...-.rtpntent, World Bank,Washington, DC; LINDP -q- Governance -fo, Sustainable Human LINDP, New York; Commonwealth -:.irtion 1999, Citizens and Goyernance: Civil Vi6c chuyCn d6i tu tu
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PGS.TS, PHAM HU.U NGHI
pcs.rs Nct-wEN NHrt puAr
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PGS,TS BUI NGTIYEN THANU
PGS,TS.
PGS.TS VU THU,
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rs NGuvEN LINH GIANG
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TS NGUYEN VAN HIEN
Trlr q0 Tod sogn:
27 TrAn Xudn Sogn
Hd N1i
Tel: 024.39713333
Fax: 024.39764534
Email:
rcnnpl@,isl.gov.vn
Gi6y ph6p hoqt dQng
b6o chi:
s6'tzlrcP-BTTTT, ngiry 221412013
in vd thucrng m4i
D6ng Bdc
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Trang 3Itf Her QUAN oAuc roAN TRI QUoC GIA THEo TINH THAN vAu KIEN DAI
euoc rAx rntlxrrr: BUdc rrnx Mor
Vfi COng Giso*
Nguydn Vdn Qudn*.
tdc qudn tri t6t'trong cdc vdn ki€n cila Ddng CQng sdn Vi€t Nam A6ivA 6 chac vd hoat
dQng cila bO mdy nhd nartc ViQc dQ cao cdc y€u t6 cila qudn tr! t6t cilng dfit ra nhirng y€u1du vd thdch thac ddt vcti h€ th6ng phdp luQt qu6c gia
Abstract: The article presents and analyzes the effect of the recognition of good
governance principles in the instruments of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on the
organization and operation of the state apparatus Promoting the elements of good
governance also poses requirements and challenges to the national legal system
phuong thirc quin ly, cai tri truyAn th5ng,
d6nh d6u sg chuy6n minh s0u r6ng cua td chric vi thlrc hiQn qryCr, luc nhd nu6c trong
, i.
bol cann mfi.
Du6i tdc d6ng cua c6c t6 chirc tdi trcv
i i
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l,;'
thuc v€ quin tri qudc gia ddn duoc ph6 bi€n
tai Viet Nam Qudn tri t6t tung bu6c dugc
thria nhfln nhu li mQt ti6u chuAn ctra quin ly
c6ng hi6n dai, chia kho6 dC x6y dmg mQt
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1 Kh6i luqc viiquin tri qu6c gia Thuat ngft "qu6n tri qu6c gia" (d6i khi dugc ggi lir "quin tri c6ng", "quin tri nhd
nu6c") o ViQt Nam c6 16 dugc dich tit thuft ngit governancelpublic governance trong
\ lTIO\-AL
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t0 dugc dAy manh g6i canh m6i t6c tl6ng
t ,,
sdu rQng toi to chuc vd ho4t dQng cria Nhd nu6c, cfrng nhu t6c dQng t6i c6c thiOt chti xd hQi kh5c Ddy ld m6t trong nhirng nhdn tO
thiic dAy xu th6 chuy6n dich tu quin ly sang
quin tr! Theo d6, qu6n tri dAn trcv thdnh mQt
thu6t ngir sir dung ptrO Ui6n dO m6 td cdc chuy6n dOi tac dQng t6i viQc thuc thi quy6n
luc trong x6 hQi duong dai Phucrng thirc
quin tri dugc qu6ng b6, ph6 bi6n vd thric
,^ I -^
diy rr mgi cip d0 vd moi t6 chirc xi h6i, bao
gdm cd Nhir nudc vd c6c t6 chric qu6c tti
Qu6n tri dugc xem ld su thay th6 cho
' PGS.TS., Khoa LuQt, Dai hqc Qu6c gia Hd NOi.
" TS., Khoa Lu4t, D4i hgc Qu6c gia Hi NQi.
Bdi vi6t ld m6t phAn.ktit qui cira pe tai khoa hqc c6p
86 "Quin tri t6t nhim phdng, ch6lg tham nhtng o
\ri6t Nam hiQn nay" do Vi6n Chi6n lugc vir Khoa
nitm202l-)022.
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Trang 4NH) NtJdc v) pnAp tuAr sO ctzozt
governance ld: "Cdc truyAn th6ng vd th6
ch6 md dga vdo d6 dC th$c hi0n quydn luc
<r mQt qu6c gia"l Ngdn hdng ThC gi6i
(WB) xem governance ld " crlch thric md
quydn luc duoc thpc thi th6ng qua c6c th6
ch6 chinh tri, kinh t6, xd, h6i cira m6t qu6c
gia"2 Theo Chucrng trinh Ph6t tri6n Li6n
hqp qu6c ([INDP), governance ld "vi6c
thgc thi quy6n luc chinh tri, hdnh chinh,
kinh t0 dd quan ly c6c v6n de cua qu6c gia
cr mgi c6p dQ"3 Cdn theo NgAn hdng Ph6t
tri6n chAu A (ADB), "governance noi d,6n
m6i truong th6 chd md cy do c6c c6ng ddn
tucrng thc vor nhau vd vfi c6c co quan,
quan chirc nhd nu6c"a
Trong thuc t6, governance ld mQt thu6t
A!
ngt chu yeu g5n v6i tO chirc vd hoat d6ng
cira b0 mfry nhd nu6c (qudn tri qutic
gialquin tri nhd nu6c) M[c du kh6i ni6m
ndy ctng dugc sir dung trong mot s6 b5i
cinh khiic, ch6ng han nhu qudn tri doanh
nghiQp (corporate governance)s, qu6n tri
I Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, Massimo Masffuzzi
The Worldwide Governance Indicators Methodology
and Analytical Issues, The World Bank
Development Research Group Macroeconomics and
Growth Team, September 2010 Xem: https://papers.
