SECURITY CHALLENGES IN MOBILE SYSTEMS AND FUZZY LOGIC BASED RISK MODEL FOR SECURE HANDLING OF SMS MESSAGES IN CELLPHONES

Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001proposes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001f

 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Copyright Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Sarosh Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Havewala, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20012001

SECURITY Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001CHALLENGES Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001IN Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MOBILE Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SYSTEMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001AND Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001FUZZY LOGIC Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001BASED Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001RISK Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MODEL Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001FOR Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SECURE Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001HANDLING Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001OF Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS

MESSAGES Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001IN Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001CELLPHONES

BY SAROSH Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001CYRUS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001HAVEWALA B.Engr., Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001University Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mumbai, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20011997

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001study Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001explains Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001scheme Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001explainsthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A3, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A8 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001protocols Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mechanism Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001explains Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thedifferent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001which Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001include Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cloning, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001eavesdropping,location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tracking, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ping, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001andSMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001spam Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001classifies Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001these Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001basis Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001target Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001type Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack,motivation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001severity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001points Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001out Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001vulnerabilities Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001exploited Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001oncellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001shows Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001existing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001schemes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001do Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provide Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001adequatesecurity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001there Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001need Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001develop Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001new Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mechanisms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001better Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001suited Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thewireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001environment Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001study Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001looks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001into Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001how Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001analysis, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001modeling Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001logic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001applied

to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001proposes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001logic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001model Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001secure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ShortMessage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001networks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001proposed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001model Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001uses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001hybridapproach Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001towards Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001modeling Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001begins Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001use Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mature Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001andwell-evolved Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001model Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001constructed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001using Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001begathered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001stage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001However, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001even Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001after Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operational, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001model Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001continues

to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001evolve Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001constant Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001feedback Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001approach Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001puts Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001controland Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001allows Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001model Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001refined Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001time Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001better Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001match Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001existing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001circumstances.The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001model Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001simple, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encourages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001experimentation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001puts Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001active Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001role Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wish Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thank Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001my Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001advisor, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Prof Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Roy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Campbell Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001his Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001guidance Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001help Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001throughout Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theMaster’s Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001program Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wish Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thank Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Prof Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Dennis Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mickunas Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001always Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001being Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001therewhenever Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001needed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001help Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001advice Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001great Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001privilege Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001me Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001part Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theSystems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Research Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Group Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(SRG) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001University Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Illinois Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Urbana-Champaign Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001amgrateful Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Prof Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Campbell Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001allowing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001me Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001use Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SRG Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001resources Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001even Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001when Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001notfunded Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SRG Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sincerely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thank Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Department Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Computer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Science Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001University

of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Illinois Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Urbana-Champaign Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001providing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001me Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001opportunity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001work Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001withsome Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 best Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001faculty Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 students Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001world Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thank Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Siebel Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theDepartment Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Computer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Science Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001University Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Illinois Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Urbana-Champaign Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001forthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 appreciation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 they Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 shown Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 my Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 work Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 form Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Siebel Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 ScholarFellowship Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001shall Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001prize Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001honor Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001life Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Above Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001all, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001like Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thank Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001my Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001parents,

to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001whom Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001owe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 everything Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 ever Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 accomplished Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 my Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 life Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 They Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001aconstant Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001source Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inspiration Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001me Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001made Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001great Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sacrifices Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001me Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wouldlike Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001say Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mere Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001words Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001seem Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001completely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ineffectual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conveying Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001my Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001heartfelt Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sense

of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001gratitude Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001I Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001finally Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001like Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thank Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001my Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001relatives Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001India, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001who Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001constantlyshowered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001me Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001their Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001affection Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001moral Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001support

Table of Contents

1.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200111.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Short Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200121.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Modeling Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Logic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20014

3.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Need Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200193.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Essential Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Features Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Scheme Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200193.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Overview Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mechanism Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM 10

3.3.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Overview Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A3/A8 133.3.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Overview Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A5 14

4.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cloning 17

4.1.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cloning Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Physical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Access Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM 184.1.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Over-the-air Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cloning Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM 194.1.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cloning 204.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Eavesdropping 21

4.2.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cloning Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Attack 214.2.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Direct Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cryptanalysis Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A5 224.2.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Attacking Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Signaling Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Network 234.2.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Eavesdropping 234.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Tracking 24

4.3.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Management Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM 244.3.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001FCC’s Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001E911 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Initiative 254.3.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Tracking 264.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Ping 26

4.4.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Ping 274.5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Service 27

4.5.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Attack 28

4.6 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Service 29

4.6.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Attack 30

4.7 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Spam 31

4.7.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Spam 32

Chapter 5 Classification of Attacks on Cellular Systems 33 5.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Classification Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Target 33

5.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Classification Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Type Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Attack 34

5.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Classification Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Motivation 36

5.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Classification Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Severity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Loss 36

Chapter 6 Basic Concepts of Risk Analysis and Modeling 38 6.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Concepts 39

6.1.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001System 39

6.1.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Threat 39

6.1.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Asset 39

6.1.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Vulnerability 40

6.1.5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Safeguard 40

6.1.6 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Countermeasure 40

6.1.7 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 41

6.1.8 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Attributes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Threat 41

6.1.9 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Measurement Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Characteristics Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001during Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Analysis 41 6.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Approaches Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Modeling 42

6.2.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Incremental Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Approach 42

6.2.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001All-at-once Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Approach 43

6.2.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Hybrid Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Approach 43

6.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Problems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Evaluation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 43

6.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Basic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Assessment Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Methodology 44

Chapter 7 Fuzzy Logic 46

7.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Introduction Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Logic 46

7.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Definitions Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 48

