1996a fish suggests continental connections between the indochina and south china

The new occurrence of this group well south of the Song Ma suture suggests close links between the Indochina and South China blocks in Middle Devonian time.. Fishes, in particular, are

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Fish suggests continental connections between the Indochina and South China blocks in Middle Devonian time

Tong-Dzuy Thanh D e p a rtm e n t o f G eology, V ietnam N ational U niversity, 90, N guyen Trai, Dong Da, Hanoi, V ietnam

Philippe Janvier URA 12 du C N RS, L a b o ra to ire de P a léo ntolo gie, M useum N ational d ’ H isto ire N aturelle, 8, rue B u ffo n ,7 5 0 0 5

Paris, France

Ta Hoa Phuong D e p a rtm e n t o f G eology, V ie tn am N ational U niversity, 90, Nguyen Trai, Dong Da, Hanoi, V ietnam

ABSTRACT

A yunnanolepiform antiarch (placoderm fish) is recorded from the Givetian Dong

Tho Formation of Quang Binh Province, central Vietnam This and other fishes from the

same locality occur in marginal marine, detrital facies, with plant remains and lingulid

bra-chiopods that indicate a nearshore to deltaic environment Yunnanolepiform antiarchs were

hitherto known exclusively from the Lower Devonian of the South China block The new

occurrence of this group well south of the Song Ma suture suggests close links between the

Indochina and South China blocks in Middle Devonian time The massive sandstone ex

posures of the Dong Tho Formation may be a southern extension of the Do Son Sandstone

Formation of the Hai Phong area, which is located on the South China block.

INTRODUCTION

The m arine Devonian faunal assemblages

from shallow-water and marginal platform

facies of the South China block have long been

known to be largely endemic This en-demism

is particularly well m arked in the Silurian and

Early Devonian; some taxa survived until the

L ate Devonian Fishes, in particular, are

re p re se n te d by several h igher taxa

(yunnanolepiform and procondylolepi-form

antiarch s am ong placoderm s, and

youngolepiforms among sarcopterygians) that

w ere regarded as unique to the Silurian and

Devonian of the South China block A group

o f jawless fishes, the galeaspids, is especially

abundant and diversified in the Si-lurian and

Early Devonian o f South China, but is now

known to occur in the N orth China block and

in northern Tarim (Liu, 1995) These m ajor

fish taxa w ere n ot previously known to occur

outside these two blocks, despite an exten

sive Devonian vertebrate record from A us

tralia, N orth Amer-ica, Europe, and Siberia

Y oung (1981, 1990, 1993) therefore coined

the nam e “galeaspid-yunnanolepid province”

for this faunal province of A sia in Silurian-

Devo-nian time The invertebrate faunas, in

p articular brachiopods, display much the

same endemism, for example, the Pragian

Eu-ryspirifer tonkinensis and the Howittia

wangi faunal assemblages These character

istic faunas are easily traced into Vietnam,

as far to the south as the Bac Thai and even

the Song D a (Black River) areas The Low

er Devonian sequence in southern Yunnan,

Guangxi, and Bac Bo (northern V ietnam )

generally consists o f L ochkovian te rrig

enous sediments o f O ld R ed Sandstone fa

cies (the Lianhuashan F orm ation in China

and the Si Ka F orm ation in the Bac Bo),

overlain by m ore m arine and pelagic facies throughout the Devonian, with a short detrital (possibly nonm arine) episode in the Givetian or early Frasnian in the east (east

ern Bac Bo)

In the Song D a area of V ietnam , the fa

cies o f the Devonian are somewhat differ

ent, having deeper facies, and farther south,

in central V ietnam (Trung Bo), the classical Devonian lithological sequence o f the north reappears with much the same divisions

(terrigenous at the base and progressively

m ore m arine and pelagic tow ard the top, and a Givetian-early Frasnian detritic episode locally), but quite different invertebrate fau

nas The typical Euryspirifer tonkinensis and Howittia wangi faunal assemblages of the

north, for example, have never been found

in central V ietnam However, some wide spread taxa, in particular among tabulates and corals, have been recorded in both areas (Tong-Dzuy, 1993)

Southeast A sia is considered to have form ed by accretion of several terranes, some originating from G ondwana in the early Paleozoic W ithin V ietnam the Song

M a suture forms the boundary between the South China block in the north and the In dochina terrace in central and southern

V ietnam (Fig 1A) Consistent with this is the m arked difference in the Devonian in vertebrate faunas of northern and central