2 World Bank (2006), Making PRSP Inclusive, xem
g-PRSP-inclusive-PUBLIC.pdf, truy c0p ngdy
08t1t2021.
3 TINDP (1997), Governance & Sustainable Human
Development, A LINDP Policy Document,
ngdy 20/512021.
4 ADB (2005), Governance; Sound Development
M an agem e nt Governance, https ://www adb.org/sites/
5 quan tri doanh nghidp dA cflp d6n cdch thr?c t6
cira mQt doanh nghi6p VA "cooperate governance",
qu6c tC (international governance), qudn tri todn cAu (global governance; 6 OOi v6i
:
qudn tri quoc gia, c6 nghidn cuu lai chia thdnh quin tri o c6p d6 todn qu6c fuational
governance) vd quan tri o c6p dia phuong (local governance), trong do mic du chia s6
^!
nhirng nguyen tdc chung, nhrmg cr m6i c0p
co m6t so d6c trung ri6ng7
VC mit lich su, qu6n tri qu6c gia re ben chAt kh6ng phni ld mQt kh6i ni6m chinh tri,
ph6p lj'm6i md dd duoc dd cap tu liu tr6n
th6 gi6i Ngay tt thdi Hy Lap - La Md c6
dAi, mQt sO nhi tu tu*g, vi dU nhu
Aristotle, dA dA cflp d6n vAn dC ndy th6ng
qua nhirng luAn cli6m vA c6c m6 hinh, vai
trd vd c6ch thric quin tri cira Nhd nu6c8
Mac dt vay, kh5i ni6m qu6n tri nhd
I
nuoc/qudn tri quoc gia m6i chi duoc quan
gi6i kC tu cu6i th0 ki XX, khi nhidu nu6c
nhAn thiy cAn cai c6ch m6 hinh qurin ly vd hdnh chinh c6ng (Public Administration and
vi dU, xem OECD (2004), Principles of Corporate
ngiry 201412021.
6 quan tri ;/,qu6c te d6 cap d6n hoat d6ng cua c6c t6 clruc guoq te vd cdc qu6c gia trong vi6c gidi quy6t
cdc vdn dd toan cAu nhu bi6n d6i khi hAu, xung tl6t,
tranh ch6p lanh th6, ch6ng khung U0 VC
"interrrational governance", vi dg, xem trang web
cira Chatham House, tai https://www.chatham
house org/re search/topics/international-law-and- gove
mance/international-governance, truy cap ngdy
201412021.
7 Vi dU, vC qu6n tri d c6p tlia phucrng, xem muc
Local Governance tr6n trang web cua INDP
ernance.html.
8 Corina Adriana Dumitrescu, The Concept Of Good Governance In Aristotle's View, tai http://cogito.uc
F%20GOOD%20GOVERNANCE%20IN,,/o20 eng .pdf, truy cap ngay 201412021.
Trang 5QLrA;.^t TR! QL\OC GrA
j,r-r r " DOi v6i
::i:: cuu lai chia
i
.:- lurrc (naltonal
.' ,p dia phucrng
i ::r.rc du chia sd
:.:-.-l:g () mol cap
r J-L'rc gia vC ban
,: ::rim chinh tri,
J: ;ip tu liu tr6n
L.rp - La Ma c6
n{ r'i du nhu
.:
',:n tle nay thong
.-,:; rnd hinh, vai
.-ua Nhd nu6c8
: ' qudn tri nhd
;,: chr duoc quan
.:
Irrng l-?l tren the
i khi nhiOu nu6c
.i irinh quin ly vd
rJ.:lrnistration and
'' ;i o/ Corporate
- :.rrporate/calcorp
: -: ndf- truy cap
: -,: itrfl9 CUa CdC td
:: -: \ r.rc gi6i quy6t
!' : riu xung dQt,
-rq b6 VC
:- ,.,'lt trang web
: ri ' cQp ngAy
= ,-.Lla UNDP
' ,- - " ,,tttc' OufWOfk
-.r: local_.gov
, - tpt OfGood
:.:tp: cogito.uc
r\CEPT%20O
i I\0o20 eng
\{anagement - PAM; AC dap img nhirng
', iu cAu ddtra cira todn cAu ho6 DAu ti6n, ly
,;)."
:hur'6t v€ quan ly c6ng m6i (New Public
\lanagement - NPM) iluoc khoi xufngq voi
ki' vong girip chuy6n d6i m6 hinh PAM
:ruv0n th6ng dd bQc lQ ngdy cdng nhidu han
ch0 sang m6t mO hinh hiQu qui hcrn Tuy rhien, NPM cflng nhanh ch6ng th6 hiOn
nhnng b?t cap trong thuc t610, vi v4y mQt
mo hinh khrlc dugc khoi xufng v6i t6n goi .i quin tri c6ng (Public Governance), hay
Governance)11 Thuflt ngt public
::o\ emance trong 2 - 3 thpp kj' gAn ddy dAn iin duoc dtng thay th6 cho thupt ngfr
:ublic administrationipublic management, :rong d6 Nhd nu6c dinh cho minh vi tri gdn
nhu ddc t6n vd thi6n vO 6p dr,rng c6c bi6n rh6p c6 tinh 6p dAt dC quin ly xd h6i12.
