TIỂU LUẬN học phần anh văn chuyên ngành introduce the pharmacology your paper should clearly present the following information differences between pharmacology and pharmacy

Your paper should clearly present the following information: differences between pharmacology and pharmacy subdisciplines of pharmacology pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics Your paper sho

ĐẠI HỌC Y DƯỢC Y DƯỢC TP HỒ CHÍ MINH KHOA KHOA

HỌC CƠ BẢN BỘ MÔN NGOẠI NGỮ

BÀI TIỂU LUẬN

Học phần: Anh Văn chuyên ngành

Họ và tên sinh viên thực hiện: TRẦN QUỲNH GIAO

Mã số sinh viên: 511206114

Ngày tháng năm sinh: 28/06/2002

Khối: DCQ2020

Tổ: 5

Điện thoại liên hệ: 0869862002

Năm học: 2020 – 2021

KẾT QUẢ BÀI TIỂU LUẬN

(bằng số) (bằng chữ) (Họ tên & chữ ký) (Họ tên & chữ ký)

Tiêu chí đánh giá

Total

Score Points

Organization The layout is appropriate for the topic and audience 5

(10 points) Information is presented in a logical sequence 5

Introduction is attention-getting, lays out the problem well, and establishes a framework for the rest of the 5 presentation

Technical terms are well-defined in language

5

Content

appropriate for the target audience

Information is presented accurately 5

(30 points)

Material included is relevant to the overall message 5 Visual aids are well prepared, informative, effective,

5 and not distracting

The writer completes the task with about 1,000 words 5 The writer can exhibit a logical and coherent sequence

15 throughout and smooth transitions between ideas

The writer can use a wide variety of vocabulary that

15

Language expands the topic

Use The writer can use a wide range of structure with full

relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas.

TOPIC 4 2

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Introduce the pharmacology Your paper should clearly present the

following information:

differences between pharmacology and pharmacy subdisciplines of pharmacology

pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics

Your paper should contain about 1,000 words and 3 images with captions

PHARMACOLOGY

A INTRODUCTION OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacology is the science of how drugs and other compounds interact with biological

systems ranging from the molecule to the cell, organ, or even the entire body The phrase

pharmacology is derived from the ancient Greek words “pharmakon”, which means

"drug", and “logia”, which represents "knowledge of."

Historically, the activities of pharmacological drugs – generally derived from natural

sources or plant extracts were poorly understood and discussed in diverse ways, without a

comprehensive understanding of their effects on the body Clinical pharmacology goes

back to the Middle Ages, and one of its major pioneers was William Withering

(1741-1799) However, it was not until the mid-nineteenth century that it emerged as a scientific

discipline This was mostly thanks to discoveries in biomedical research at the time

Throughout the 19th and 20th century, as a biological discipline, the study of

pharmacology had been growing continuously, and its findings began to be applied in a

healthcare facility

B DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACY

Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy, though the two are sometimes used

simultaneously As it is mentioned before, pharmacology is the study of how medicines

work and how they affect our bodies whereas in contrast pharmacy is the science and

technique of preparing and dispensing the drugs that have been created and researched by

pharmacologists To have a better understanding, we may think about what people who

work in such professions do on a regular basis Pharmacologists research and develop

new medicines, improve our understanding of how medicines work, make sure they are

used effectively and safely for everyone while pharmacists generally give out medicines

and share advice to help keep you healthy

C SUBDISCIPLINES OF PHARMACOLOGY 4

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There are many different subdisciplines or specializations under the umbrella of

pharmacology A pharmacologist may specialize in any one of these subdisciplines to

conduct deeper research into a specific area of pharmacology, these include:

Image 1 Pharmacogenetics is a subdisciplines of pharmacology

Source: www.genengnews.com

- Cardiovascular pharmacology: the effects of pharmaceuticals on the cardiovascular system

- Clinical pharmacology: the clinical applications of pharmaceuticals

- Environmental pharmacology: understanding the interaction between genes, the environment and pharmaceuticals

- Neuropharmacology: the effects of pharmaceuticals on the central and peripheral nervous system

- Pharmacoepidemiology: the effects of pharmaceuticals observed in large population groups

- Pharmacogenetics: the relationship between genetic variability and drug response

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- Pharmacognosy: the composition, use and development of biological origin and especially medicinal substances obtained from plants

- Posology: the science of arriving at the correct dosing of pharmaceuticals

- Psychopharmacology: the behavioral changes associated with pharmaceuticals, or the use of pharmaceuticals to bring about behavioral modifications

- Toxicology: the adverse effects of pharmaceuticals

D PHARMACODYNAMICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS

The two major types of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics is the study of how a medicine affects the biology of the body