V ietnam , which has been interpreted to

in I _ I _ I _ L

'o. ;

Dai Giang Formation (Upper Silurian - Lower Devonian)

II I II Rao Chan Formation (Lower Devonian) Ban Giang Formation (Eifelian)

(Givetian - ?Lower Frasnian) Carboniferous

Pre - Lower Carboniferous granite

Figure 1 A: General map of Vietnam showing position of main sutures and location of two major exposures of Middle Devonian sandstone discussed here, Do Son Sandstone Formation at Do Son and Dong Tho Formation at Ly Hoa B: Geologic map of Ly Hoa area (from Tong-Dzuy et al., 1994a) Vertebrate localities: 1, outcrop situated near Da Nhay (Tong-Dzuy et al., 1994a); 2, quarry along highway at Ly Hoa Pass.

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dicate some kind of paleogeographical b ar

rier (e.g., a wide ocean) between the South

China and Indochina blocks in Devonian

time A fish fauna was recently discovered in

the Middle Devonian D ong Tho Form ation

at Ly H oa, Q uang Binh Province, central

V ietnam , in association with lingulid bra-

chiopods, bivalves, and terrestrial plant re

mains It comprises at least one of the typical

South Chinese fish taxa, the yunnanolepi-

form antiarchs This discovery strongly sug

gests close biogeographical relationships b e

tween the South China and Indochina

blocks in Devonian time

DONG THO AND MUC BAI

FORMATIONS

Relatively large Devonian exposures are

present in the Q uang Binh Province o f cen

tral V ietnam , east of Cape Ly H o a and

south of the G ianh River (Song Gianh)

(Fig 1B), in the southern p art o f the Truong

Son anticlinorium F our Devonian form a

tions are recognized in this area: the Early

Devonian R ao Chan Form ation, the Eif-

elian Ban G iang Form ation, and the Give-

tian-?early Frasnian Muc Bai and Dong

T ho formations, which represent two differ

en t but probably synchronous facies (Tong-

Dzuy, 1993; Tong-Dzuy e t al., 1994a) The

D ong Tho F orm ation consists of massive

sandstones, with rare argillaceous lenses,

and the Muc Bai F orm ation mainly com

prises terrigenous sediments in its lower

part, and marls, grayish limestones, and in

terbedded sandstones and shales in its upper

part The Muc Bai F orm ation yields a coral

and brachiopod fauna of Givetian to possi

bly early Frasnian age The Muc Bai F o r

m ation is widespread to the west of this

area, whereas the D ong T ho Form ation

crops o ut n ear the m outh of the Gianh River

and along the coast The relationship b e

tween the two form ations is still unclear, but

it seems th at the D ong Tho Form ation is

merely a m ore m arginal to deltaic facies of

the Muc Bai Form ation, as the latter b e

comes m ore detrital eastward (Tong-Dzuy,

1993; Nguyen H uu et al., 1995) The Dong

T ho F orm ation crops out at Cape Ly Hoa,

w here it forms a slightly hilly area traversed

by the H an o i-H o Chi Minh City highway

(Ly H oa Pass) H ere it is almost barren, and

only fish rem ains have been found in one

particular level, in association with lingulids

and bivalves Some fine-grained sandstone

lenses also yield indeterm inate plant re

mains, mainly lycophyte leaves and stem

fragments F arth er to the west, w est of Minh

Le, black marls interbedded in the Dong

T ho Form ation contain relatively large (up

to 4 cm in diam eter) stems o f lycophytes (of

Protolepidodendron and Lepidodendropsis

type), as well as a rich spore assemblage that suggests a Givetian age (Tong-Dzuy and Cai, 1995) This spore assemblage is quite similar to th at of the Givetian H aikou F o r

m ation of Yunnan The fishes found to date

in the D ong Tho F orm ation clearly belong

to Devonian taxa but are somewhat anach

ronistic: they all belong to groups (e.g., yunnanolepiforms, phlyctaeniids, and youngolepiforms) th at are either mainly or exclusively known from the Early Devonian

on the South China block This discrepancy

is provisionally attributed here to en d e

mism, because there is no evidence th at the

D ong Tho F orm ation extends into the Lower Devonian M oreover, some large plant remains, as yet indeterm inable, found

in association with the fish rem ains rule out

an Early Devonian age because o f their size

The cross-bedding of the D ong Tho F o r

m ation is progressively m ore conspicuous to the east, and this suggests an increasingly deltaic environm ent Considering the thick