\-e NPM, xem Ewan Ferlie, The New Public '"Itnagement and Public Management Studies,
:rtbrd University Press Published online: 29 March
Ye vin d6 ndy, xem Oehler-Sincai, Iulia Monica,
;:,ettgths And Weaknesses Of The New Public t.!.:nagement NPM)- Cross-Sectional And
- ,,rgitttdinal Analy,sis, Paper for the Conference
_lanized by the SOG and the QoG Institute,
'- :.:.' ersity of Gothenburg New Public
!"1;:rgement and the Quality of Government,
'* ' ember l3-15, 2008 Tai
https://mpra.ub.uni *: nchen de l 1 17 6T l l lMPRAlaper_ 1 17 67 pdf , truy
\-e vin d6 ndy xem Stephen P Osbome, The New : :,r.'ic Governance?, Public Management Review,
-.:ne: 18 Feb 2007 Tai https://www.tandfonline.
- :: do i /abs/ 1 0 1080 I I 47 1903 06008 5 3 022?j ournalC
,::=r-prm20, truy c{p ngtry 201412021.
' \em World Bank (1992), Governance and
-.rtpntent, World Bank,Washington, DC; LINDP
-q- ) Governance -fo, Sustainable Human
LINDP, New York; Commonwealth
-:.irtion (1999), Citizens and Goyernance: Civil
Vi6c chuyCn d6i tu tu duy qudn ly cfr sang tu duy qurin tri trong hoat d6ng cua
Nhd nu6c dd duoc kh6 nhi0u hoc gii phin
tich, trong do cho thdy dlty ld xu hudn g oia th0 ki XXI vd phin 5nh sy thay d6i 16r
trong nhAn thtlc vd c6ch thric thuc thi quy6n
luc chinh tri o c6c qu6c gia13 Sg chuydn d6i ndy cho thlty vaitro cua Nhd nu6c trong th6
ki XXI dang vd sE thay d6i, vi tri d6c t6n cua Nhd nu6c sE giam di, dti chia se quydn
luc v6i nhfrng thi6t che vd chu thO dAn chi
m6ir4 Nhitng thi6t ch6 ddn chu m6i ndy dang ldm thay d6i m6i quan h0 gifr,a c6c chu th6 tham gia vdo c6c hC th6ng chinh tri, th6
hi6n qua su di€u chinh c6c quydn, nghTa r,.u,
tr6ch nhi0m giira c6c bdn li6n quan So v6i m6 hinh quin ly nhd nu6c tru6c dAy, m6
hinh qu6n tri nhd nu6c hi0n nay c6 sU tham
gia chu cl6ng cira mdt pham vi c6c chir the
r6ng l6n hon rAt nhi6u Quy6n luc chinh tri
duoc phdn b6 mQt c6ch hcr,p lj,gifra b0 m5y
nhd nu6c vd nguoi ddn, th6ng qua su hinh
thdnh, ph6t tri6n vi hoat d6ng cria c6c phong trdo vd t6 chric xd h6i, cfrng nhu qua
vi6c phfln quy6n tu chinh quy6n trung uong
; ,, , 1 ,.
xuong chinh quydn dia phuong Trong ti6n
trinh ra quyrit dinh vd thuc thi c6c quy6t
dinh chinh s6ch, m6 hinh qudn tri doi hoi
c6 su tham gia cua nhidu chtr th6 knAc
Society in the New Millennium, Commonwealth
Foundation, London.
13 Arthur Benz, Yannis Papadopoulos, (eds, 2006),
Governance and Democracy: Comparing I'lational, European and International Experiences, Nxb.
la Xem, Seth Lartey and Deepti Sastry, Governance
in the Commonwealth: Current Debates,
trong Governance in the Commonwealth: Current Debates (Seth Lartey and Deepti Sastry edited), O
2010 Commonwealth Foundation, http://www.com
monwealthfoundation.com/sites/cwfl fi les/downl oads
/Governance_in_the_Commonwealth current debat
es.pd I tr 10 truy cAp ngay 2014/2021
Trang 6xaA xt/6'c vA rnAp utAr sd ctzozt
nhau, v6i mric dQ, vai trd, c6ch thirc, thdi
di6m vd giai doan khiic nhau C6c chir th6
tham gia co th6 chinh thuc (formal ctctors)
hoic kh6ng chinh thtrc (informal actors),
co vi tri trong chc cdu truc chinh thirc
(formal structures) hodc kh6ng chinh thric
(informal structures)ls Trong d6, Nhd
nu6c lir chu th6 chinh, nhung kh6ng phii
duy nhAt Ngoii Nhi nudc, cdn c6 c6c cht
th6 kh6c md sg tham gia phu thu6c vho
tung d4ng vd b6i cinh cira quin tri, vi du
nhu ngudi ddn, doanh nghi6p, c6c tO chric
phi chinh phu, c5c t6 chric qu6c t6, cic
ding chinh tri, cac t6 chirc t6n gi6o, c6c co
quan truyAn th6ng, cbc co so hoc thu4t
N6i c6ch kh6c, co ch6 quin tri d[c trung
boi sU tham gia, phOi hqp vh ho p tlc cta
nhidu chir th6 kh6c nhau trong xiy dung vd
thUc thi chinh s5ch, khSc biqt v6i c6ch thirc
quin li mang tinh chi dao don phuong,
mQnh 16nh tru6c d0y'u Tu nhtng ddc trung
ndy cira qudn tri, co hoc gi6 xem quin tri lir
m6t "h0 hinh" (paradigme) m6i cira Nhd
nu6c trong tuong lai17.