Pharmacokinetics, on the other hand, is concerned about how the medicine interacts with

the body in terms of liberation, absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination,

which are referred to as LADME

1 Pharmacodynamics

Both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics together influence factors such as dosing,

drug benefits, and side effects Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on

dose-response relationships which are the connections between the concentration of a drug and

its impact, whether negative or positive, upon the organism

Drugs, in general, do not initiate new metabolic processes in the body, instead of

modifying biochemical processes To do this, they interact with certain target structures

in the body, including as receptors and enzymes These interactions have the potential to

either enhance or inhibit downstream metabolic processes Agonists are medicines that

activate a receptor or an enzyme, whereas antagonists are drugs that block them As a

result, an agonist has the same action as a natural enzyme effector or an endogenous

signaling molecule for a receptor Antagonists, on the other hand, are comparable to

natural inhibitors of enzymes or receptors

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Image 1 Agonists and Antagonists

Source: psychonautwiki.org

There are two types of agonists: direct agonists and indirect agonists The direct agonists

might attach to the receptor and produce an effect like the endogenous signaling

molecule Whereas in contrast, indirect agonists, instead of generating a signal itself, this

drug could enhance the action of the endogenous signaling molecule, for example, by

enhancing signaling molecule secretion

If the aim is to impair signal transduction at the receptor, the antagonists are used

Antagonists can also behave in a variety of ways and are generally divided into two

types: competitive and non-competitive A competitive antagonists binds to the same site

as the endogenous signaling molecule, preventing it from attaching to the receptor As the

result, a lower amount or signaling molecules connect to the receptor on the cell surface,

reducing their overall impact An antagonist that is non-competitive binds to a site other

than the usual receptor binding site However, since this interaction induces

conformational changes in the structure of the receptor – binding site, the physiological

impact of the signaling molecule is reduced or even eliminated

2 Pharmacokinetics

The term pharmacokinetics is derived from the ancient Greek words “pharmakon” and

“kinetikos”, meaning “drug” and “putting in motion” respectively It is one of the most

important disciplines of pharmacology and refers to the way that the body reacts on and

affects a pharmaceutical substance in the body

Pharmacokinetics is made up of five major components: liberation, absorption,

distribution, metabolism, and excretion (LADME) These are used to describe the varied

properties of various medicines in the body:

- Liberation: Liberation is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is released from

the formulation it is delivered in This must place before the medication may be absorbed by the body

- Absorption: Absorption is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance enters the blood

circulation in the body The pharmacokinetic parameters for absorption include:

Absorption rate constant: absorption rate or amount of drug remaining to be absorbed

Bioavailability: amount of drug absorbed or drug dose

- Distribution: Distribution is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is dispersed

through the fluids and tissues in the body The pharmacokinetic parameters for distribution include:

Apparent volume of distribution: amount of drug in body or drug concentration in plasma

Unbound fraction: unbound drug concentration in plasma or total drug concentration in plasma

- Metabolism: Metabolism is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is transformed

into other substances, called metabolites, in the body The pharmacokinetic parameters for metabolism include:

Metabolic clearance: drug metabolism rate or drug concentration in plasma

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- Excretion: Excretion is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is removed from the

body In rare cases, some drugs may never be completely excreted from the body They then irreversibly accumulate in the tissues The pharmacokinetic parameters for excretion include:

Renal clearance: renal excretion rate or drug concentration in plasma

Fraction excreted unchanged: renal excretion rate or drug elimination rate

Image 1 Five major components of pharmacokinetics (LADME)

Source: www.flickr.com

Pharmacokinetic research studies are often undertaken in healthy volunteers or patients to

examine and quantify the interplay between drugs and the body in the general population

E CONCLUSION

Oral birth control pills are one of the most significant pharmacological breakthroughs

This innovation was found in 1950 and FDA authorized in 1960 Birth control pills not

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only assist 100 million women across the world regulate their bodies by suppressing

ovulation, but they also help the world rein in population expansion This example has

shown that pharmacologists use a variety of techniques, including genetics, molecular

biology and chemistry, to explain and manipulate the pharmacological action of

substances for health purposes This has brought in a deeper understanding of how

medications can be effectively used to manage various health conditions and diseases, as

well as remarkable improvements in the field of medicine throughout the world

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- “7 of the greatest pharmacological discoveries in the health industry”, Optalert Retrievable

at: https://www.optalert.com/7-of-the-greatest-pharmacological- discoveries-in-the-health-industry/

- Reginald Davey, “What is pharmacodynamics?”, News Medical Life Sciences Retrievable at:

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is- Pharmacodynamics.aspx

- “What is pharmacology?”, British Pharmacological Society Retrievable at:

https://www.bps.ac.uk/about/who-we-are-(2)/history-of-the-society

- “What is pharmacology?”, The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental

Therapeutics (ASPET) Retrievable at: https://www.aspet.org/aspet/education-careers/about-pharmacology

- Yolanda Smith, B.Pharm, “Pharmacology”, News Medical Life Sciences Retrievable at:

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pharmacology.aspx

- Yolanda Smith, B.Pharm, “Pharmacokinetics”, News Medical Life Sciences Retrievable at:

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pharmacokinetics.aspx

- Picture 1: LAMDE Retrievable at:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/119835267@N03/13028911634

- Picture 2: Agonists and Antagonists Retrievable at: https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Agonist

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