7.3.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set 48

7.3.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Empty Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set 48

7.3.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Equality 48

7.3.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Complement 48

7.3.5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Containership 49

7.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Operations Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Sets

49 7.4.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Intersection Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(AND) 50

7.4.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Union Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(OR) 50

7.4.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Negation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(COMPLEMENT) 51

7.5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Sets Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Modeling 51

Chapter 8 Fuzzy Logic based Risk Model for SMS 52

8.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001System 52

8.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Assets 52

8.2.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Usability 53

8.2.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Data/Information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Device 53

8.2.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Right Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Privacy 53

8.2.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Right Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Avoid Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Unnecessary Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Billing 54

8.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Attacker 54

8.3.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Goals 54

8.3.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Degree Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Motivation 55

8.3.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Capabilities 57

8.3.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Resources 59

8.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Calculation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 60

8.4.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Overview 60

8.4.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Sets Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 60

8.4.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Countermeasures 62 8.4.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Calculation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Usability 63 8.4.5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Calculation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Data/Information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Device 65

8.4.6 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Calculation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Right Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Privacy 66

8.4.7 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Calculation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Right Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Avoid Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Unnecessary Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Billing 68

8.4.8 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Role Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001User Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Configuration Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Model 69

8.5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Examples 70

8.5.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Capability Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20014 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Degree Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Motivation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20016 70

8.5.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Capability Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20014 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Degree Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Motivation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20012.75 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001under Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Normal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mode Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Normal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Billing 72

8.5.3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Capability Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20014 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Degree Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Motivation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20012.75 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001under Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Silent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mode Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Normal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Billing 78

8.5.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Capability Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20014 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Degree Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Motivation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20012.75 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001under Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Normal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mode Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Billing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Limit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Exceeded 85

Chapter 9 Conclusions 92

9.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Conclusions 92

9.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Future Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Work 92

List of References 94

List of Figures

3.1 Security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mechanism Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM 10

3.2 COMP Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Calculation 13

3.3 Keystream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Generation 14

3.4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Frame Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Encryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Decryption 15

4.1 A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cloned Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone 19

4.2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Procedure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM 29

4.3 DoS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Spurious Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Authentication 30

7.1 Sample Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set 47

7.2 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Function Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A 49

7.3 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Function Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001B 49

7.4 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001function Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001B 50

7.5 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001function Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001B 50

7.6 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001function Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A 51

8.1 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001functions Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Sets Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Degree Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Motivation 56 8.2 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001functions Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Sets Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Capability 59

8.3 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001functions Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Sets Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 61

8.4 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Incoming Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Message 71

8.5 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cumulative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Usability 72

8.6 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Incoming Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Message 73

8.7 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘None’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 74

8.8 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘Very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Low’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 74

8.9 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cumulative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Usability 75

8.10 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘None’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 76

8.11 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘Very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Low’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 76

8.12 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cumulative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Data/Information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone 77 8.13 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Incoming Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Message 78

8.14 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘None’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 79

8.15 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘Very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Low’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 79

8.16 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cumulative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Usability 80

8.17 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘None’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 818.18 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘Very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Low’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 818.19 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cumulative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Data/Information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone 828.20 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘High’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 838.21 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘High’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 838.22 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cumulative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Privacy 848.23 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Incoming Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Message 858.24 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘None’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 868.25 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘Very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Low’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 868.26 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cumulative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Usability 878.27 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘None’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 888.28 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘Very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Low’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 888.29 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cumulative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Data/Information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone 898.30 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘Low’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 908.31 Membership Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001‘High’ Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk 908.32 Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cumulative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Right Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Avoid Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Unnecessary Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Billing 91

Chapter 1 – Introduction

1.1 Security in Mobile Systems

Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001telephones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001increasingly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001becoming Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001crucial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001part Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001our Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001daily Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lives Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001As Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001May

2000, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001total Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001users Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001worldwide Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001376,500,000 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wasgrowing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200152.49 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001% Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001every Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200112 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001months Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[1] Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001United Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001States, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001industry Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001issigning Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001up Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001new Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscribers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001every Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001two Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001seconds, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001putting Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001track Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001toreach Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 100 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 million Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 customers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 sometime Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 later Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 year Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 According Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 CellularTelecommunications Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Industry Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Association Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(CTIA) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[1], Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001industry Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001UnitedStates Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001grew Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200124 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001percent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20011999, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001adding Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200116.8 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001million Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001additional Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscribers, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001atotal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200186.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001million Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001customers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Average Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001usage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001grew Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200138.5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001percent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20011999 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001180 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001minutes

a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001month Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001compared Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001130 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001minutes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001year Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ago Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001average Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001monthly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bill Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rose Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20014.6 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001percent

to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001$41.24 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20011999 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Industry Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001revenues Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20011999 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001increased Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001$40 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001billion Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001$33.1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001billion

in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20011998 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001More Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001than Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200131 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001percent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001U.S Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001population Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001now Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001active Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service.Data Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001services Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001like Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001web Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001browsing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001e-mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001now Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001being Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provided Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellularphones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001connections Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Internet, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001electronic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001other Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001data Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001services Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001arefurther Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 boosting Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 usage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 These Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 trends Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 encouraging Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 both Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 consumers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 theindustry, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 more Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 affordable Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 plans Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 more Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 minutes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 become Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 standard Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 factwireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 increasingly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 becoming Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 alternative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 wire-line Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 services Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Theconcept Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001– Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001“The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001office Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001where Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is.” Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001– Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001taking Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001root