2 Quin tri qu6c gia tiit
Tri nhirng phdn tich 6 muc tr6n, co th6
thfly quin li nhd nu6c, quAn tri nhd
nu6ciquan tri qu6c gia ld vAn d0 th6 ch6, la
sg bi6u hiQn cua th6 ch6 Hi0u qud quan tri
qu6c gia chinh ld thu6c do t6c dQng cua thti
ctrti tr,lQt dAt nu6c mrr6.t gidu mpnh cAn
15 United Nations Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific, What is Good Governance?
'6 Nguy6n Vdn Quin, Vai trd cira t6 chuc xd h|i
trong quan tri nhd nactc hi(n nay, T1p chi Luflt hqc,
s6 z/zotg, tr.ss.
17 Chevallier, Jacques, La gouvernance, un nouveau
paradigme itatique?,Pievte frangaise d'adminis
trationpublique, vol n"105-106, no l-2, 2003, tr
203-217.
phAi dugc quin tri theo c5ch thric ti6n ti6n,
vi "th6 cne ti6n b0 sE mo duong cho dAt
;i r a
nuoc phat tnen '".
Kh6i niQm quan tri qu6c gia theo c6ch
.:,
thuc ti0n tien co thO hi6u th6ng qua m6t
thu0t ngt dugc dung r6t phO bi6n boi c6c tO
:;,
chuc quoc te trong vdi thAp kli gAn diy, do
ld good g,overnance (tam dich li qurin tri
qu6c gia t6t; Oay cfrng kh6ng phni ld mQt
khSi niQm hodn todn m6i, vi m6t s6 quan
-.1 I I -;
di0m vd vin d0 ndy dd duoc cl6 cpp boi mQt
sO nhd tu tucrng Hy Lap - La Md cO eai Vi
du, Aristotle, trong Chinh tri 1u4n (Politics),
bing viQc phin tich d[c diem cdc nguy6n :,
tic hoat dong cua c6c dang ch0 d0 chinh tri,
c6ch thirc t6 chric qudc gia vd c6c m6 hinh
din chirle thuc chdt dI tao lap nhimg n6n
l :r)n
tang ly ludn ve quan trr quoc gta tot'".
t<6 tti th4p ni6n 1980, cung voi khSi
A
niem quan tri quoc gia, kh6i ni6m quan tri qu6c gia t6t duqc dC cap d6n ngdy cdng
nhiiiu Nguy6n nhdn dugc lj' giei ld bdi
thuc trang qudn tri qu6c gia kbm (bad
governance) md c6c d6u hiQu dflc trung li
tinh trang tham nhfrng, chinh quyOn thi6u
tr6ch nhi6m, thi6u ndng lgc ngiry cdng
nghiOm trgng tr6n th6 gi6i, ddn d6n nhu
cdu cin tim ra biQn ph6p gi6i quy6t21
18 Thu hing, TrAn Thuong, Thti ta6'ng: Th6.ch€ ti6n
bA sd mo du'dng cho ddt nabc phdt tri€n, xem'.
su/chinh-tri/thu-tuong-the-che-tien-bo-se-mo-duong-cho-dat-nuoc-phat-tri
1e Xem quy6n 3 vd 6 cta t6c ph6m Chinh tri luAn,
ban ti6ng Vi€t, tai http://icevn.orglvilnodel366, truy cfp ngdy 201512021.
20 C[ng xem Corina Adriana Dumitrescu, tldd.
2r Xem Good Governance in Multiethnic
Communities, Conditions, Instruments, Best
Practices, Ways to Achieve and Measure Good Governance at the Local Level, Ajoint publication
of the Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center and
the King Baudouin Foundation, 2001 Xem:
Trang 7eaAN rRt eu^c GrA ::.: :hLrc ti6n ti6n,
-a
l- " i.Itrll9 Cno dat
r - sia theo c6ch
.* .:tong qua m6t
.:
-.;l r\ gan day dO
: .'.ch ld quin tri
r.r.le phai ld mQt
' , i nrot s6 quan
-r,' tlcr cAp boi m6t
- - \la cO d7i Vi
: ::r iLian (Politics),
:: jr,-r dd chinh tri,
::; r li c6c m6 hinh
:;., Iap nhrtng ndn
-.,; sia t5t2o.
.tt cirog v6i kh6i
': ri ni6m quin tri
i: din ngdy cdng
-,; lr giai ld boi
r - gia kem (bad
:Ju ddc trung ld
.:.:i,h quy€n thi6u
.:; ngdy cdng
::,-' din d6n nhu
:,1 eiai quy6t2r
., ':i ,r.s Th€ ch€ tt€n
: .:',rrit tri€n, xem
- .-
:h-tri/thu-tuong rl-nuoc-phat-tri
- I rll.
:-.::: Chinh tri luAn,
:-,inode/366,truy
-:' :::scu tldd.