ness of this form ation, it seems probable

th at it corresponds to the margin o f an im

p o rtan t landmass th at extended east of this area in M iddle Devonian time

LY HOA FISH FAUNA

Fish rem ains have been found at two places in the outcrop of the D ong Tho F o r

m ation at Cape Ly H oa, at the southern end

of Ly H oa beach O ne is a small lens o f bio

turbated clayey sandstone, opposite the D a Nhay (“dancing rock”; 1, Fig 1B), and the other is a layer of clayey sandstone in a small quarry on the side of the H an o i-H o Chi Minh City highway, at the top o f the Ly H oa Pass (2, Fig 1B) The two localities are only

1 km apart, and considering the similar li- thology (clayey sandstone) and local struc

ture (a 40°SE dip), they probably corre

spond to the same level o f the formation

Fish rem ains were first discovered from locality 1 (Tong-Dzuy e t al., 1994a) They included various poorly preserved placoderm rem ains and almost com plete thoracic

arm or of a phlyctaeniid arthrodire, Lyhoal- epis duckhoai, which did not provide bioge-

ographical inform ation, because it is unique

in many respects, and does not clearly show any particular affinities with o ther phlyctaeniid arthrodire genera from China or else

where In 1994, the second locality yielded

m ore significant fish remains th at could be identified as belonging to antiarchs and sarcopterygians A ntiarchs are a group of pla- coderms whose pectoral fins are modified into jointed appendages, and which are gen

erally restricted to marginal, deltaic, and possibly fresh-water facies They usually show a m arked endemism and are among the biogeographically m ost significant

De-Figure 2 A: Anterior ventrolateral plate of tho racic arm o r of y u n nan olep ifo rm a n tiarch , Dong Tho Form ation, Ly Hoa, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam (br is brachial articulation)

B: Yunnanolepis parvus Zhang, Lower Devo

nian or Yunnan, China (after Zhang, 1982), thoracic arm or in ventral view, showing ante rior ventrolateral plate (stippled) and brachial articulation area (br.) Scale bar: 5 mm.

vonian vertebrates F or example, 19 o f the

40 antiarch genera are endem ic to South China The antiarch m aterial from Ly H oa includes derm al plates o f a yunnanolepiform, one of the antiarch groups hitherto known exclusively from the South China block The m ost characteristic of these plates is a right anterior ventrolateral plate

of a small yunnanolepiform (Fig 2A), o rna

m ented with coarse, scattered tubercles The area for the articulation of the pectoral fin is a small recess devoid o f any articular device o r brachial process (br., Fig 2A), and there is no axillary foram en It is thus similar

to th at of the classical yunnanolepiforms,

such as Yunnanolepis from the Early D evo

nian of Y unnan and northern V ietnam (br., Fig 2B) T he proportions o f this plate, which is rem arkably short and broad, are suggestive o f a stout-bodied form, and this accords with the overall shape of several

o ther plates found in the same locality, in particular a short and broad anterior m e dian dorsal plate O ther m aterial consists of isolated plates and plate fragments, among

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which is an anterior m edian dorsal plate,

