Nhimg no lire ciia cac hpc gia Ottoman trong viec cap nhat thong tin ve chau My thoi ki nay dugc phan anh qua tac pham Tdrih-i Hind-i Garbi veya Hadis-i Nev Ljch sir Tay An hay Tan The
Trang 1TRONG ''TARfH-i HIND-i GARBt
Lu yiAn'
TOM TAT
Tdrih-i Hind-i Garbi la mgt tdc phdm tieu bieu hien sogn dia ly hgc lich sir th&i Ottoman do Mehmed SuUdi Efendi viet vao ddu nhOng nam 1580 vd ddng len vua Murad HI Tdc phdm ndy Id mgt nguon ldi li^u quan Irong vd quy gid de tim hieu qud trinh khdm phd Tdn The gioi cung nhu nghien ctru ddc diem lu nhien vd loi song cua nguai ddn a chdu My vdo cuoi the ki XV ddu the ki XVI Ddc biet, Irong phdn cuoi cita Idc phdm ndy co cdc ghi chep hit site Ihu vi ve h^ dgng vgt -thuc vdl cua chdu My Bdi viel gi&i thieu khdi qudt ve Idc gid, Ih&i gian ra d&i va ngi dung co bdn cua Idc phdm dong th&i Irinh bdy nhirng ghi chep ve cdc lodi dgng vdt, chim muong, Ihircvdl, ciing nhir sinh vdt khdc & Tdn The gi&i
Tu khoa: dia ly hgc lich su, Ottoman, Tdn The gi&i, chdu My, he dgng vdl, h^ thuc vgt Nhdn bdi: 12/12/2019; Phdn bien vd sua chira: 25/2/2020: Duyet ddng: 5/3/2020
Abstract
Tdrih-i Hind-i Garbi was a typical work of the compilation of historical geography of the Ottoman period written by Mehmed Suudi Efendi in the early 1580s and introduced to Sultan Murad III This work was an important and valuable resource for understanding Ihe process of exploring the New World, as well as studying people's natural characteristics and lifestyles in America in the late 15th century and the early 16lh century In particular, there were very interesting records about Ameria 's animals and plants at Ihe end of this work This article generally inlroduces an overview ofthe author, publishing year and Ihe basic content ofthe work, and also description of animals, birds, plants, as well as other creatures in the New World
1 Gifri Ihieu khai quat vl tac phim din cac chuyen tham hiem toi Tan The gioi Tarih-i Hind-i Garbi Su cap nhat nhimg tri thiic moi ve Tan The
, , , J , gioi duoc dam trach boi cac nha dia ly hoc ciia
Thanh qua cua cac cuoc phat kien djaly, ^^^^ ^^ ^^ Contralacion (Van phong Thuong nhat la viec Christopher Columbus phat hten ^^ ^ , ^^^ ^.^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ,.p ^
ra chau My vao cuoi theki XV da tao duoc ^^-^.jj^ ^_^ ^^^3, ^^^^^ ^^z ^ ^ j ^ _ ^j ^^ tieng vang rat lcm 6 chau Au Gim hoc g.a cac ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^, ^.^^^ ,, ^ ^^ ^ ^
nuoc chau Au thoi bay g.o da danh sir quan gan Nha tuy khong true tiSp tham gia vao
tam dang ke den tinh hinh va tin tire hen quan ^,^ ^^.^ ^ ^^^ ^.^ |^_ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^
• Vicn Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Dai hpc Sikarya, Th6 Nhi Ky
Trang 2Ottoman khi do cung rat quan tam va khong
ngung cap nhat nhimg thong tin Hen quan toi
cac cu^c phat kien dia ly va kien thuc ve cac
viing dat mcri dugc kham pha 6 Tan The gioi
Nhimg no lire ciia cac hpc gia Ottoman trong
viec cap nhat thong tin ve chau My thoi ki nay
dugc phan anh qua tac pham Tdrih-i Hind-i
Garbi veya Hadis-i Nev (Ljch sir Tay An hay
Tan The gioi) - cong trinh dja ly hgc Ijch sir
diiu tien cua ngiroi Ottoman va cflng la cua
toan bg the gioi Islam ve Tan The gicri
Theo c^c nha nghien cuu, Tdrih-i Hind-i
Garbi dugc Mehmed Suudi Efendi viet vao
nhiing nSm 1580 va dugc dang vua Murad III
vao t h ^ g Zilhicce n^m 991 lich Hicri (tire
thang 12 nam 1583)^ Tac pham nay dugc
