be zero in the
modified quasi-chemical model The coefficients in the ∆hAB polynomial expression were optimized and ∆hAB is expressed as a function of the mole fraction of NaCl-NaCl pairs as shown
in Equation
2
where xAA represents the mole fraction of NaCl-NaCl pairs The results calculated using the
model agree well with the measured values, and the calculated eutectic point (0.449, 633 ºC) is well within the reported eutectic point region (0.41−0.47, 632−645 ºC) [10-12].
Trang 55 th US Combustion Meeting – Paper # G37 Topic: Other
Mole fraction Na2CO3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 600
650 700 750 800 850 900
Figure 2: T-x phase diagram of the Na2 CO 3 -NaCl system □ Amadori data [10], ♦ Niggli data [11], ●
Belyaev and Sholokhovich data [12], (—) Results calculated using the model.
Even though the ionic diameters of K+ and Na+ are rather different, it is quite common to find
complete solid solutions over the whole composition range for binary salt systems with a
common anion [13] Thus, solid solutions containing Na2S and K2S may form One such example
is shown in Figure 3 Mäkipää and Backman [14] tentatively constructed the liquid-solid phase
diagram of the K2S-Na2S system A minimum solidus point at xK O2 0.65 and T = 1009 K was
reported [14] and is shown in Figure 3 With no further experimental data available, Lindberg et
al [13] pointed out that the binary liquid and solid Na2S-K2S systems can be modeled using the
ideal solution and the regular solution approaches, respectively The ideal mixing G equation for
both phases (liquid and solid solutions) and the excess G equation for the solid solution used in
the study of Lindberg et al are shown in Equations and , respectively
ideal
K S K S Na S Na S
Na S K S /(J mol ) 26776
where ∆gideal and gex represent the ideal mixing and excess G values, respectively There is a
constant number “2” on the right side of Equation because each mole of Na2S or K2S contributes
2 moles of alkali cations
In Figures 2 and 3, the pure-species G values used to compute the phase diagrams are based on
the NASA thermodynamic database [6] Liquid heat capacities were assumed constant at T
values below the melting points because these heat capacities are nearly independent of T at
conditions above the melting points
Trang 65 US Combustion Meeting – Paper # G37 Topic: Other
Mole fraction of K 2 S
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Figure 3: Liquid-solid solution phase diagram of the K 2 S-Na 2 S system The solidus line is
calculated using the regular solution theory [13] and the liquidus line is calculated using
the ideal solution assumption ● Reported lowest solidus temperature point [14].
Many fuel deposits have large fractions of oxides and silicates In Figure 4, a phase diagram of a
binary oxide/silicate system (K2O-SiO2) is given The parameters in the liquid solution model
were optimized using measured data [15] for liquid solutions in equilibrium with K2SiO3(s) and
SiO2(s), respectively The G values of pure liquid species, pure solid K2SiO3, and pure solid SiO2
use the equations reported by Wu et al [16] The G value of pure K2Si2O5(s) was calculated from
the measured data [15] of K2Si2O5(s) in equilibrium with the liquid solution (Equations and )
Equation shows the optimized Gibbs energy equation of K2Si2O5(s) used in the present work
K O( ) 2SiO ( ) K Si O ( )l l s
K Si O ( )s ( ) K O( )l ( , ) 2 SiO ( )l ( , )
2 2 5
J/mol
G
T
where u in Equation represents the chemical potential.
Trang 7Mole Fraction SiO2
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Liquid
977 C
1046 C
729 C
767 C 770 C
Kracek et al.
K2
K2
S2
O5
K2
S4
Cr
Qu
Figure 4: T-x phase diagram of K2 O-SiO 2 ○ Kracek et al.[15] Cr, Tr, and Qu represent the three
forms of crystalline SiO 2 (—) Results calculated using the model.
Phase diagrams of silicate systems are more complex than those of salts (Figures 2 and 3) One possible reason is that silica is highly polymerized When silica mixes with some other oxides, the structure of the mixture becomes highly networked resulting in large property changes Another possible reason derives from the formation of many intermediate compounds during the mixing process Depending on their stability, these intermediate compounds may decompose or
change into other compounds as T and x change The high melting point (1046 ºC) of K2Si2O5(s)
in Figure 4 relative to other intermediate compounds implies that solid K2Si2O5 is more stable at compositions 0.57~0.77 than other reported solid compounds (K2SiO3, K2Si4O9, etc.) [15]
Figure 5 illustrates a phase diagram involving iron and silicates (FeO-SiO2) The G values of pure components were calculated using the equations reported by Romero-Serrano and Pelton [17] The parameters of the liquid solution model were optimized using the phase equilibrium data of liquid solution in equilibrium with FeSiO4(s), FeO(s), and SiO2(Tr) In the phase diagram for FeO-SiO2, only one intermediate compound, FeSiO4, has been reported [18] The relatively small flat region around xSiO2 0.33 implies that the association between SiO2 and FeO results in
species of limited stability which can easily decompose as T increases or composition changes.
An immiscible liquid region was found using the liquid solution model at xsio2 ≈ 0.6~0.99 and may partially account for the variety of mineral types in the slags
Trang 85 th US Combustion Meeting – Paper # G37 Topic: Other
Mole Fraction SiO2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1100
1300 1500 1700
2 Liquids
Cr
Tr Liquid
F2
1205 ˚C
1928 ˚C
Figure 5: T-x phase diagram of FeO-SiO2 Experimental data: □ Allen and Snow [19], ◊ Schuhmann
and Ensio [20], Δ Bowen and Schairer [18], ○ Greig [21] (—) Results calculated using the model.
4 Conclusions
A modified quasi-chemical model and a generalized Gibbs energy algorithm can calculate phase
behavior of salt and silicate systems of importance to biomass and coal thermal process systems
The NaCl-Na2CO3, Na2S-K2S, K2O-SiO2, and FeO-SiO2 systems reported in this paper validate
the model and phase diagram algorithm and provide evidence that the G models of the low-order
phases can be used in extrapolations to multi-components in high-order phases once proper
mixing rules are found
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