and a posterior m edian dorsal plate in which

the posterior transverse ridge m eets the pos

terior internal m edian process, as in typical

yunnanolepiforms This m aterial certainly

belongs to a new species, which will be de

scribed subsequently in a m onograph, along

with the rest of the fauna

The sarcopterygian rem ains consist of

derm al bones and scales covered with a layer

o f cosmine, which is pierced by large pores

They are suggestive of the youngolepiforms

from the Early-M iddle Devonian of the

South China block

DISCUSSION

Y unnanolepiform antiarchs have long

been regarded as the m ost primitive anti-

archs because o f the simple structure of

their brachial articulation, and many other

features o f their derm al arm or, which recall

the generalized placoderm condition A l

though Janvier and Pan (1982), Young

(1988), and Y oung and Zhang (1992) con

sidered th at they may be a paraphyletic en

semble o f generalized antiarchs (not defin

able by any unique character), their endem ic

distribution would be m ore consistent with

monophyly Z hu and Janvier (1996) propose

several unique yunnanolepiform features

supporting monophyly, which would b etter

accord with an early geographical isolation

from other areas with Devonian fishes of

this age, namely Gondwana, Euram erica,

and Kazakhstan W hether the form de

scribed here should be assigned to the Yun-

nanolepiformes sensu stricto or regarded as a

m ere close relative of this group is still u nde

cided, but it is clear th at its closest ties are

with the South Chinese yunnanolepiforms

Considering the fact th at antiarchs are

am ong the m ost common Devonian fishes,

the occurrence o f the yunnanolepiform s ex

clusively on the South China and Indochina

blocks provides strong evidence for close

geographical relationships between these

two areas in Devonian time We must, how

ever, em phasize the age discrepancy b e

tween these two occurrences On the South

C hina block, yunnanolepiform antiarchs are

restricted to the Lower Devonian and have

never been found in stata younger than the

late Pragian or Emsian T heir new occur

rence in the G ivetian-?early Frasnian Dong

T ho Form ation, the age of which is well con

strained by underlying and overlying m arine

fossiliferous formations, is therefore sur

prising A possible explanation is th at this

area served as a refuge for taxa th a t survived

from the Early Devonian, as suggested by

Tong-Dzuy e t al (1994a) for the relatively

primitive, usually Early Devonian phlyctae-

niid arthrodire Lyhoalepis This may accord

with the suggestion m ade by Metcalfe (1996) th at the Indochina and South China blocks were connected in the Silurian or Early Devonian, and were then discon

nected in the Middle Devonian

DEVONIAN FISHES AND TECTONICS

It is a well-established view th at many terranes were involved in the form ation of Southeast Asia, but their num ber and the timing of their accretion are subject to much discussion (Gatinsky and Hutchison, 1987;

Hutchinson, 1989; Metcalfe, 1988, 1990,

1993, 1995, 1996; M ouret, 1994; §engor, 1984; §engor and Hsu, 1984; W u e t al., 1995) As for peninsular Indochina, there is general agreem ent th at south of the South China (Yangtzi, Cathaysia) block, there are two m ajor terranes or blocks, the Sibumasu (Shan-Thai) terrane, and the Indochina (Annamia, Indosinia, Kontum ) block A num ber of m inor additional terranes have been proposed, such as the Simao, Phuket, Phu H oat, Song Da, and A nnam ite terranes and/or microplates, but some of these are doubtful T he accretion of some of these terranes and blocks to the South China block is now relatively well dated (Hutchinson, 1989;

W u e t al., 1995), in particular for the late Paleozoic and Triassic accretions However, questions rem ain as to the timing of the ea r

lier accretions

In V ietnam , only the Song M a suture is accepted as a suture by all geologists, and marks the northern limit of the Indochina block (Fig 1A) The so-called Song D a su

ture, between the “Song D a te rran e” and the South China block, is a m atter for de

bate (Fig 1A) F arth er south, another pos

sible suture, the D anang line (Fig 1A), may

be Devonian or earlier in age

The alleged Triassic accretion of the Song

D a terrane to the South China block along the Song D a suture (Fig 1A) as proposed by

§engor and H su (1984), is contradicted by the discovery o f a typical South Chinese Early Devonian fish and brachiopod assem

blage in V an Yen, near H oa Binh, on the shore o f the Song D a (Pham Kim and Nguyen Cong, 1995) This fauna comprises

the classical com ponents of the Howittia wangi com munity o f the South China block,

including yunnanolepiform antiarchs and some galeaspid remains T he similarity of the Devonian invertebrate assemblages of the Song D a area and northern V ietnam (Bac Bo) has long been recognized by p a leontologists (Tong-Dzuy, 1993), and p re cludes the existence of any barrier o r large oceanic space between these two areas in Devonian time The occurrence of a typical South Chinese v ertebrate assemblage in the Early Devonian terrigenous facies o f the

Song D a area confirms that, like the more northerly situated areas o f the Bac Bo, it belongs to the Devonian South China block

A t any rate, if there is a Song D a suture, its Late Silurian closure as suggested by

M ouret (1994) would be consistent with the above evidence of Devonian faunas, and as such it would be irrelevant to Devonian paleogeography

The age of closure o f the Song Ma suture between the Indochina block and the South

C hina block is also a m atter of debate

§engor and H su (1984) proposed a Late Triassic age in the tectonic collage also in volving the Song D a suture Hutchison (1989), however, proposed a Visean closure,

M ouret (1994) considered it to be middle Carboniferous, and Laveine et al (1994); on the basis o f paleobotanical data, provided evidence for Indochina-N orth and South