danh gii la cong trinh toan di?n nhat cua gioi
hgc gia Ottoman viet ve Tan The gicri-' Ngo^
nhan de Tdrih-i Hind-i Garbi, t^c pham nay
c6n dugc biet den voi cac ten goi khac nhu
Tarih-i Hind-el-garbi, el-miisemma be
hadis-s nev, Kilab-t iklim-i cedit, Beyan-i ahval-i
alem-i cedit, Tarih-i Yeni Diinya, Kutr-i nev
va Hadis-i nev*
Ve m$t ngi dung, ngoai phan ma dau, ket
lu^n va tai lieu tham khao Tdrih-i Hind-i
Garbi dugc chia lam ba chuang Hai chuong
dAu chu yeu khai quat Iai nhimg kien thirc co
ban ve khoa hgc ban do \ a trai dat nhu bay
dcri khi hau, song bien va dai ducmg thuoc ve
''the gicri da dugc biet tcri" Hai chucmg nay
cua tac pham tham khao rat nhieu tnrac tac
dia ly hgc ciia cac hgc gia Arab va Ba Tu noi
tieng, dugc viet 6 cac the ky trudc^ Con
chuang thii ba, la chucmg trgng tam ciia tac
pham, de cap den cac chuyen tham hiem ciing
nhu thong tin \ e Tan The gioi trong khoang
thai gian hr nam 1492 den nam 1552, thi tham
khao tir cac tac pham do cac hgc gia chau Au
duang thai bien soan Trong do, tac pham
"De la historia natural y general de las Indias
hay Sumario"' cua 0\iedo y Valdes la mgt
cong trinh dia 1\ hpc tieu bieu, cuon bach
khoa toan thu dau tien ve chau M\'' Ban dich ti^ng Y ciia Andrea Navagero (bien tap bcri Ramusio, an hanh gitra cac nSm 1534-1565) dugc tham khao de viet phan npi dung lien quan d6n cac loai sinh vat a Tan The gidi
trong Tdrih-i Hind-i Garbf
2 Mieu ta cac loai dong vat, thyc vait cf Tan the gioi
Trong chuong ba cua Tdrih-i Hind-i Garbi,
ben canh viec de cap den nhung chuyen tham hiim cac dao Tay An cua Christopher Columbus, hanh trinh tai dao Borneo v^ c^c dao Dong An cua Ferdinand Magellan, qua trinh chinh phuc Mexico ciia Heman Cortez
va chinh phuc Peru cua Francisco Pizarro, con
CO mgt phan npi dung khac rat thii vi, ghi chep kha chi tiSt ve cac loai dgng vat, chim muong
va thuc vat tim thay a Tan The gioi
Mieu td vi cdc lodi dgng vdt (Ahbdr-i Davabb)
Phan ngi dung mieu ta ve cac loai dpng vat oTan The gioi thupc cac to tir 108a den 110a* gom co:
Bao dom: La mpt loai dpng vat san m6i hung dir DAU ciia no gi6ng voi diu cua su tii, rang dai va sSc nhpn Mau long gi6ng voi loai meo dom Co the dai 1,2 m, chiiu ngang la 70
cm Loai thu nay r^t dir tpn va nhay ben Chiing khong Iam hai nhung ke khong t ^
cong chung Nguoi ban dia giat chiing rk
nhieu Khi co ca hpi thi hg gilt va an thit chung
Lgn voi: Co kich thudc to bang con la Long no mau hat de No lam hai cho va ca con
ngudi Dau va chan ciia no rk ngon, nhung
phai nau hon 24 gid mdi chin dugc Gau: 0 Tan 'I~he gidi cung co Ioai gau than
nho va khong co duoi, mui lai rk dai Mat ciia
Chung thi md va khong thi nhin ro vao ban ngay Ngudi ban xir dimg cho dl san chung Ban ngay loai vat nay 4n nap trong cac bui cay
Trang 3dam den thi mdi hoat dpng Chiing di loanh
quanh h-ong khu vuc dl tim thuc an Thirc an
cua chimg thudng la cac Ioai kiln nho
Cim tru (armadillo): Hinh dang gifing nhu
ngua CO yen vdi b6n chan Duoi ciia no gi6ng
nhu ran va toan la thit Co thi ciia nd co mau
xam, tren lung co khdp yen Cac chan va duoi
ciia nd thi nho ra hr phia dudi Than cua nd
ldn ca con cho nhung lai yiu va khong co kha
nang lam hai Nd dung chan dl dao cac ranh
va nSm trong dd Thit ciia loai nay ngon han
thitde
Meo: a Tan Thi gidi co rkx nhiiu gi6ng
mdo hoang Chimg cd mau xanh nhat va co
the CO kich cd nhu con chd Chung di chuyin
rat nhanh va la ke san mdi dij tgn
Khi: O khu vuc nay cflng cd rat nhiiu loai