.)i ,Vultiethnic
"' ,'.lrtents, Best
-, .; \le usure Good
r
, i nt publication
.:: :' 1007 Xem:
Trong b6i canh d6, quin tri qu5c gia t6t trcr
:hanh m6t ytiu t5 quan trong trong c6c
;hucrng trinh nghi su vd chinh tri vi kinh t6
;a o cAp dQ qu6c t6, khu vuc vd qu6c gia;
dong thoi duoc xem nhu m6t trong nhtng tieu chi cdn bin dC d6nh gi6 sy ph6t tri6n
cua m6t d6t nu6c
Cfrng gi6ng nhu kh6i ni6m qurin tri
;uoc gia, c6 nhi6u dinh nghia kh6c nhau
'.3 qu6n tri qu6c gia t6t Tuy nhi6n, theo
-'jc crr quan Li6n hqp qudc, qu6n tri qu6c
:ia t6t bao g6m 8 dflc trung chinh (major
:haracteristic)22 d6 li: Sg tham gia
::trticipatory), dinh hu6ng d6ng thufln
-onsensus oriented), trirch nhiQm gini
:-nh (accountable), su minh bpch
:,ansparent), sU kip thdi (responsive),
::nh hi6u luc (effective), tinh hiQu qu6
,t.fiicient), tinh binh dEng vi kh6ng loai tru
;hu th6 ndo (equitable and inclusive) vit
ruan thri ph6p quyA n (follows the ruie oJ'
.irr ) ss th6 nhu Sau23:
S1r tham giu
Su tham gia cta nguoi dAn dugc xem ld
n.it 1'€u t6 c6t l6i cira qu6n tri qu6c gia t5t.
' .,.*u.annalindhfoundation.org/sites/annalindh.
-'- : tlocuments/publication/pub_ I 660_good20g
- *'::!-L-_rrultiethnic_com_light.pdf, tr.13, truy
- :ri 201412021 C[ng xem Miriam Wyrnan,
! Ltbout Governance; A DraJi Discus.sion
:rr'pared for The Cornmonwealth Foundation
',-\ and Governance programme, tai
- .,.',,.ri.cducation.gov.mt/youth/pdf_cyflCyF T
- :: :.r!a) 20.112021
' ' : .,i tii li6u goi ld c6c nguyCn t6c (principle)
- ,:: :ri tc'lt.
' ji \arions Economic and Social Commission
: (itnantun(e in Multiethnic Communities,
' '., Ittstt.utuents, Bet-t practices, Ways
to
- .:, .i \leusttre Good Governance at the Local
Quin tri qu6c gia t6t ddi hoi phii c6 sq
tham gia cua nguoi ddn mQt c6ch truc ti6p ho[c gi6n ti6p th6ng qua cdc co quan dai
diQn (representative) ho6c ctrc thi6t ch6 trung gian hqp ph6p (legitimate intermediate institution) Circ Nhd nu6c cdn
th6ng b6o vd t6 chirc cho ngudi d6n tham gia vdo qudn ly xd hQi Di6u ndy doi hoi c6c
Nhd nu6c phii brio d,ttm circ quyen tu do hiQp h6i vd bi6u dat, cfrng nhu su t6n tai vi
v4n hdnh cua x5 h6i c6ng d6n co t6 chric (organized civil society)
Phdp quyin Quin tri qu5c gia t6t ddi h6i ph6i c6 khu6n kh6 ph6p luit c6ng bing vd ph6p lu6t
phii ctuqc thyc thi m6t c6ch kh6ng thi€n vi (impartially) B6n canh cl6, qu6n tri qu6c gia
t6t ddi h6i c6c quy6n con ngudi, Aac UiCt ta
quy6n cua circ nh6m thidu s6, phii duoc bio
vC mQt c6ch dAy du vd hi6u qu6 ViQc thqc
thi phrip lupt m6t crich kh6ng thi6n vi ddt ra
y0u cdu b6o dim m6t n6n tu ph6p dQc lap
(independent judiciary) vd m6t luc luqng
cinh s6t li6m chinh, v6 tu (impartial and
incomrptible police force)
Minh bgch
Qudn tri qu6c gia t6t ddi hoi su minh
bach Minh bach c6 nghia ld khi dua ra c6c quyet dinh vd thlrc hi6n c6c quytSt dinh, Nhd
nu6c phdi tuin thu c6c lu6t lQ vd quy tic N6 cf,ng c6 nghia ld th6ng tin v6 qu6 trinh
ban hdnh vd thi hdnh cdc qryt5t dinh do phdi c6ng khai cho moi ngudi, dpc bi6t ld nhirng nguoi chlu inh hucrng bcyi cdc quytit dinh
do Kh6ng chi vAy, minh bach con doi hoi
nhftng th6ng tin dd n6u ph6i duoc c6ng khai
m6t c6ch ddy dii, nhanh ch6ng, du6i nhftng dang thric d6 hieu, bao g6m tr6n c6c phucrng
ti6n truy6n th6ng, dC moi nguoi d6u co th6
t4rc ti0p ti6p cpn
Trang 8NHA N(loc v) puAp tuAr sO ctzozt
Sti klp thdi
Qu6n tri quoc gia t6t ddi h6i c6c thi6t
ch6 vd tii5n trinh cung c6p dich r,u c6ng cua
Nhd nu6c phii phqc w tAt cd cilc chu th6 co
1i6n quan trong mQt khung thoi gian co th6
chnp nh0n dugc (within a reasonable
timeframe)
Dlnh hudng iling thuQn
O bat kj, xd hQi ndo cflng c6 nhtng
nhom xd hQi kh6c nhau v6i nhiOu quan di6m
kh6c nhau vA m6i vAn d6 Quin tri qu6c gia
t6t doi hoi c6c Nhd nu6c ph6i trung hod
(mediation) c6c lqi ich kh6c biQt (different
interest) trong xd hQi dC dat rlugc sg d6ng
thufln r6ng rdi (broad consensus) vA mQt lqi
ich t6t nhAt cho todn thd cQng d6ng vd c6ch
thric d6 d4t duoc muc ti6u d6 N6 cfrng ddi
hoi c6c Nhir nu6c phii v4ch ra m6t chi6n
luoc hay viSn cdnh rdng vd ddi hpn (a broad
and long-tenn perspective) vC nhirng gi cAn
thi5t cho su ph6t tri6n 6n dinh v0 con nguoi
vd c6ch thirc d4t duoc nhfing muc ti6u cira
sg ph6t tri6n do Di0u ndy chi co th6 ttat
duoc khi c6 sg hi6u bi0t dAy dir vC bOi canh
lich su, v[n ho6, xd hQi cira m6t cQng d6ng
,:
hay quoc gla
Binh il&ng vd khilng logi trb ch,rt thii
ndo
.i
Quin tri quoc gia t6t ddi hdi su binh
ding vd kh6ng lopi tru nhom hay c6 nhdn
ndo trong xd hQi khoi qu6 trinh ph6t tritln
SU thinh vuqng cua mQt x6 hQi phu thuQc
vdo viQc b6o dim 6t ca c6c thdnh viOn trong
xd hQi cim nhdn ring, ho ld mQt thdnh to
trong do chu kh6ng bi gat ra b6n tC OiCu
ndy co nghia ld tlt cit c6c nh6m xd h6i, ddc
biQt le c6c nh6m Oe Ui tOn thucrng, dOu ph6i
c6 co hQi dugc duy tri vd nAng cao sp thinh
vuqng cira hq
HiQu ltgc vd hiQu qud
.:
Quan tri quoc gia t6t c6 nghia ld c6c
ti5n trinh vd th6 ch6 dem lai nhirng ktit qui
d5p irng c6c nhu cdu cira xd hQi trong khi
.i.