In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001spite Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001explosion Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001use Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001services, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001devices Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001hasnot Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001received Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001much Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attention Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wired Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001networks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001With Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001increase Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001popularity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and

user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001base Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001devices, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001these Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001devices Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001becoming Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001hot Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001targets Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001hackers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001factthat Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001signals Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001propagating Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001through Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001air, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001allowing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001easy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001capture Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001if Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001appropriateequipment Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fact Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001these Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001devices Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001smaller Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bandwidth, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001make Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thesedevices Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001easier Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001than Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wired Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001networks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001There Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pressing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001need Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001develop Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001new Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mechanisms

to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001defend Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001against Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001revamp Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001strengthen Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mechanismsalready Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001place Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001first Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001step Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001towards Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001goal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001clearly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identify Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001classify Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thevarious Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 types Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 system Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 determine Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 systemvulnerabilities Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001these Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001exploit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001first Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001part Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001study Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attempts Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001do Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001justthat Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pave Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001way Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001developing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mechanisms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001overcome Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thesevulnerabilities Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001defend Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001against Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001networks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001United Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001States Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001AMPS, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001TDMA, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001CDMA Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001PCS.Europe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Asia Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001primarily Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001use Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001study Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mainly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001concentrates Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001networkssince Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001they Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001widely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001throughout Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Europe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Asia Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001their Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001base Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theUnited Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001States Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001increasing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001gives Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001overview Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mechanisms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM

It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001enumerates Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001classifies Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001several Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001devices Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sitesinstances Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conducted Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001devices

Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

1.2 Short Message Service in GSM

Short Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(SMS) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001globally Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001accepted Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001enables Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thetransmission Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001alphanumeric Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001between Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscribers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001external Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systemssuch Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001electronic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mail, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001paging, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001voice-mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001appeared Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wirelessscene Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20011991 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Europe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001European Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001standard Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001digital Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001now Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001known Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the

Global Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001System Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Communications Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(GSM), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001included Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001short Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messaging Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001servicesfrom Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001outset Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001North Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001America, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001made Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001available Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001initially Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001digital Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wirelessnetworks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 built Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 early Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 pioneers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 BellSouth Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Mobility, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 PrimeCo, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Nextel,among Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001others Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001These Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001digital Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001networks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001CDMA Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001TDMA.Initial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001applications Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001focused Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001eliminating Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001alphanumeric Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pagers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001permittingtwo-way Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001general-purpose Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messaging Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001notification Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001services, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001primarily Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001voice Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mail.

As Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 technology Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 networks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 evolved, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 variety Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 services Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 introduced,including Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001e-mail, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fax, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001paging Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001integration, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001interactive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001banking, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001servicessuch Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 stock Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 quotes, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 integration Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Internet-based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 applications Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 dataapplications Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 include Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 downloading Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 module Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (SIM) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 cards Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 foractivation, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001debit, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001profile-editing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001purposes, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001points Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sale Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(POS), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001other Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001field-service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001applications Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001automatic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001meter Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reading, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001remote Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sensing, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location-basedservices Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Additionally, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001integration Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Internet Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001spurred Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001development Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Web-based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messaging Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001other Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001interactive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001applications Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001instant Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messaging, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001gaming,and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001chatting Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001become Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001extremely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001popular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001With Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001its Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001increasingpopularity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001become Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001hot Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001channel Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001beingthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001interface Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001between Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Internet Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001vulnerability Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001beeasily Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001exploited Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001launch Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001especially Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001stations Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001likecellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones

1.3 Risk Modeling and Fuzzy Logic

Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001probability Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001loss Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001basic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001goal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001analysis Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001compute Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001anoverall Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001level Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001serve Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001basis Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001decision-making Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001initiating Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001acountermeasure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Logic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001emerged Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001profitable Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tool Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001controlling Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ofsubway Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 complex Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 industrial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 processes, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 well Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 household Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 andentertainment Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 electronics, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 diagnosis Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 other Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 expert Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 studyattempts Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001secure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001application Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Models Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001using Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fuzzy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001logic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001compute

an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001overall Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001value Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001particular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001poses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001device Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thendetermines Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001executes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001counter Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001measure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001depending Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001computed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001value

Chapter 2 – Explanation of Acronyms and Terms Used

Cellular

It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001term Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001refer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001originated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001UnitedStates Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001originally Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001800 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MHz Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frequency Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001range Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001There Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001maximum Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001oftwo Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operators Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001each Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001market Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001They Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001usually Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001referred Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001"Wireline"(landline Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001company Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001particular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001market), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001"Non-wireline" Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001carrier

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 original Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 standard Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 products Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 United Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 States Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Allcustomers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001should Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001able Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001use Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001their Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001AMPS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001any Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001800 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MHz Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001marketacross Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001United Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001States Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Pan Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001America

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001digital Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001technology Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001allows Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001multiple Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001users Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001share Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001same Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001voice Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001channel Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001byhaving Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001each Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001transmitted Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001alternately Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001short Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lengths Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001time

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001digital Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001technology Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001separates Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communications Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001code Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001way, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systemcan Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mix Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 calls Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 into Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 same Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 channel Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 When Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 tower Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 receives Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 theinformation, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001looks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001coding Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reassembles Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001each Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001call, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001completing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thetransmission

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001name Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001TDMA Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001type Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001digital Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001originally Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001developed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Europe, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001andcommon Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001throughout Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Asia Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001being Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001PCS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operators Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001UnitedStates

PCS (Personal Communications Service)

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001name Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001adopted Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001new, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001providers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001who Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001awardedlicenses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001new Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20011900 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MHz Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frequency Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001range Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001There Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001up Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tothree Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001PCS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operators Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001air Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001most Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001major Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001markets Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001United Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001States