khi Chung co mau den, tring, kich thudc
cflng khac nhau, co con chi cd nim tay
Chung cd kha nang hieu biat phat triln NIU
muon thi chung cd tha bat chudc hanh dgng
ciia con ngudi Khi cd ngudi di den khu vyc
cua chung, biy khi dimg da ma chimg tap hgp
de nem tir nggn cay xudng phia con ngudi va
bat dau tan cong
HuoTj, Thd va Bao: Thit ciia loai hucru sdng
d Peru rat thom ngon Nhung chung lai khdng
di chuyan nhanh Tuang tu, loai thd d khu vuc
nay cflng khong du nhanh nhen va chiing hai
nhd Chan cua chiing giong nhu hat de Loai
bao d khu vuc nay thi rat nhiit nhat, chiing chay
tron con ngudi va nhieu loai dpng vat khac
Than Ian va Kien: Loai dgng vat nay co
bon chan va xau xi Chimg cd hinh dang giong
con ran Ngudi dan ban dja thudng an thit loai
vat nay bdi hg cho rang thit ciia chiing rat
thom ngon Cflng cd mgt loai kien ma kich cd
bang con ong, neu ai bi nd can thi se chet ngay
lap tuc Ngudi ban xu thinh thoang tim kiem
va nghien nat chiing rdi boi len dau mui tan
cua hg Bat cii loai vat nao bi loai ten nay lam
ton thuang se chet
Chd: 6 quan dao Karayip (Caribs) c6 giong cho rat nhd vdi mau long sac sd Chimg khdng bao gid sua Ngay ca khi hi danh den chit chiing cung khong bao gid keu ia Ngudi ta nghT rang cd le Ioai chd nay khong co tiing noi Chon: Ngoai ra cdn cd mpt Ioai vat dugc
ggi la churcha (chdn opossum) Than cua
chiing cd nhu con thd va long mau hat de, rat mem mai va de chiu Mui cua Ioai vat nay thi mong va dai, 16 tai thi nhu 16 tai cua chupt Ban dem chiing di vao cac ng6i nha san mdi, neu bit dugc ga thi chiing hut mau chu kh6ng
an thjt Loai vat nay co hai cdi liii nhu bao yen ngua d phia dudi chi, chung dl con nho ben trong tui va luon mang theo ben canh Con ciia chiing dugc bao ve rat tot, ngoai trir khi chiing muon cdn kh6ng ai c6 Ihl liy con ciia chiing ra ngoai
Con ludi (perico ligero): Cd than dai
khoang 4,5 cm va rpng cung cd dd Nd rit map map va nhiau thit Nd co b6n chan va cdc chan rat mong, co tha di chuyen khd khan va rat nang nhpc Trong mgt ngay no chi cd thi
di chuyan dugc khoang 100 m <3 moi chan cua no cd cac mdng vu6t nhu ciia chim ung
va c6 cua loai vat nay rat dai Phan c6 co dg day bang nhau va rat thang nhu dugc Iam tu' sap Dau cua nd cd hinh trdn Chom dau trong
cd ve nhu da mg bia, con khuon mat thi nhu
bi cao vao trong dau Dau va co thi lu6n d trang thai chuyen dpng lac Iu Mat cua no thi tron, nho eham chap va ban ngay thi kh6ng hoat dgng Long cua Ioai nay mau xam va chiing khong cd duoi Tiang kau ciia chiing rat
am diu va 16i cuon Ban dam chiing treo len cay va phat ra nhimg tiang kau khac nhau, thinh thoang em ai, thinh thoang choi tai, lam ngudi nghe thich thu Dudng nhu cac n6t nhac CO nguon goc tir tiang kau cua loai nay Ban ngay thi chiing ngirng keu va kh6ng biet
am thanh la gi Ngudi ban xir bat chiing va mang vl nha ma khdng phai ban tam viec chung di chuyen dugc bao xa Neu tim thay
Trang 4mgt cai cay chiing se treo Ien do bing khdng
se treo ian mpt ncri cao rao va md mieng \e
hudng gid Dua theo hanh dgng ciia loai vat
nay, ngudi ta se biat dugc hudng gid dang
thdi Khdng ai nhin thay chiing an Dudng
nhu chiing chi sdng bang khong khi
Mieu td ve cdc lodi chim (Ahbdr-i Tuyiir)
Phan ngi dung miau ta ve cac Ioai chim d
Tan Tha gidi thugc cac td tir 11 Ob - 112a vdi
nhiau Ioai vat khac nhau':
Diau hau: C) nhimg vimg nay cd rat nhieu
diau hau sinh sdng Hau het trong sd chiing
dau CO mau den, cdn lai la mau vang
Chim cit girifalte (cit Sic Cue): Kich cd