chi tieu ton c6c ngu6n luc o mtic t6i thi€u
KhSi niQm hi6u qud trong quan tri qu6c gia tOt con bao hdm vi6c su dung c6c ngudn tdi nguy€n thi6n nhi6n m6t cdch bi:n vfrng vd bao vQ mdi truong
Trdch nhiQm gidi trinh
Trdch nhiOm giii trinh ld mQt yOu ciu
AA
cot y6u cua quan tri qu6c gia t6t Kh6ng chi
c5c co quan nhd nu6c mir c6c tO chirc xd hQi c6ng dAn vn khdi tu nh0n cflng phii c6 tr5ch nhiQm giii trinh tru6c c6ng chirng vd trudc
c6c d6i t6c Pham vi chrJr th6 vd dOi tuqng
hucrng t6i cria tr6ch nhiQm giai trinh kh6c
,;
nhau giria c6c quoc gia, phg thuQc vdo vi6c
c6c quy6t dinh vd hdnh dQng dugc tii5n hdnh hay iry dgng o trong hay o ngodi co quan, to
chtlc do Tr6ch nhiQm gi6i trinh co m6i
quan hd khdng khit v6i phdp quyAn vd sg
minh bach Kh6ng thti co tr6ch nhi6m gidi
trinh n6u kh6ng t6n trong vd thuc hi6n c6c
^i
nguy6n tdc ph5p quy6n vd su minh bach
Tu nhirng ph6.n tich 6 tr6n, co th6 thAy
:
quan tri quoc gia t6t lii m6t tq.p hW nhitng
ti€u chi cho sry vdn hdnh ci,ta xd h\i nhdm
':
huong d€n muc ti€u thuc ddy, bao ddm sqt
phdt tri€n hdi hod, bin virng cua mfi qudc
:'
gia Quan tri quoc gia t6t kh6ng phdi ld mQt
m6 hinh t6 chtcc, hoat dQng ctia m6t Nhii
nactc hay m)t h€ thiing chinh tri, md ld cac
^,J
nguyen tdc dinh hrong cho viQc thiil kA vd
vqn hdnh bQ mdy nhd nu'ctc hoetc h€ thring ch{nh tri do2a.
2a V[ C6ng Giao, Nguy6n Hodng Anh, DSng Minh
TuAn, Nguy6n Minh Tu6n (d6ng cht bi6n, 2017),
Quan tri tih; Li luc.tn vd thryc ti6n, Nxb Chinh tri
Trang 9euAN rR! eadc GrA
g
-': trghia ld c\c
.i
- .-: nhtmg Ket qua
-, r.-, hoi trong khi
i ,.,1
.:- , nrLrc tor threu.
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.: - lrn trl quoc g1a
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i-.:-.L e ac nsuon tat
-,,-n b0n virng vd
inJt
I
'-'- L,r lxot veu cau
; - r tot Kh6ng chi
.1 .,, to chuc xd h6i
' ;,i:rg phdi c6 tr6ch
-i::: chtng vd tru6c
,r.
.-, :tlL- \-a dol tU0ng
:rr::t siai trinh kh6c
rhLr thu6c vio vi6c
1i::g duoc ti6n hdnh
,i
r' ll!O31 C0 quan tO
r:.ri trinh co m6i
l.