1900 Megahertz (1900 MHz)

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001radio Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frequency Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001range Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001allocated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001FCC Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001order Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001create Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001additionalcompetition Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001telephony Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001services Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001referred Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001"PCS"typically Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 operate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 these Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 frequencies Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 GSM, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 TDMA, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 CDMA Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 technologies Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 arecurrently Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001available Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frequency Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001range

Mobile Station

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001services Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001uses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communicate.Most Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 modern Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 support Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 direct Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 connection Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 laptop Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 computer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 ahandheld Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001device Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001through Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001serial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001interface Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Thus Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001act Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wirelessmodem, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001connecting Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001laptop Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001handheld Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001device Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Somecellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001data Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001capabilities Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001web Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001browsing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001e-mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001built Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001small Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001smart Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001card Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001placed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001hand Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001contains Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001informationthat Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001uniquely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identifies Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001certain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithmsessential Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encryption

Individual Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001uniquely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identifies Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network.This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001contained Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001within Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001card Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001IMSI Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001primary Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tostore/access Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001regarding Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001within Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network

Base Station

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communicates Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001devices Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001within Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001its Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cell Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Multiple Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001basestations Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001connected Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Switching Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Center

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 interface Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 between Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 wired Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (PublicSwitched Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Telephone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Network) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 connects Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 base Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 stations Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Public Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 SwitchedTelephone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Network

Authentication Center (AUC)

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Center Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 important Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 component Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mechanism Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 ofGSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provides Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001parameters Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(RAND, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SRES Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Kc) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001needed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001andencryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001functions Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001RAND Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001randomly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001generated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001challenge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001expected

signed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001response Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(SRES) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001session Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Kc) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001generated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001RAND Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theindividual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001using Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SRES

is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001verify Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user's Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Kc Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001session Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subsequentcommunication

Home Location Register (HLR) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Home Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Register Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001part Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001AUC Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001HLR Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provides Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MSC Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001triplesspecifying Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001random Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001challenge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(RAND) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001expected Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001signed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001response Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(SRES) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001asession Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Kc) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001specificsubscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001random Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001challenge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(RAND) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001HLR Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001responsible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001keepingtrack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001times

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Visitor Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Register Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001stores Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001triples Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001generated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001HLR Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001when Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001isnot Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001his Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001home Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001VLR Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001then Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provides Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MSCs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001these Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001triples Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001whennecessary

Short message service (SMS)

Short Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(SMS) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001globally Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001accepted Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001enables Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thetransmission Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001alphanumeric Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001between Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscribers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001external Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systemssuch Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001electronic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mail, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001paging, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001voice-mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems

Chapter 3 – Security in Cellular Systems

3.1 Need for Security in Cellular Systems

Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001need Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001secure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001because Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001following Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reasons:

 The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operator Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001must Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001able Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ensure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001only Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001legitimate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001users Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001use Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001andthat Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001she Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001able Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bill Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001right Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001person Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rendered

 The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wishes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001protect Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001his Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001privacy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001includes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001but Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001limited Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001toprivacy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber’s Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001privacy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001beingconducted Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001link Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001protection Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001unsolicited Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001andcalls

3.2 Essential Features of a Security Scheme

A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001scheme Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001must:

 Have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001strong Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mechanism Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001protect Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operator Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001against Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fraud Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001andmisuse Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service

 Have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001suitable Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encryption/decryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001scheme Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001make Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001link Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001secure

as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wired Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001link Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001prevent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001eavesdropping

 Prevent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operators Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001compromising Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001each Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001others Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001either Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inadvertently Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001orbecause Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001competitive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pressures

 Address Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001generation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001distribution Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001keys

 Support Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 interoperability Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 between Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 networks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 without Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 compromisingsecurity

A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001scheme Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001must Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not:

 Add Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 enormous Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 delays Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 call Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 setup Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 time Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 degrade Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 quality Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 thesubsequent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communication

 Drastically Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001increase Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bandwidth Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001requirements Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001channel

 Add Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001excessive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001complexity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system

 Increase Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001error Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rates Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system

 Render Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cost Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ineffective

3.3 Overview of Security Mechanism in GSM

Figure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20013.1: Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mechanism Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM

= Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001?

Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone

Response Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SRESChallenge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001RANDRadio Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Provider Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

Encrypted Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Data

SIM

K c

K c

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mechanisms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[10, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200112] Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001implemented Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001three Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001different Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systemelements:

 Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Module Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(SIM) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 contains Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (IMSI), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 theindividual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (Ki), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 ciphering Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 generationalgorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(A8), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(A3) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001personal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identificationnumber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(PIN)

 GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001handset Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station

It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001contains Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ciphering Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(A5)

 GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network

It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 contains Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 authentication/encryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 algorithms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (A3, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 A8 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 A5) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 TheAuthentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Centre Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(AUC), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001which Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001part Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Operation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MaintenanceSubsystem Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(OMS) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001consists Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001database Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identificationand Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 subscribers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 includes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 IndividualMobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(IMSI), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Temporary Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Identity(TMSI), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Area Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (LAI), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 subscriberauthentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001each Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user

Security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001consists Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001following Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001aspects:

 Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Authentication

GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001uses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001challenge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001response Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mechanism Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sends Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001random Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(RAND) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Themobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 computes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 32 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 signed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 response Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (SRES) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 encrypting Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 therandom Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(RAND) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001using Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001parameterized Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bythe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Upon Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 receiving Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 signedresponse Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(SRES) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001repeats Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001calculation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SRES Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001verify Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theidentity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001isnever Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001transmitted Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001radio Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001channel Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fact, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001never Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001leaves Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001since Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theA3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001present Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 itself Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001If Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 received Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 SRES Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001matches Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 thecalculated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001value, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001successfully Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authenticated, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001else Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theconnection Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 terminated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 failure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 signaled Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mobilestation.