C hina links existing in the Early Carbonif erous The new discovery o f yunnanolepiform antiarchs south of the Song M a suture provides evidence for a Middle Devonian continental connection between the In dochina and South China blocks T h at these Indochinese antiarchs could be relicts o f an Early Devonian South Chinese group sug gests th at this contact occurred much ea r lier, possibly in the Late Silurian or Early Devonian, and th at a later (?M iddle D evo nian) isolation occurred (Metcalfe, 1996) Again, it is very unlikely th at such continen tal m a rgin-bound fishes as yunnanolepiform antiarchs could have dispersed across a wide ocean Otherwise, yunnanolepiform s would also occur in G ondwanan regions (Australia) or Kazakhstan

This prelim inary survey of the Ly H oa fish fauna raises the question of the nature of another Devonian fish-bearing formation, the D o Son Sandstone F orm ation (Janvier

e t al., 1994) This is a small “O ld R ed Sand stone” facies exposure forming the D o Son peninsula, south o f H ai Phong in northern

V ietnam (Fig 1A) It is bounded by faults and surrounded by N eogene sediments of the R ed River delta, so its tectonic relation ship to the Devonian o f the rest of the Bac

Bo is obscure Nevertheless, it is now dated

as late Givetian, thanks to the discovery of fishes, bivalves, and plants (Janvier et al., 1989; Long et al., 1990; Tong-Dzuy e t al., 1994b; Tong-Dzuy and Cai, 1995) The li- thology and the plant assemblage of the Do Son sandstone are strikingly similar to those

o f the D ong Tho Form ation The plant as

semblage consists o f large stems of Colpo- dexylon and Lepidodendropsis and abundant

rem ains of psilophytes A lthough no typi cally South Chinese fish taxa have been found in the D o Son sandstone, some of the antiarchs show similarity to forms from the

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South China block, whereas others are

unique to this locality W e suggest th at the

D o Son Sandstone and D ong Tho form a

tions may be rem nants of the same shore

line, on the w estern margin of a landmass

th a t extended the Indochina and South

China blocks eastward and may now be re p

resented by p art of H ainan and possibly the

W est B orneo basem ent (Hutchison, 1989)

A n additional occurrence o f these late Give-

tian sandstones may be represented farther

north in the eastern Bac Bo by the Givetian

detrital u pper m em ber of the D uong Dong

F orm ation or the Tan Lap Form ation

(Tong-Dzuy, 1993), which yield lycophyte

stems and the same kind o f planorbid-like

gastropods (still indeterm inate) as those

found in the D o Son Sandstone Form ation

It thus seems th at the geological histories

o f the Indochina and South China blocks in

Devonian tim e are strongly linked, as sug

gested by continent-bound vertebrate fau

nas The difference in Devonian inverte

brate faunas between the South China block

(Yunnan, Guangxi, Bac Bo, and Song D a

area) and the Indochina block (Trung Bo)

rem ains a riddle but may provisionally be

assigned to a difference in latitude o r envi

ronm ent A t any rate, the vertebrates and

plants found in the m arginal and deltaic fa

cies of the two blocks provide evidence for

close biogeographical links as early as the

Givetian We can thus predict th at the

Lower Devonian red sandstones of the Tan

Lam F orm ation in the Q uang T ri area (cen

tral V ietnam ), which have hitherto yielded

only lingulid brachiopods, may contain

much the same fish assemblage as the red

sandstone and shales of the Lochkovian-

Pragian Si Ka F orm ation o f the Bac Bo

CONCLUSIONS

The occurrence o f a yunnanolepiform an

tiarch in the D ong Tho F orm ation of central

V ietnam suggests th at the Indochina block

was linked by continental connections to the

South China block during Givetian time,

and probably somewhat earlier How and

w here this contact occurred is unknown, but

if the D ong Tho F orm ation belongs to the

same detritic ensemble as the contem pora

neous D o Son Sandstone Form ation of the

H ai Phong area, as suggested here, it may

possibly have been through a large eastern

portion of the Indochina block, now dism an

tled by the opening of the South C hina-E ast

Sea Bringing the D o Son and Ly H oa sand

stones into the closest possible position may

provide an estim ation of the am plitude of

the eastward displacem ent (or extrusion) of

the Indochina block since Devonian time

S upported by th e R esearch Program in F u n d a

m ental N atural Sciences of V ietnam , grant KT 04, and th e N ational G eographic Society, grant 5089/93.

Photographs by D S errette, Paris W e th an k I M et

calfe for providing unpublished inform ation.

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M anuscript received N ovem ber 2, 1995 Revised m anuscript received M arch 12, 1996

M anuscript accepted M arch 25, 1996

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