ciia nd nhu dieu hau, nhung mdng vuot thi
rpng va khde hon Nd c6 tha bit dugc tre em
Mit cua nd nhu lua Long cua nd thi nhu tham
dan va co rat nhiau mau sic
Chim canh dai {frigate): Rit nhanh nhen
va nd bay rat nhanh, chung cd the bay lian tuc
trong 56 ngay ma khdng can nghi Mdng vuot
cua nd rgng va co mau den Canh cua loai
chim nay dai va sic nhpn Thinh thoang no
dimg cinh da tan cdng va cit ddi khien cac
con vat khac chet
Cdng: 6 vimg Darien cd rat nhieu c6ng
Ngudi ban xu nuoi chiing trong nha nhu ga de
lay thit va tning Hp noi rang thit cua chiing
rat thom ngon Mau ciia Ioai cdng rat khac
biet, mgt sd mau vang, mot sd mau den Tuy
nhicn phan nguc ciia chiing lu6n co mau trang
O dinh dau cua chiing co chdp nhu cua ga
trdng va cd mao d gay vdi long sac sd Du6i
cua chimg thi it 16ng
Ga: Loai ga khac biet, c6 cua no khdng cd
long, trong gi6ng nhu thit do Khi cd ai do
nhin thi nd ddi mau sac khac nhau Gan nguc
cua no cd mgt thir nhu hat cudm den dai tdi
2.2 cm Dpc theo md cua nd co mdt khdi thit
du cd luc dai cd luc thi ngan Thit cua loai ga
nay rat therm ngon
Bo ndng (pelican): Kich thudc Idn hcm con
ng6ng Long cua nd cd mau tro Mo dai 4,5
cm, day d phin dau va mdng nhung sic ben d phin sau 6 phan hgng ciia nd cd mgt cai tui Idn Loai chim nay sdng chu yiu d Panama Ngudi dan dimg ghe de bit chung vdi so Iugng Idn Chiing rat beo map Hg lay md ciia Ioai chim nay va ddt nhu nin Anh sang ciia
nd thi rue rd Thit cua Ioai chim nay khdng tham ngon va ngudi ban xu khdng an chiing
6 Panama con cd mgt loai chim khac mau den Khi bay theo biy, chiing bao phii khip m^t biln mgt chu vi tir 20 den 30 dam, lam cho mat bien nhu dugc phii Idp nhung huyen Thjt ciia loai chim nay khdng ngon
Ca: 6 vung nay cua Dai Tay Duong cd hien tugng thiiy trieu Mdi ngay nudc nit vao
8 d ^ trong vong 6 tiang, va 6 tieng sau, nudc tir tir dang trd Iai Ngoai ra cdn co mgt Ioai ca
(sardalya) con gpi la ca moi Khi thuy triau dang cao d Dai Tay Duong mang theo so lugng Idn Ioai ca nay Bo Ndng san bit ca mdi cimg vdi nhirng Ioai ca khac trdi theo thuy trieu dan bd bien
Ga rimg: Loai ga hoang nay ldn hcm ngdng, long it thit nhiiu Khi cdn s6ng thi miii cua nd rat thom Nhung khi chit thi miii ciia nd thay d6i ngay lap tire, boc ra miii kinh tdm khiin khdng mgt ai dam lai gin Ngudi ban dia dimg 16ng ciia no de gin ian cac mfli ten Chim da da: NhOng vung nay con cd rit nhieu chim da da vdi kich thudc ldn Tning cua ioai chim nay to bang tning ga, nhung nd trdn va c6 mau xanh nudc biln trong gidng nhu ngpc lam tinh khilt Mdt vai con trong sd loai chim nay thi rat nho Thit cua chim Da
Da rat bo dudng cho ngudi benh
Chim da oanh: d vimg nay chim da oanh thdng thudng co mau do nhu h6ng nggc Mot vai trong sd chimg thi cd mau sic sac so Tieng hot ciia chung lam cho ngudi nghe thanh than va thu thai
Trang 5Chim gd kian (pikuli): Chung co kich cd
nhu chim da oanh nhung canh ciia chiing thi
dai han Long cua chung nhieu va rit dep Md
cua chung dai khoang 7,5 cm Ng6n ngu: thi
hien cua loai chim nay kh6ng nim d phin thit
ma d phan Idng Tieng hdt ciia nd co the nghe
dugc d khoang each tir 8 din 10 dam Chung
dimg md de khoet Id d cac cay Idn va song
trong do
Chim nhd (deliku^): Loai chim nay mau den
O phia sau diu ciia loai chim nay cd mdt vai
sgi long tring Chiing thudng cu tni d nhung
cay gai Chung lam nhirng cai td dai nhu cai
tlii khien bay khi khdng the tiep can dugc
Cd den; O day cung cd loai co den nho khdng
bao gid bay, md cua chiing gidng nhu md vet