 Signaling Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Data Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Confidentiality Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

Both Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001generate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Kc) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001using Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theA8 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001parameterized Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001random Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001RAND Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001individualsubscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001On Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001generation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theencryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Kc) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001takes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001place Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001within Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001since Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A8 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001alsopresent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Hence Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001neverleaves Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Kc) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encrypt Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001decrypt Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001data Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001issent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001between Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001base Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station

 Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Confidentiality

Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001confidentiality Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provided Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001using Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Temporary Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile

Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(TMSI) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001during Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001course Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001call Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile

Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (IMSI) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 during Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 up Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 call Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 throughout Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the

authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001process Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Once Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authenticated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001she Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001assigned

a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Temporary Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(TMSI) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001TMSI Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identify

the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001remainder Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001call Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Hence Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001anonymity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001maintained

 Security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001while Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Roaming Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 allows Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 operators Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 inter-operate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 without Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 revealing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 authentication

algorithms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001each Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001other

GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 allows Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 triplets Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 challenges Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (RAND), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 signed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 responses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (SRES) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and

communication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001keys Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Kc) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001between Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operators Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001connecting Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network

Thus Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authenticate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001another Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001without

requiring Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001know Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user

3.3.1 Overview of A3/A8

Figure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20013.2: Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001COMP Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Calculation

Most Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001networks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001use Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001COMP Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A8 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[6] Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001COMP128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001takes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001128-bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001random

challenge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(RAND) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001input Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

produces Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001128-bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001output Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001first Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200132 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001output Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001signed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001response Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(SRES) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

COMP128 128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001outputSRES Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(First Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200132 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

K c Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Last Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200154 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001followed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200110 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001zero Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits)

K i (128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bit), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001RAND Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bit)

Ten Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001zero Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001appended Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001last Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200154 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001output Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001obtain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001session Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Kc) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Thus, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001evident Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001strength Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200164-bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001deliberately Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reduced Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200154 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits.

3.3.2 Overview of A5

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[7] Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001stream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cipher Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encrypt Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over-the-air Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001transmissions Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

Figure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20013.3: Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Keystream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Generation

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001stream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cipher Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reinitialized Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001every Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frame Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001stream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cipher Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001initializedwith Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001session Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Kc), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frame Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001being Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001decrypted/encrypted Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Thesame Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Kc Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001throughout Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001call, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001but Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200122-bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frame Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001changes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001witheach Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frame Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001generates Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001unique Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001keystream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001every Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frame

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001uses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20013 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Linear Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Shift Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Feedback Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Registers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(LSFR) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001different Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lengths.The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sum Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lengths Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20013 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001LSFRs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200164 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001outputs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20013 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001registers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001areXORed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001together Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001result Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001represents Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001keystream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001LSFRs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200119, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200122 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and

23 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001long Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sparse Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001feedback Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001polynomials Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001All Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001three Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001registers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001clocked, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001onthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001middle Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001register Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001register Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001clocked Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001if Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001its Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001middle Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001agrees Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001themajority Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001value Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001three Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001middle Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits

A5 114-bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001keystream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Base Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Station

114-bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001keystream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Base Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile

K c (64 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bit), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Frame Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(22 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bit)

Figure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20013.4: Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Frame Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Encryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Decryption

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200164-of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001LSFRs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001registers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001then Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001clocked Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001majority Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001clocking Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rule Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001disabled.All Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200164 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001loaded Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001into Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001registers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 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Chapter 4 – Attacks on Security in Cellular Systems

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001chapter Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lists Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001explains Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001common Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001systems Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001alsoexplains Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wreaked Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks

4.1 SIM Cloning

As Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001explained Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001above Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001card Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001basic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001uniquely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identifies Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tothe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001If Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cloned, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001renders Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001scheme Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSMcompletely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001useless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(A3/A8) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(A5) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSMhave Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001made Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001public Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MoU Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001proven Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001time Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001again Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thatsecurity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001obscurity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001no Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001strength Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001must Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thesecrecy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001its Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001private Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001secrecy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001itself Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Opening Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001analgorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001public Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001scrutiny Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 evaluation, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 results Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001extensive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cryptanalysis Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thealgorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 entire Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 international Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 research Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 community Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 absence Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 thisevaluation, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001prone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001several Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001flaws Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001easy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001target Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001forhackers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001proven Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001once Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001again Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001case Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 origin Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 breach Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 when Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Smartcard Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Developed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Association Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (SDA)discovered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cryptographic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inside Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM's Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[6, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20017].The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 SDA Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 first Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 verified Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 algorithms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 were Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 accurate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 exact Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 details Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 thealgorithms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001were Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001known Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001public Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001but Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001verified Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001matched Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001factsthat Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001were Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001publicly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001known Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Next Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SDA Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001brought Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001David Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Wagner Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Ian Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Goldberg,researchers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Internet Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Security, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Applications, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Cryptography

(ISAAC) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001group Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001University Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001California, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Berkeley Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Within Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001day, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Wagner Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001andGoldberg Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001had Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001found Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fatal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cryptographic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001flaw Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001COMP128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(A3/A8), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001usedfor Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inside Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001They Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001created Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001exploit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001flaw Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001repeatedlyasking Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identify Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001itself; Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001processing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001responses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001they Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001were Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001able Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001extract Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thesecret Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inside Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[3].