:r.rp quyen va su
:rich nhi6m giai
: I thuc hien c5c
,
' ru minh bach
,,t ,i
' :rcn co the thay
,,: : tqip hqJp nhftng
,J
,- ;.ii bdo ddm sa
;
.," - ( ttd mol quo(
.' ;',;/1s
phai ld mQt
.i ,:,: t'tia mOt Nhd
:.,:,: tt'i nru la cac
,.; ,;
'' ' 1L'( lhtel ke va
,'.:' - lto(tc hQ th6ng
'l -,"_: \nh D4ng Minh
: -= .-hu bien, 2017),
\rb Chinh tri
Ctng tir nhirng phAn tich n6u tr6n, c6
,l
:he thiy quAn tri quoc gia tot ld kh6i niQm :it rdng l6n, bao trum cA ba chidu canh hinh, do ld2s: fi tinn t€: Thd hi6n o c6c
:uuyOn tic nhim thric dAy tinh c6ng khai,
rlinh bach trong hoat d6ng cira co quan nhd
ruoc cfrng nhu tinh hiQu qua trong vi6c
quan ly vd su dung c5c ngu6n luc c6ng Vi ':,i h6i: fhe nien 6 chc nguydn tic nhim :n[c dAy su binh dlng vd su tham gia cia
:euoi dAn vio cdc hoat d6ng quin ljr nhd
:-roc, quin lj.xa hQi Vi chinh /ri.' Th.5 hien
:'
.' cac nguyen tdc nhdm tdng cudng ph6p :.r1'en vd trdch nhiem giii trinh cua bQ m5y
:a nu6c Do tinh ch6t r6ng l6n nhu v0y,
.:ic biio dtmtdt cd cdc nguy6n tic cua quin
,I!
::r quoc gia t6t ld kh6ng dC ddng Trong
::uc t€, hiQn m6i c6 it qu6c gia dat duoc t6t
,: cdc ti6u chi cua quiin tri qu6c gia t6t Tuy
:,riin, dAy ld muc ti6u md circ qu6c gia v5n
:in nd luc dat duoc dC ph6t tri6n b6n Wng
3 Quin tr! quiic gia O ViQt Nam tir
D6i mrfi (1936) tl6n nay Qudn tri qu6c gia, vdr cung v6i no ld
.r.
-:an rri qudc gia t6t, ld kh6i niQm m6i o
','.it ).lam Tru6c ddy, cilc khSi ni6m ndy hAu
-:u kh6ng duoc nhic d6n Tu duy tu tru6c
:,1 nav 0 ViCt Nam thi6n vd quin lj, nhd
-.:':c (state management) (thc nghiCng vA
! .ct'tntr€nt - caitr1,6p ddt), chf chua phAi
:-,: huong qu6n tri nhd nu6c/quin tri qu6c :' 1 | lt)yernance)
: - ^
Ki ru cu6i thflp ni6n 1990, kh6i niQm
::',ernance bit dAu duoc d6 c0p o ViQt
.,r
\,n chu yeu qua c6c tdi 1i6u cria cdc co
:-:: Li€n hqp qu6c nhu UNDP hay WB
\em Good Governance in Multiethnic
nunities, Conditions, Instruments, Best
.-:.?s Ways to Achieve and Measure Good
GAn dAy, kh5i ni6m qudn tri nhd nu6c/quan
tri quoc gia tot moi iluoc nh6c den nhi6u
trong gi6i hoc thudt, trong do d[c bi6t ld o
Khoa LuAt, Dai hoc qu6c gia Hd N6i - noi
dAu ti€n t6 chric nghiOn cuu vd gi6ng dpy, bao g6m ci m6t chucrng trinh ddo tao thac si
ue quon tri nhdr nuoc (ket hcrp v6i vdn de phdng, ch6ng tham nhtng).
M[c du viy, trong thuc t6, ke tii D6i m6i (1986), do t5c dong cua tohn ciu hoa vd
tl,
hor nhap quoc t6, quin ly nhd nu6c o Vi6t
Nam dd 1i6n tuc co nhtng thay d6i sAu r6ng theo hudng qu6n tri Su thay dOi ndy diSn ra
,A
o tiit ca cdc phuong di6n, gdn vdi tdt ctt c6c nguyCn tic cira quiin tri quoc gia tot C6 thC
th6y di6u d6 qua nhirng n6 luc x6y dung Nhd nu6c ph6p quyOn; bdo d6m su tham gia cria ngudi ddn vio qurin lj,xd hQi; bdo ddm
tinh c6ng khai, minh bach, tr6ch nhi6m gi6i
trinh cua c6c co quan nhd nu6c; bao dim su
binh dang cua chc chir th6 trong xd h6i vd
h5 trq c6c nh6m ae Ui t6n thucrng; bio d6m
tinh kip thoi, hi6u luc, hi0u qui vd sg d6ng thuQn xd h6i trong vi€c hoach dinh vd t6
chric thuc thi c6c chinh s6ch, ph6p luit cta
Nhd nu6c
Tuy nhi6n, hi6n o nu6c ta vdn cdn
nhirng han chti nhdt dinh trong t6t ctr cbc
m[t n6u tr6n Mric dQ han ch6 tuy kh6c nhau trong tring linh vuc, nhung x6t t6ng qudt, c6
th6 tnay ring cAn co biQn ph6p thirc dAy
thyc hiQn t6,t ca c6c nguy6n tic oia quin tri
i ,( , .^
qu6c gra tot o Viet Nam DAy ld m6t y6u cau cAp thi6t, boi 16, quin tri qu6c gia t6t ld
m6t "chuAn mqc" qu6c tC trong todn cdu ho6 vd hQi nhSp qu6c t6; hnu h6t c6c nguy6n
tdc cta quan tri qu6c gia t6t d6ng thdi lA
nhirng "luat choi" trong "sdn choi" qu6c tt5.