nhung CO mau den Dudi ciia chiing thi dai
Chim se (chim rudi): Loai chim se se nhd,
kich cd bang ngdn tay cai Khi dang bay nd
trdng gidng con ru6i Neu can toan bg long
cua mgt con chim nay thi dugc khoang 10
gram Mau sic ciia loai chim nay rat da dang,
md cua chiing nhd va dai nhu cay kim Mac
dil cd kich thudc nho be song chiing Iai rat gan
da Khi cd ke dinh tan cdng td cua chiing,
chiing diing md dl danh vao mat cua d6i
phucmg Td cua loai chim nay dugc Iam hoan
toan tir bdng va cd do ban dang ke
Ong: Tai khu vuc nay cdn cd loai ong
khong cd kim Vl hinh dang, chiing tr6ng
ciing trdng gidng con ru6i Tran cac nggn cay,
chimg tao ra thii mat ong trang ngon tuyet
khdng gi6ng vdi bit ki loai mat nao khac
Ci vimg nay thi rit it rudi Mdt vai noi Iai
cd Ioai rudi dpc, niu ai dd thinh Iinh bi chiing
chich ma khong kip thdi boi tro ndng Ien vet
chich thi se chay mau den chat
Miiu td ve cdc lodi thirc vdt (Ahbdr-i E§cdr)
Phin npi dung mieu ta ve cac loai cay d
Tan Thi gidi thugc cac td tir 112a- 115a trong
tac pham gdm cd'°:
Cay Mammee: Danh phap khoa hgc la
mammee americana, than cao qua cua Ioai cay nay to bing hai nam tay Ve hinh dang,
no gidng nhu qua Ie va co mau hai do Miii ciia no rat thom va cd vi ngpt nhu dudng No
cd ba lat nhu dua bd Ben trong rugt cd mpt hat gidng nhu hat de, cdn co mgt hat khac cd
vi chua Phan thit cua qua nay day den hai ngon tay
Cay mang cau xiam (guanabano): trong
tiing Th6 NhT Ky hi?n dai la lar9m elmasi, tiic mang cau xiem hay mang cau gai Cay thSng
va cao, la cay cd mau xanh, qua cua nd to cd dua bd Qua nho nhat ciing khoang mgt kilogram Vo ciia nd cung nhu vo dua bd va
CO hinh dang riang biet H?t ciia nd thi nhu hgt dua hiu, mui vi giong nhu mon sGa tning Rugt 0-ong mau tring, rat tham, mem va cd nudc Ngay ca khi mgt ngudi an 5 kg van khong CO hai, khong bi suy nhuge Ngudi ban dia Igt vo va an no nhu Igt vd tao Can an khi cdn luoi, niu de qua tu 2-3 ngay thi phin rugt
se chay hit nudc ra, chi con lai phan vd va hat Cay dira: Thoat nhin thi trdng giong nhu cay cha la, nhung lai rat cao Cac tan la mgc thing tir than Ien nggn Qua cua no thi nhu diu ngudi va to gap nhiau lan cii hanh Phan ban trong cd mgt hoac hai nam tay, tucmg tu qua 6c cho, ldp ngoai thi cung, ldp trong la phin rupt c6 the an dugc, cd mau tring tuai nhu rupt hat hanh nhan, kich cd nhu ngon lay Hucmg vi tham ngon hon hat hanh nhan Nudc cdt tuoi dugc chiet xuat lam cam dira thi rit thom va t6t cho tim mach Ben trong con chira nudc dira tinh khiet, qui hon ngpc Ngudi ban xii thu lupm dira cho thii ITnh ciia
hp Dira cung huu ich cho ngudi benh va ngudi bi thuong Chi cin uong mgt ngum thi ngay lap tiic mgi phan co the tir dau den chan
se hdi phuc, co tha se dugc lam mat, tinh than ciia ngudi benh se tdt hcm Ngudi ban xir con dimg cac sgi chi mong dugc lam tir vd dira de det khan tay cd hoa van va khan choang c6
Trang 6Gao dira thi dugc tach Iam ddi de lam cdc
uong, ngudi ban xii cho rang neu ngudi benh
udng nudc chiia trong cdc Iam bing gao dira
thi soi trong than \ a bang quang ngirdi benh
se de dang bj tdng ra ngoai Khi trai diia bi be
khdi nhanh, ngudi ta thiy tai vi tri do cd hinh
thil gidng nhu con khi Loai cay nay rage rat
nhiau d dpc bd bien Dai Tay Duong
Cay di: La cua cay 6i nhu la dau tim nhung
nhd hcm Qua cua nd nhu qua tao, rat ciing va
kh^ rin Khi dung dao de cit thi trong rupt cd
rat nhieu hgt Vi vay nen qua nay hai khd an
nhung miii vi cua nd thi thom va da tieu hda