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001crack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001speculated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001implementation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001COMP128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001implementation[6] Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001speculated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001implementation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001derived Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001internal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001details

of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 COMP128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 public Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 documents, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 leaked Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 several Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 SIMs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 theresearchers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 had Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 access Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 speculated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 verified Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 correct Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 bycomparing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001output Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001software Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001implementation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001responses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001produced Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIMknown Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001implement Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001COMP128

A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 theoretical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 analysis Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 algorithm, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 uncovered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 potential Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 vulnerability Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 thealgorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001chosen-challenge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001presented Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001speciallychosen Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 challenges Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 uses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 COMP128 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 determine Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 signedresponse Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001chosen Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001challenge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001By Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001analyzing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001series Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001challenges Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001value Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ofthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001secret Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001determined

4.1.1 Cloning with Physical Access to SIM

If Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001physical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001access Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001them Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001needs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001off-the-shelf Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001smartcard Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reader Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001computer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001direct Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operations

Figure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20014.1: Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cloned Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Phone

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001requires Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001queried Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001about Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001150,000 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001times Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001So, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001smartcard Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001readerthat Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001issue Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20016.25 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001queries Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001per Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001second Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001complete Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001about Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20018 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001hours Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[3]

4.1.2 Over-the-air Cloning of a SIM

Although Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001demonstrated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001yet, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over-the-air Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001must Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001consideredavailable Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sophisticated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001practice Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[2] Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001experts Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001confirmed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001itshould Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001practical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001do Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001so Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001aspects Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001protocolscombine Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 make Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mount Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mathematical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 chosen-input Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 onCOMP128, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001if Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001build Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fake Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001base Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fake Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001base Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001does Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001need Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tosupport Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001full Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001protocol, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001build Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001investment Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ofapproximately Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001$10,000 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Some Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001technical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001expertise Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001probably Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001required Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pull Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001off Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theover-the-air Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 cloning Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 attack, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 requires Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 over-the-air Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 access Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 targethandset Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001relatively Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001long Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001period Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001time Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Therefore, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001considered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lowerlevel Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 risk Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 than Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 having Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 any Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 However, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mistake Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 tounderestimate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001technical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sophistication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001financial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001resources Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001some Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001today's

attackers: Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 some Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 them Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 surprisingly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 well Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 positioned Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mount Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 even Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 relativelysophisticated Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001costly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Therefore, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over-the-air Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cloning Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001real Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001threat Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thatshould Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ignored.

4.1.3 Possible Damage by SIM Cloning

Cloning Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 renders Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mechanism Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 useless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 inpossession Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cloned Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001use Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001services Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001at Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cost Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thereal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001result Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001great Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001loss Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001revenue Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001since,

he Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001no Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001longer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001how Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001many Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001calls Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001true Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001made Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mayalso Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lead Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001disgruntled Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001customer, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001who Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lose Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001faith Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001after Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such

a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001breach Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001switch Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001different Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thus Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001causing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001further Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001loss Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001revenuefor Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001who Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cloned Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001eavesdrop Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001truesubscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001If Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001monitors Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001call Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001right Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001start Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001gets Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001hold Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001randomchallenge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(RAND), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001easy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001her Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001obtain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001session Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001since Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001she Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001knows Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theindividual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A8 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001financial

or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tactical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001arising Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001out Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001depends Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sensitivity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001beingexchanged Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001during Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001course Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation

In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001likelihood, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001most Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rampant Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 misuse Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cloning Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 achieved Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a

"customer" Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001arranging Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001his Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001own Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cloned Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001customer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001then Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001use Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20012SIMs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20012 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001different Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Currently Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001most Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operators Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001charge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rental Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fee

for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sharing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001airtime Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001between Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001two Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Thus, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001producing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001loss Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001revenue Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theservice Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider.

Another Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001scenario Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 should Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 considered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 possibility Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 prepaid Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIMs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 beingcloned, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001together Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001their Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pre-paid Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001airtime Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Those Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001networks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001deploying Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001handset-basedpre-paid Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001solutions Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001vulnerable Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001type Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001because Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001difficultfor Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001prevent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pre-paid Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001airtime Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001being Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001re-used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001these Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIMs.Besides Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001if Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001there Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001multiple Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cloned Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIMs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001existence, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001impossible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identifythe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001owner Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lose Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001her Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001prepaid Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001airtime Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one

of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cloned Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001users

4.2 Eavesdropping

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001most Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001classical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001form Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001security Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001violation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Every Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pair Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communicating Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001entitieswishes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001maintain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001certain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001level Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001confidentiality Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001its Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attackersgoal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001gain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001much Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001about Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001she Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001possibly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can

4.2.1 SIM Cloning Attack

If Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001managed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 clone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001parties Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001involved Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 theconversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pretty Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001easy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001her Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001eavesdrop Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attackermonitors Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001activity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001whose Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SIM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001she Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cloned Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001She Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001must Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001get Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001hold Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001therandom Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001challenge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(RAND) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001across Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001during Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001call Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001setup Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phase Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Knowing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theRAND Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001compute

the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001session Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Kc Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001during Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Knowing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001session Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key,the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001eavesdrop Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001data Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001being Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001across Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001link.

4.2.2 Direct Cryptanalysis Attack on A5

Encryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001achieved Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001means Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ciphering Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001produces Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001akeystream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 under Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 control Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 session Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Kc Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 keystream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 then Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 bit-for-bitexclusive-or'd Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001data Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001transferred Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001link Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001between Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobiledevice Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001base Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

A5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001uses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200164-bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001However Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001researchers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001found Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200110 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001those Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200164 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001beenzeroed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001out, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thus Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reducing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001strength Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200154 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[7] Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rumored Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thatthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 strength Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 deliberately Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 reduced Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 due Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 pressure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 fromgovernment Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001intelligence Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001agencies Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001so Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001allow Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001them Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001crack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encryption Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001monitorsuspect Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversations Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Whatever Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001motivation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001have Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001result Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001aweak Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001algorithm Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cracked Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001obtain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001session Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Kc)

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001based Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001known Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001plaintext Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tries Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001determine Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200164-bitplain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001text Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001segment Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001corresponding Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200164 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cipher Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001text Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frames Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001contain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lot Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ofconstant Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 frame Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 headers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 32 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 48 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 generally Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 known,sometimes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001even Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001more Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Knowing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001plain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001text Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001corresponding Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cipher Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001text, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theattacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 obtain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 keystream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 [8, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 9] Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Knowing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 keystream Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 sequence Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 theattacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tries Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001determine Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001initial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001states Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001LSFRs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001guesses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001content

of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001two Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001shorter Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001LSFRs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001then Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001computes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001third Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001LSFR Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001known Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001keystream.This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001241 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001if Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001clocking Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001first Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001two Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001registers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001were Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001dependent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001onthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001third Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001register Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001But Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001since Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001middle Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001third Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001register Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001clocking, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wehave Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 guess Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 few Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 bits Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 third Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 register Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 well Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 fact Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 increases Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 timecomplexity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001240 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001245.