Vi th6 neu kh6ng thirc day qudn tri qudc gia
tOt ttri kh6ng thC h6i nhqp quoc t6, hodc
kh6ng th6 huong loi dAy du tu qu6 trinh hQi
Trang 10xuA xtl6c v) pnip utar sO stzozt
nh4p qudc tC rcrOng chi vQy, c6c nguy6n
!,i'
tdc cua qudn tri quoc gia t6t hiQn cfrng chinh
ld nhu cAu, ddi hoi nQi tai cira dAt nu6c V0
mdt chinh tri, viQc dd cao c6c nguyOn tic
A'
cua quan tri quoc gia t6t girip Nhd nu6c
cung c6 duoc tinh chinh danh cua minh
Cung v6i qu6 trinh D6i m6i, hQi nh4p
qu6c t6, nhpn thirc vd j'thric cua nguoi din
ViQt Nam hiQn nay d5 thay AOi r6t nhi6u so
v6i tru6c diy YCu cAu cua nguoi ddn vC
dAn chtr, ph6p quy0n, nh6n quydn, binh
ding x5 hQi, v0 tinh minh b4ch, tr6ch nhiqm
girii trinh vd hiQu qui hoat d6ng cua bQ m6y
nhd nu6c dd tang l6n vd ngiiy cdng cao hon
Trong khi d6, cung v6i sg ph6t tri6n h6t sirc
nhanh ch6ng cia c6ng nghQ th6ng tin,
nhtng co hQi hay diOu kiOn cho su tham gia
cira ngudi din vdo qudn tri qu6c gia dd tro
n6n dE ddrng, thupn lqi hcrn bao gio net fat
cil tqo ra 6p luc rAt lcrn phai chuyCn d6i m6
hinh tu qudn lj'nhd nu6c truy€n th6ng sang
quin tri theo nhtng nguyCn thc cta quin tri
!,.;. quoc gia tot da n6u o tren
4 Bufc ti6n mr6,i vd quin tr! qudc gia
trong cic vln kiQn D4i hQi Dflng tohn
quiSc Dn thrl XIII
Tuy chua duqc dC c4p mQt cdch truc
ti6p, song trong thuc t6, nhi6u nguyOn tic
.t
cta quan tri qu6c gia t6t di duoc dO cAp
trong m6t s6 vdn ki6n do Ding CQng sAn
ViEt Nam ban hdnh ke tu khi DOi mdi
(1986), trong d6 d6ng kC ntr6t ta c5c nguy6n
: ,, I ^
tac ph6p quyen; c6ng khai, minh bpch, tr6ch
nhi6m giai trinh, hi6u luc, hiQu qud ho4t
dQng cta bQ m5y nhd nu6c; su tham gia cira
nhAn din vho quAn lj'nhd nu6c
Nhung cf,ng cAn th6y ring, do thi6u
nhdn thirc t6ng qu6t ,C tAm quan trong vd
nQi hdm cua quin tri qu6c gia t6t, cho n6n
nhirng nQi dung co 1i6n quan trong chc vdn
ki6n cua Ding tu D6i m6i d6n nay cdn tin
mht, co phAn thi6u nhAt qu6n, chua t4o ra
nhtng dii5m nhAn cAn thitit tucrng xirng voi
).
y nghia tam quan trong cua vdn de
Trong chc vdn ki6n ctra Dai hQi Ding todn qu6c l6n thil XIII, ngoai tru 86o c6o
,I ,I
tdng k0t cong tdc xdy dung Ding vd thi
hdnh Di6u lQ Ding nhi6m kj,Dai h6i XII26,
thuit ngir "quin tri" xuAt hiQn r6t nhi6u lAn
trong: B6o c6o chinh tri cua Ban Ch6p hdnh
Trung ucrng Ding kho6 XII tai Dpi hQi dai
,.; ; ,l
bi6u todn quoc l6n thir XIII cua D6ng; 86o
c6o t6ng kOt thgc hiQn Chitln lugc ph6t tri6n
kinh t0 - x6 hQi 10 ndm 20ll - 2020, Chi6n
lugc ph6t tri6n kinh t6 - xd hQi 10 ndm202l
- 2030; 86o c6o d nh gi6 ki5t qua thuc hiOn nhiQm vu ph6t triiSn kinh tO - xd hQi 5 nlm
2016 - 2020 vit phucrng hucrng, nhi6m vu
ph6t tri6n kinh tO - xd hQi 5 nim 2O2l
-2025;Nghi quydt Dai hQi dai bi6u toirn qu6c lAn thri XIII cua Ding Trong d6, kh6i niQm
quin tr! duoc sir dung de chi c6c van dC da dpng nhu qudn tr! doanh nghi6p, qudLn tri t6
chirc (quan tri nQi bQ), quan tri dai hoc,
.l
qudn tri todn cdu, quAn tri qu6c gia (bao ).,
gom ca quan tri nhd nu6c), quin tri chinh quy6n dia phucrng, qudn tri hi6n dpi
l'
Xet riOng vd quin tri qu6c gia, kh6i ni6m ndy dugc sir dung trong cdc vdn ki0n
sau diy:
- 86o c6o chinh tri cua Ban ChAp hdnh
Trung ucrng Ding kho6 XII t4i Dai hQi dai
bitiu todn qu6c lAn thir XIII cua Ding (Hoin
thi6n todn diQn, d6ng b9 ttr6 ch6, ph6t tri6n
kinh t6 thi trucrng dinh huong xd hQi chu
.,1
nghia), ti6u muc 2 (Ti6p tuc hodn thiQn
26 Dang CQng san ViCt Nam, Van ki€n Dai h6i dai bi€tt todn qu6c ldn thu'Xlil, Tap 1, Nxb Chinh tri
qu6c gia SU thflt, 2021; Eitng CQng.sdn.Vi6t Nam,
Viin ki€n Dqi h6i dqi bi6u todn Er6c ldn thtr XIil,
TAp 2 Nxb Chinh rri quoc gia SU that 2021.
I
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