Giong qui nhat cua Ioai cay nay tim thiy d
vimg Darien va Dai Tay Duong
Cay eg: Cd nhieu Ioai khac nhau, trong dd
cd mpt logi cay eg den va ciing vdi mpt phan
than chim xuong dudi nudc" Ngudi ban dia
dimg gd cua cay nay de Iam giao va Ioai mfli
ten khdng can vudt Ngoai ra hg cdn dimg cay
nay de san xuat nhimg chiec hop den qui gia
Cay nho (dbanHs): Cay nay mgc rat nhiau
d bd bian Dai Tay Duong No rat therm ngon
va cho ra nhflng qua nho den tuyet vdi
Cay du du (fikonasturso): Vd ciia nd tuy
mdng nhung ran chac Phan rupt an dugc c6
huong vi tham ngon nhu dua bd Ngudi ban
Xli an bang each cat thanh timg iat Trong rugt
ciing cd nhihig hat den, nhd nhu hat dua va
chiing dinh vao nhau Kich cd cua qua du du
nhu trimg ga An qua nay se iam cho co tha
con ngudi trang kien
Cay la: Cay nay rat Idn va qua rat ngon, la
cua nd thi dai va xanh mudt Trgng lugng mdi
qua la khoang 300 gr Mau cua qua Ie d day
ciing gi6ng vdi qua le ma chung ta biet Tuy
nhien \d ciia nd thi day hon Hat cua no den
nhu hat de va rat chat Ngudi ban xii an bang
each Ipt vd Hp bao rang vi cua nd gidng nhu
ba hoac kem Ca>' le mpc tu nhien d cac ngpn
niii va viing ddng bang
Cay tao: Cdn cd mdt Ioai cay khac ten la
Jobo, than dai, tan rdng \ a cho bdng ram Qua ciia nd thom ngon Ve hinh d^ng thi gidng nhu tao tau (hdng tao) Ngudi ban xii dimg vd ca\ nay de niu vdi nudc, rdi liy ggi dau va nia chan, rit hiiu ich Khi ai d6 met mdi ma dimg nudc nay de ggi nia thi sy met nhgc ngay lap tiic bien mit va cam thiy khde khoin trd Iai
Ca\" guayacan (tabebuia chrysantha): Loai
cay nay cay dc ch6 nhung nhd han Phan than cua nd hoan toan mau xanh, tren cd Idm ddm Qua cua nd cd mau xanh va kich cd bang hai ca\ dau rang ngya (tau ke hay dau tim) Gd cua Ioai cay nay thi ciing nhu da Loai cay nay tim thay nhieu d cac dao Tay An, nhat la tai dao Haiti No chi mgc d cac dao Gidng tdt nhat cua nd la d dao Beata Ngudi ban xir dimg vd bao ciia cay da vao mpt cai ndi, nau vdi nudc roi uong khi da day cdn rdng, sau do quan ngudi lai va nam xu6ng NIU CO thi cd benh thi se dupe chira khoi
Cay legusanto: O dao Karaip ngudi ban xir khong can sii dung cay Legusanto cho chl do
an kiang, tuy nhien Iai can thiit cho chl dp an kieng d rihung ncri khac Loai cay nay khi cdn tuoi thi rat hihi ich va cd nhiiu cong dung khac nhau, dac biel la chija khdi benh giang mai
0 dao Karaip ciing c6 mdt loai thyc vat vdi kich thudc ldn cd ba ngudi dan dng Hinh dang ciia no nhu la don Ngudi dan dja phuang nghiin nat loai la nay dimg dl bo xuong bi gay hoac dirt khiic Sau 15 ngay thi hoan loan binh phuc trd lai
Cay jagua: Danh phap khoa hpc la genipa americana Cay nay rit thing va cao Ngudi ban xir dimg lam nhung ngpn giao dai Mau cua cay rat dep Ngudi ban xir ep trai ciia cay jagua vatam cho cho ngudi benh thi rat co tac dung Neu hg tim lin nua thi no lam cho toan than CO mau den nhu nhung Mau ma no d| Iai khdng phai trong su6t ca nam
Trang 7LIT VI An
0 luu vyc sdng Kuti g i n Darien cd mdt
loai cay than dai, vdi chiiu dai trung bmh
khoang^ 14 m Tham chi cd nhimg cay tdi 35
m Chieu cao cua loai cay b i n g vdi khoang
each ban cua cung ten Ngudi ban xii dimg g6
cua Ioai cay nay d l ddng nhimg chile thuyin
CO t h i chd d i n 150 ngudi
Cdn cd mdt Ioai cay khac, khi nd kho thi
hoc chay ra lira Ngudi ban xii khi di chuyin
vao ban dem mdi ngudi dau lay mdt khiic g6
cay nay va khdng rdi kh6i nhau Hg n i m chat
hai khuc gd Iai va ehen mdt khiic khac vao
giiia chiing r6i cha xat da tao ra lua Ngudi
