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AS 4749-2001 Non-destructive testing - Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion

weld imperfections as revealed by radiography

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This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MT-007, Non-destructiveTesting of Metals and Materials It was approved on behalf of the Council ofStandards Australia on 30 April 2001 and published on 20 November 2001.

The following interests are represented on Committee MT-007:

Australasian Railway AssociationAustralian Aerospace Non-Destructive Testing CommitteeAustralian Industry Group

Australian Institute for Non-Destructive TestingAustralian Nuclear Science & Technology OrganizationAustralian Pipeline Industry Association

Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of AustraliaCivil Aviation Safety Authority

Industrial Research Limited, New ZealandInstitution of Engineers, Australia

National Association of Testing Authorities, AustraliaNew Zealand Non-Destructive Testing AssociationSociety of Automotive Engineers—AustralasiaTestSafe Australia

Victorian WorkCover AuthorityWelding Technology Institute of AustraliaWorkCover New South Wales

Additional interests:

NDT Testing Laboratories

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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 00088.

Published by Standards Australia International Ltd GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia

AS 4749— 2001 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand Committee MT-007, Non-destructive Testing of Metals and Materials, to supersede, in

Australia, AS Z5.2—1968, Glossary of metal welding terms and definitions, Part 2:

Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by radiography.

AS Z5.2 was an endorsement of BS 499: Part 3:1965, Welding terms and symbols Part 3:

Terminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld imperfections as revealed by radiography, which has been withdrawn.

This Standard is the result of a consensus among Australian and New Zealand representatives on the Joint Committee to produce it as an Australian Standard.

The objective of this revision is to upgrade the Standard which is widely used by the destructive testing industry in Australia.

non-Cognizance has been taken of the International Standard, ISO 6520-1:1998, Welding and

allied processes  Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic materials, Part 1: Fusion welding and AS 2812—1985, Welding, brazing and cutting of metals— Glossary of terms.

Acknowledgment is given to Agfa (Australia) for supplying many of the radiographs contained in this Standard.

The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which it applies An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.

AS 4749— 2001

3

CONTENTS

Page

1 SCOPE 4

2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 4

3 SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD OR ADJACENT PARENT METAL (TABLE 1) Excessive penetration 5

Root concavity (suck back) 5

Incompletely filled groove 5

Shrinkage groove 6

Undercut 6

Excessive dressing (underflushing) 6

Grinding mark 7

Tool mark (chipping mark) 7

Hammer mark 7

Torn surface 8

Surface pitting 8

Spatter 8

Linear misalignment 9

4 INTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD (TABLE 2) Cracks — Longitudinal 10

— Transverse 10

— Crater 11

Lack of fusion — Lack of side fusion 12

— Lack of root fusion 12

— Lack of inter-run fusion 12

Incomplete root penetration 13

Inclusion — Linear inclusion (slag line) 14

—Oxide inclusion 14

—Tungsten inclusion 15

—Copper inclusion 15

Gas pore 15

Worm hole 16

Crater pipe 16

Porosity —Localized porosity 17

—Linear porosity 17

—Elongated cavity (hollow bead) 17

—Uniform porosity 18

Burn-through (melt-through) 18

Diffraction mottling 18

APPENDICES A CODING OF IMPERFECTIONS AND THEIR LOCATION 19

B IMPERFECTION ABBREVIATIONS 20

weld imperfections as revealed by radiography

1 SCOPE

This Standard defines and describes weld imperfections using, where appropriate, schematic diagrams and reference radiographs, as follows:

(a) Surface imperfections in the weld or the adjacent parent metal.

(b) Internal imperfections in the weld.

It also includes abbreviations for the imperfection types.

NOTES:

1 A scheme for the coding of imperfections and their location is given in Appendix A.

2 Methods of carrying out radiography on welded butt joints in metal are given in AS 2177.1.

2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:

AS

2177 Non-destructive testing—Radiography of welded butt joints in metal

2177.1 Part 1: Methods of test

2812 Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—Glossary of terms

3 SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD OR ADJACENT PARENT METAL

Descriptions of typical surface imperfections, in or adjacent to a weld, as revealed by radiography, are given in Table 1.

NOTE: A visual examination of surface imperfections revealed by radiography should be carried out, where possible, to assist interpretations.

4 INTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS IN THE WELD

Descriptions of typical internal imperfections in weld metal, as revealed by radiography, are given in Table 2.

Definition and radiographic

Excessive penetration appears as acontinuous or intermittent light irregularband within the image of the weld

Root concavity

(suck back) (SRC)

A shallow groove which may occur in theroot of a butt weld

Root concavity appears in the radiograph

as a series of dark areas along the centre

of the weld varying in density according

to the depth of the imperfection

Incompletely filled

groove (SGI)

A continuous intermittent channel in thesurface of the weld, running along itslength, due to insufficient weld metal

The channel may be along the centre oralong one or both edges of the weld

An incompletely filled groove shows inthe radiograph as a dark band or darkpatches within the image of the weld

(continued)

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Definition and radiographic

Shrinkage groove

(SGS)

A shallow groove caused by contraction

in the metal along each side of apenetration bead

The radiograph shows each groove as adark band varying in density according toits depth It should not be confused withundercut

NOTE: Although a shrinkage groove may show in the radiograph it may not be possible

to detect it visually if a backing strip is used.