4.2.3 Attacking the Signaling Network

In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001only Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001data Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001link Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001encrypted Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Traffic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wired Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lineswithin Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operators Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001transferred Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001plaintext Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Thus, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001if Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001getaccess Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001signaling Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operator Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001then Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001she Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001listen Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001everything Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001istransmitted, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001which Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001includes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001RAND, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Kc, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SRES Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

Another Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001form Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001try Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001gain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001access Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Center(AUC) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001database Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Home Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Register Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(HLR) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Access Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001either Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001these Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001willgive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Ki) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscribers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ofthat Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001However Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001AUC Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001HLR Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001generally Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001more Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001secure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001than Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rest Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ofthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001hence Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001break-in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001less Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001likely

4.2.4 Possible Damage by Eavesdropping

Eavesdropping Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001private Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001violates Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001privacy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001parties Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001involved Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001financial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tactical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001arising Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001out Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001depends Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thesensitivity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001being Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001exchanged Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001during Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001course Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Forexample, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 sometimes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 eavesdropping Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 just Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 give Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 some Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 local Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 gossip

However Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cases Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001where Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001important Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001financial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001being Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001transferred Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theconversation, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001gain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001significant Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001financial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001value Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001militarycircles, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001access Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001about Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tactical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001defense/attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001decisions Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001give Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theattacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001significant Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001advantage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001battlefield Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001render Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001victim Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001vulnerable Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001defeat.

4.3 Location Tracking

Wireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 communication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 technologies Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 rely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 key Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 element Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 function:constant Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001knowledge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001transmitting Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001switching Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellularphone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001purpose Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001routing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001incoming Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communications Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Even Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001when Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001they Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inuse, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001these Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001units Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001regularly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001automatically Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001emit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001positioning Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001signals Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Unfortunately Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001forprivacy, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001these Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001signals Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001purposes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001far Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001different Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001than Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001original Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001goal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ofrouting Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communications

4.3.1 Location Management in GSM

When Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 powered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 on, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 performs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 update Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 procedure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 byindicating Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 its Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (IMSI) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001firstlocation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001update Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001procedure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001called Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001IMSI Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attach Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001procedure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001alsoperforms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001updating, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001order Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001indicate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001its Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001current Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001when Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001moves Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001anew Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Area Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001different Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Public Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Land Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(PLMN) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001locationupdating Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001new Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Switching Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Center Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(MSC)/Virtual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001LocationRegister Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(VLR), Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001which Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001gives Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber's Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Home Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001LocationRegister Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(HLR) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001If Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authorized Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001new Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MSC/VLR, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber'sHLR Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cancels Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001registration Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001old Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001MSC/VLR Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location

updating Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001performed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001periodically Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001If Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001after Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001updating Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001time Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001period, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobilestation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001registered, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001then Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001deregistered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001When Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001station Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001powered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001off, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001itperforms Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001IMSI Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001detach Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001procedure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001order Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tell Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001no Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001longerconnected Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

During Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001course Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001call, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001confidentiality Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provided Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001using Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theTemporary Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 (TMSI) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Individual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 SubscriberIdentity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(IMSI) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001during Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001up Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001call Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001throughout Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001process.Once Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 subscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 authenticated, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 she Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 assigned Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Temporary Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 MobileSubscriber Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Identity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(TMSI) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001TMSI Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001identify Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001remainder Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ofthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 call Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Hence Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 anonymity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 maintained Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 However Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 who Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 ismonitoring Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001activity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001device Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001right Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001start Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001call Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001still Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001keep Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001track

of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001needs Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001monitor Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mentionedabove Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001definitely Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001isolate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001position Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001depending Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001fromwhich Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001signal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001originating, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001course Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001misused

4.3.2 FCC’s E911 Initiative

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Federal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Communications Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Commission's Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Enhanced Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001911 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001initiative Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001calls Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wirelesscarriers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provide Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001automatic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001capability Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thatenables Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tracked Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001within Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200150 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001meters Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001allowemergency Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001response Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001teams Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001find Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001users Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001peril Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001serviceproviders Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001are Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001considering Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001installing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GPS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(Global Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Positioning Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001System) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones

to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 monitor Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 their Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 exact Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 complete Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 nightmare Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 privacy

advocates Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001since Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001make Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pinpoint Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001track Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001position Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001anindividual Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001amazing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001accuracy.