dan d nai day sir dung loai gd cay nay thay
cho da lira
Ngoai ra, d nhimg vimg nay ciing cd mpc
Ioai cay lau say day va dai Ngudi ban xir dimg
nd de Iam gau miic nudc tir nhimg gieng sau
Nhirng thong tin ve bien (Hdl-i Deryd)
Trong phan nay cua Tdrih-i Hind-i Garbi
ciing cd da cap den mdt so loai sinh vat bien
va tinh hinh tai nguyan d Tan The gidi Phan
npi dung nay nam d cac td 115a va 115b'-^:
Rua bien: La loai dpng vat bdn chan, nd
bai tir dudi b i l n len bd de tning Loai rua nay
r i t khde manh, can co tir nam den sau ngudi
de bit nd Thinh thoang ngudi ban xir dimg
b i y bit nd Loai riia nay cd nhieu md va thit
rat ngon
CJ dai duang cdn co nhieu loai ca khac
nhau, trong dd cd loai ca ma vay cua no nhu
canh chira, nhung chiau dai va chieu rgng co
thi ciia nd thi b i n g nhau No nhay Ien khoi
mat biln va bay cho dan khi canh rao nudc roi
Iai nhay xudng bian Thinh thoang mdt nhom
trong sd chiing danh nhau vdi cac Ioai chim,
khi chung hi danh bai thi lai nhay xudng bian"
Nhimg thong tin ve khodng sdn (Hdl-i
Me 'ddin)
Ngudi ban xii dao nhimg con muong dpc
theo bd sdng va noi chimg lai vdi nhau qua
kanh dao Nudc chay vao cho den khi cac con mucmg dugc lap day Sau dd hg dai soi chua bui vang d cac con muong nay Den khi dai dugc gan diy thi hg thao nudc va lgc sach phan sdi d con muong de thu phan vang nguyan c h i t
O vai khu vuc ngudi dan dao dat va dat v^o nhihig cai b6n Sau do hp mang chiing den bd sdng va dai vdi nudc vai lan de lay dugc phan vang nguyan chat CJ cac khu vuc khac hg thu lugm dat soi va ddl chiing trong 16 vdi phan cim Ke dan hp md mpt phia 16 de vang va bgc chay ra nhu ddng nudc
Nhan xet
Thong qua ghi chep ve cac b a i sinh vgt
trong Tdrih-i Hind-i Garbi, cd the thay dugc
su da dang sinh hgc ve cac chung logi dgng vat, chim muong va thyc vgl d Tan The gidi Dang luu y, tuy de cap den cac lo^i sinh vSt nhung tac pham khong chi don thuan miau ta dac trung sinh hgc ma con dat sy mieu ta nay trong moi lien kat vdi ddi song ciia cu dan ban dia d Tan Tha gidi, trong do nhan manh tinh him ich, gia tri kinh te hay kha nang sir dung, phuc vu ciia mgt sd Ioai sinh vat doi vdi ddi sdng cua ngudi dan ban dja Nhung ghi ch^p nay tuy c6n mpt so han che ve ten ggi hoac dinh nghia, nhung dat vao bdi canh thai bay gid thi no da phan anh rat chi tiet va day dii
v l ddi s6ng tu nhien - sinh thai d Tan The gidi Nhung sinh vat xa lg mien nhiet ddi chau My
i t hin da tao nen sy hieu ky, t6 md ddi vdi gidi hgc gia Ottoman, cflng nhu gop phan nang cao nhan thiic ciia hg va nhung vimg dat mdi dugc kham pha
Viec tham khao tac pham cua Oviedo y Valdes, v6n dugc xem la cu6n bach khoa thu
d i u tien v l chau My, de viat phan npi dung lian quan din cac loai sinh vat d Tan The gidi
da gop p h i n lam cho Tdrih-i Hind-i Garbi trd
thanh tac pham dia ly hoc lich sir hoan chinh nhit cua ngudi Ottoman va Tan The gidi
Trang 8trong suoi nhieu the k\ Du ngudi Ottoman
chua he tham gia vao cac cupc phat kiln dia
ly, ciing nhu khdng cd bat cir Igi ich nao d Tan
The gidi, nhung tac pham Tdrih-i Hind-i
Garbi da cho thay sy quan tam dang ke cua
tang Idp tri thiic Ottoman ddi vdi chau My
cung nhu linh hinh cua khu vyc nay, nhai la
dac diem ty nhien, he sinh thai cilng nhu raoi
lien he cua nd vdi Idi sdng ciia cu dan d ncri
day Tren mot phuang dien khac, Tdrih-i
Hind-i Garbi cdn the hien thanh tyu lo Idn ciia
viec bien sogn dia Iy hgc Iich sii thdi Ottoman
Do la n6 lyc ke thira thanh tyu ciia gidi tri thiic