(a)Undercut (SUC)

(b)

An irregular groove at a toe of a run inthe parent metal or in previouslydeposited weld metal, due to weldingUndercut appears in the radiograph as adark irregular band, in a positionadjacent to the toe of a weld run Itsimage may, therefore, occur within theweld image

The imperfection produces acharacteristic appearance of dark areaswith diffuse edges

(continued)

TABLE 1 (continued)

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Definition and radiographic

Grinding mark

(SMG)

Grooves in the surface of parent metal or

of a weld made by a grinding wheel orsurfacing tool

A grinding mark, if of sufficient depth,may give a radiographic appearance inthe form of parallel dark lines

Imperfections produce dark shadows ofcorresponding shape, usually withstraight edges

Hammer mark

(SMH)

An indentation in the surface of theparent metal or a weld due to a hammerblow

A hammer mark produces a dark shadow

of corresponding shape in the radiograph

(continued)

TABLE 1 (continued)

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Definition and radiographic

breaking off of temporary attachmentsThe radiographic appearance corresponds

in outline to that of the affected area andmay be either light or dark, depending onwhether the tack or the parent metal hasbeen torn

Surface pitting

(SPT)

An imperfection in the surface of theparent metal usually in the form of smalldepressions

Surface pits may be so close to a weld as

to be mistaken in the radiograph for awelding imperfection

Surface pitting appears in the radiograph

as small dark images It usually shows inthe image of the parent metal only butmay encroach on the weld image area inasymmetric welds

welding, on the surface of parent metal

or on the weldSpatter appears in the radiograph assmall light spots It is generally seen inthe image of the parent metal, but may be

in the image of the weld

(continued)

TABLE 1 (continued)

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Definition and radiographic

lines, which may sometimes be diffuse but aregenerally discontinuous The detection of acrack is dependent on its orientation relative tothe source of radiation Divergence from theoptimum orientation results in a broadening ofthe shadow which may become difficult torecognize or be entirely lost

(continued)

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It may be—

(a) longitudinal;

(b) transverse; or(c) radiating, also referred to as a ‘star crack’

(continued)

TABLE 2 (continued)

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The detection of lack of fusion depends on itsorientation with respect to the beam direction

—lack of side fusion

—lack of root fusion

(LR)

Lack of union at the root of a jointIts image appears in the radiograph as a darkline along or near the centre of the weld image

(continued)

TABLE 2 (continued)

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In close square butt joints, or other joints with

no root gap, it may appear as a singlecontinuous or intermittent dark line

welding An inclusion is usually more irregular

in shape than a gas poreThe radiographic appearance of an inclusionmay show variations in density within the imageitself, which in turn may be either light, if it is ametallic inclusion, or dark, if it is a non-metallic inclusion

A large isolated inclusion appears in aradiograph as a dark or light image of irregularcontour

(continued)

TABLE 2 (continued)

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(slag line) (IL)

An inclusion of linear form situated parallel tothe axis of the weld

Linear inclusions appear in the radiograph as adark band with irregular edges along the weld,often occurring in a long, continuous run Theycan occur along one or both edges of a weld

—oxide inclusion

(IO)

Metallic oxide entrapped during weldingOxide inclusions appear as a dark irregularimage in the radiograph They occur in welds innon-ferrous materials

(continued)

TABLE 2 (continued)

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A tungsten inclusion appears in the radiograph

as a sharp-edged light image of any shape

—copper inclusion

(IC)

An inclusion of copper due to the accidentalmelting of the contact tube or nozzle in self-adjusting and controlled-arc welding, or due topick-up by contact between the copper nozzleand the weld pool in GTAW-welding

A copper inclusion appears in the radiograph as

a light image of any shape, often havingindistinct edges due to partial alloying, and maythereby be differentiated from a tungsteninclusion

The radiographic appearance of a gas pore is asharply defined dark shadow of circular contour

(continued)

TABLE 2 (continued)

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caused by entrapped gas

A worm hole appears in the radiograph as adark shadow the shape of which depends on theorientation of the imperfection If the wormhole is end-on to the radiation beam a very darkrounded shadow is produced Porosity may give

a similar appearance but a distinguishingfeature is that in some instances a worm-holemay show diffuse edges; the image of a worm-hole is very dependent on beam direction If it

is at an angle to the beam an elongated shadow

is produced Sometimes the image is in the form

of a dark spot with a dark tail of lower density;

other times the images are elongated anddistributed in herringbone fashion

shrinkage in a crater

A crater pipe appears in the radiograph as adark circular or elliptical shadow of graduateddensity, blackest in the centre and varying inshape with the dimensions of the imperfectionNOTE: A crater pipe may also appear as a surface imperfection

(continued)

TABLE 2 (continued)

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The radiographic appearance and description ofporosity are dependent on the manner of itsdistribution, i.e uniform, localized or linear

—localized porosity

(PG)

Porosity confined to a small area of the weldLocalized porosity has a similar radiographicappearance to uniform porosity

The appearance in the radiograph is of darkshadows varying in size and shape that aresubstantially parallel to the axis of the weld

(continued)

TABLE 2 (continued)

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Burn-through

(melt-through) (BT)

A localized collapse of the weld pool due toexcessive penetration resulting in a hole in theweld run

Burn-through appears in the radiograph as aglobular dark area If the hole is incompletelyfilled it is revealed as a central dark area Non-metallic inclusions are often associated withthis type of defect

Diffraction mottling

(DM)

An efft produced in the radiograph due todiffraction of the radiation by the grains in themetal The image appears as diffuse light anddark spots or streaks extending over an areaNOTE: As the radiographic appearance given by a sound weld showing diffraction mottling may be confused with that of an unsound weld containing microporosity or segregation, care should be taken to verify the validity of the diagnosis by further examination with a different radiographic technique.

Diffraction mottling may be relevant only in welds in which large grain size is undesirable

TABLE 2 (continued)

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