4.3.3 Possible Damage by Location Tracking

It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frightening Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001imagine Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001someone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001monitoring Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one’s Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001every Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001move Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001One’slife Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001will Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001no Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001longer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001remain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001private Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001if Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001someone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001find Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001out Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001keep Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001record Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001where Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001onehas Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001been Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001every Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001moment Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one’s Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001life Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001information Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001personal Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001financialgain Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001jeopardize Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001physical Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001well Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001being Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001anindividual, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001example, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001try Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001assault Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001person Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001when Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001she Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001desolate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001area Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Anotherexample Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001paparazzi Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001misuse Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001location Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001track Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001haunt Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001celebrities

4.4 SMS Ping

Short Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001(SMS) Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001allows Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001short Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001text Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001asubscriber’s Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 As Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 common Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 industry, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 textmessages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001operators Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001change Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001functionality Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Thus, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001amalformed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cause Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lock Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001up Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tolock Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001up Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 proved Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 when Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Norwegian Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Internet Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 technologycompany Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 – Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Web2Wap Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 – Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inadvertently Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 discovered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001some Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 text Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 cancause Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001line Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001telephones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001made Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Nokia Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lock Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001up Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001was Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001required Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001removethe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001batteries Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reconnect Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001them Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001start Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001working Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001again Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001[15, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 200116]

4.4.1 Possible Damage by SMS Ping

SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ping Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001launch Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001set Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ofcellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Most Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001providers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001allow Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sending Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001through Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001e-mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It

is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001easy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inexpensive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001send Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001single Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001e-mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lock Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001up Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone.The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001e-mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001locking Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones

or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001particular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001range Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001too Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001difficult Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001write Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001asimple Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001program Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001script Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001send Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001out Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001beenlocked Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001will Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001unable Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001receive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001make Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001calls Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001until Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reset

by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001removing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reattaching Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone’s Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001batteries Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001which Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001locks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may

go Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001undetected Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001until Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tries Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001use Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Until Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001time Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001havemissed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lot Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001legitimate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001calls Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001due Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001range Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001mereirritant Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 value Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 huge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 financial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 losses Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 due Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 missed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 calls Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Besides Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 result Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 incustomer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001frustration Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001dissatisfaction Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001rendered Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider

4.5 SMS Denial of Service

The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001become Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001popular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001users Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001enables Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001users Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001toreceive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001text Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001their Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001like Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001pager Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001If Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001anothercellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001then Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001even Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001reply Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001feature Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001really Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001useful Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inpublic Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001places Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001like Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cinema Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001halls, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001theatres, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001etc Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001where Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inappropriate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conduct

a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001conversation Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001over Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001receive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sendSMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001through Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001without Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001disturbing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001people Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001around Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001her Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMSmessages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001get Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001web-updates, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001stock Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001quotes Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001weather Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001forecasts

or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001weather Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001warnings Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Many Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001providers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provide Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001means Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sending Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages

through Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Internet Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001person Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001who Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wants Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001send Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phoneuser Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001simply Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001send Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001special Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001e-mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001address Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001email Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001tothe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001message Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001most Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cases, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001e-mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001address Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001easily Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001deduced Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001number Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thecellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001allow Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001someone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Internet Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001launch Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ofService Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001simply Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001send Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001flood Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMSmessages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001through Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001e-mail Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001target Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bandwidth Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001wirelesschannel Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001used Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001small Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001compared Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bandwidth Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001typicalInternet Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001connection Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001It Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001very Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001easy Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001flood Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001using Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001just Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001few Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001machines

or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001maybe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001even Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001single Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001machine Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001As Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001compared Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001effectively Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bring Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001down Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001target

on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Internet Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001one Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001need Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001launch Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Distributed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001involving

of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thousands Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001machines Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Thus, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001much Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001easier Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001launch Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001DoS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellulardevice Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001as Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001compared Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001host Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Internet Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001By Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001launching Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001an Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001largerscale, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001maybe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001targeting Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thousands Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001belonging Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001entirewireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001clogged

4.5.1 Possible Damage by SMS Denial of Service Attack

A Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cause Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001damage Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001several Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001ways Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001couldsimply Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001flood Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bandwidth, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001preventing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001carrying Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001onwith Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001any Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001useful Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001If Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001there Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001limit Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001capacity Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thatcan Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001stored Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001easily Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001exceeded, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thus Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001blocking Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001outlegitimate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Some Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001providers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001charge Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001users Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001every Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001update Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001An

SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 flood Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 cause Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001exceed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 his Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001quota Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 get Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 bill Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 all Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001junkmessages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sent Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001her Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001The Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001customer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001obviously Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001going Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001contest Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bill, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thus Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001causingthe Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lose Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bandwidth Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001revenue Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001on Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SMS Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001messages Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001user Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001did Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001not Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001want

to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001receive Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001An Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001intangible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001loss Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001loss Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001customer Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001confidence Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001serviceprovider’s Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001system Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001even Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lead Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001losing Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001customer

By Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001launching Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001large Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001scale Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Denial Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001against Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001several Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phones Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001it Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001may

be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001possible Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001flood Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001and Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001stall Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001entire Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001provider Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001notonly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cause Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001loss Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001customers Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001but Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001also Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001loss Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001revenue Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001totaling Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001more Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001thanthousands Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001dollars Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001missed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001calls

4.6 Authentication Denial of Service

Figure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20014.2: Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Procedure Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001GSM

1 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Initiate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001call

2 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Request Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001triples

3 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Send Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001triples

4 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Send Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001RAND

5 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Send Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SRES 6 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Verify Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001SRES

Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Switching Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 Center

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In Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001this Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001form Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attack, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001repeatedly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001asks Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authenticateher Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001requires Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001phone Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001communicate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001with Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network,thus Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001consuming Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bandwidth Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001for Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001duration Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Besides,even Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 though Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 eventually Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 fails, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 still Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001 gothrough Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001steps Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20011 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 20016 Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001each Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001time Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001is Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001requested Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001This Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001would Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001consume Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001a Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001lot

of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001resources Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001in Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001If Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001has Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001access Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001multiple Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001such Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001spuriouswireless Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001devices, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001she Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001could Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001repeatedly Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001request Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001cellular Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network,thus Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001degrading Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001quality Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001or Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001even Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001denying Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001service Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001to Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001legitimate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001users

4.6.1 Possible Damage by Authentication Denial of Service Attack

Given Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001sufficient Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001resources Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attacker Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001can Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001generate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001so Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001many Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001spurious Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authenticationrequests, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001that Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001network Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001will Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001be Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001virtually Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001inoperable Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001Most Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001of Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001bandwidth Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001will Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001beconsumed Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001by Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001the Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001spurious Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001authentication Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001attempts, Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001precluding Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001legitimate Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001users Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001from Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001using

Mobile Copyright by Sarosh Havewala, 2001

Device

(Attacker)

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