Arab va Ba Tu d cac thi ky trudc, ddng thdi
cap nhat nhung budc lien mdi ca ve ngi dung
lan phuong phap, bit kip cac hpc gia phucmg
Tay trong vi?c bien soan cic cdng trinh dia ly
hgc ljch sii duang thdi
Chu thich:
' Pinar Emiralioglu, Geographical Knowledge
and Imperial Culture in the Early Modem Ottoman
Empire, New York: Routlege, 2016, p 26
^ Thomas Day Goodrich, Sixteenth Century
Ottoman Americana or A Study of Tarih-i Hind-i
Garbi, Ph.D Dissertation, New York: Columbia
University, 1968, p 51
^ Pinar Emiralioglu, Ibid., p 138
* Cevdet Turkay, Osmanli Tiirklerinde Cogra^a,
Istanbul: Milli Egitim Bakanligi Yayinlari, 1999, s
34
^ Cevat izgi, "Mehmed Suudi Efendi", DIA, Ciit
28, Istanbul: ISAM, 2003, s 527
* Daymond Turner, "Gonzalo Fernandez de
Oviedo's Historia General y Natural First
American Encyclopedia", Journal of
Inter-American Studies, Vol 6, No 2 (Apr., 1964), pp
267-274 Tir quyen 7 den quyen 15 trong phan dau
cua lac pham nay la ghi chep ve ddi song tu nhien
va he sinh thai dQng-th^rc vat a chau My Tir quyen
7 tai 11 ghi chep ve he thyc vat: quyen 7 - cay nong
nghiep; quyen 8 - ca> an qua; quyen 9 - cay hoang
dai; quyen 10 - cay dugc lieu; quyen 11 - thao mpc
Cac quyen lu 12 den 15 ^ i chep ve he dpn^ vat:
quyen 12 - cac dpng vat song tren dat lien; quyen 13
- cac dgng vat song dudi bien \a cac loai ca; quyen
!4 - cac loai chim; quyen 15: con triing Dan theo
Jesiis Carrillo, "The "Historia General y Natural de las Indias' by Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo',
Huntinglon Library Quarterly, Vol 65, No 3/4 (2002), p 326
^ Thomas Day Goodrich, "Tarih-i Hind-i Garbi:
An Onoman Book on the New World", Joumal of the American Oriental Society, Vol 107, No 2 (Arp.-Jun., 1987), p 317
* Tarihi Ara§tirmalar Vakfi, Istanbul Ara^tirma Merkezi Tarih-i Hind-i Garbi veya Hadis-i Nev (History of the West Indies Known As the New Hadith), Istanbul: T.C Kultiir Bakanligi, 1999, s
449
fl.io.i: jarihi Aragtirmalar Vakfi, A.g.e., a 459,
465, 477
" Nhihig mieu ta nay cho thay day rat co the la loai cay dira nuoc (dira la, danh phap khoa hpc la nypa frulicans)
Tfki lifu t h a m k h a o
1 Carrillo, Jesus (2002), r/)e 'Historia General
y Natural de las Indias ' by Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo. Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol 65, No
3/4,321-344
2 Emiralioglu, Pmar (2016), Geographical Knowledge and Imperial Culture in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, Routlege, New York
3 Goodrich, Thomas Day (1987), -Tarih-i Hind-i Garbi: An Ottoman Book on the New World",
Joumal ofthe American Oriental Society, Vol 107,
No 2 (Arp.-Jun.), 317-319
4 izgi, Cevat (2003) Mehmed SuOdi Efendi,
DlA, Ciit 28, ISAM, Istanbul, 526-527
5 Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the
Turkish Republic (1987), Tarih-i Hind-i Garbiveya Hadis-i Nev (A History ofthe Discovery of America),
The Historical Research Foundation Istanbul' Research Center, Istanbul
6 Tarihi Arastirmalar Vakfi (1999), Istanbul Ara^tirma Merkezi Tarih-i Hind-i Garbi veya Hadis-i Nev (History ofthe West Indies Known As the New Hadith), T.C Kultiir Bakanligi Istanbul
7 Turner, Daymond (1964), Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo S Historia General y Natural
- First American Encyclopedia, Joumal of Inter-Amencan Studies, Vol 6, No 2 (Apr.), 267-274
8 TUrkay, Cevdet (1999), Osmanh Tiirklerinde Cografya, Milli Egitim Bakanligi Yaymlari Istanbul '