Cude Chien tranh Lanh n l ra sau do khdng lau khdng lam thay ddi vai trd ciia Lien X6 nhu mgt trong nhiing nude dan dau ciia tien trinh chinh tri the gidi.. Miic do tham gia cua cac nude
Trang 1MOT SO K a QUn TRONG CHINH SflCH DOI NGOni CUR U€N XO
V 0 3 c a c R i r ^ C x a TiQl Cljfi TlQTfiK ii B0RQ A (1945-1985)
QUA NGUON Sir LIEU LIEN XO/NGA
TS Nguyen Thi Hong Van
Vi thi qude t l cua Lien Xd sau Chiln
tranh thi gidi thii Hai dugc cimg cd kha
vung chic Cude Chien tranh Lanh n l ra sau
do khdng lau khdng lam thay ddi vai trd ciia
Lien X6 nhu mgt trong nhiing nude dan dau
ciia tien trinh chinh tri the gidi Nhung mau
thuan phat sinh ben trong nhirng nude timg
la ddng minh trudc day cd coi ngudn tu
tudng rat sau xa da bude nhiing nude cdn lai
phai cd sir lira chgn tuong ling Su lira chgn
nay nhilu khi khdng xuit phat tir Idng tu
nguyen ma dien ra vdi su can thiep tir ben
ngoai, dudi anh hudng cua nhumg hoan canh
chinh tri khac nhau, noi ma cac luc lugng
dii diu (Lien Xd va My) cd quan diem dii
lap vdi nhau Cac qude gia d khu vuc Ddng
A ciing khdng nim ngoai qui luat nay
Thuat ngu "Chiln tranh Lanh" dugc
gidi bao chi phuong Tay su dung tir nam
1946 nhim diln ta mdt bdi canh quIc tl cue \ ~ ~ I Z
X ^-rw luioiii uiwii ici iiiv n 1 Q^ KopHHCHKO Y XojlOOHOfl eOUHa
ky cang t h i n g , mgt cude ddi d i u ae liet giua Ceudemenbcmeo eeynacmuuKa M., 2001 C 31-38;
CrapoaySoB B Cynepdepoicaebi XX eena chu nghia t u ban v a chu nghTa x a hgi, dac CmpamezunecKoe npomueo6opcmeo M., 2001 C 6-u ^ 1' •- x/r- A T :s« YA trnno a\a\ rfnnn 9; CoeemcKaH eueuiuHH nojiumuKa e eodbi "xonodHoi bi?t la giua My va Lien Xo, trong giai doan ^^^^^, (1945.1985) Hoeoenpoumeuue M., 1995 C tir giiia nhiing n a m 4 0 d i n c u l i nhiing nam 505; Kaaanyee K) H MeoKdynapodHbie omHouieHUR
» , ^ ^ , u eueuiNMi nojtumuKa Poccuu (XX e.)
PocTOB-Ha-80 dIu nhiing nam 90 ciia the ky XX Tren j^^^^ HOBOCH6HPCK, 2002 C 204-206 H ap
Vien Sir hoc
the gidi phd bien quan niem cho ring: Chiln tranh Lanh la cude doi diu khong khoan nhugng giiia My va cac nude ding minh ciia
hg vdi cac nude XHCN diing diu la Lien Xd'
CJ khu vuc Ddng A, cuoc Chien tranh Lanh chang may choc da bien thanh chiln tranh "nong": do la cude noi chien d Trung QuIc (1945-1949), chiln tranh Triiu Tien (1950-1953) va cude chien tranh chong Phap
d cac nude Ddng Duong (1946-1954) Sau
dd, cac cude xung dot vii trang nay khong chi mang tinh cue bd ma con tao ra xu the dii dau giiia Lien Xd va My - nhiing nude tham gia vao cac cude xung dot nay mgt each true tiep hoac gian tiep, bang each cung
d p vu khi, cd van quan su hoac dudi cac hinh thiic vien tro khac cho cac ben tham
Trang 288 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°07 (130).2011
chien Miic do tham gia cua cac nude Ddng
A vao cac cude xung dot vii trang, anh
hudng cua Lien Xd hoac My len timg phan
trong khu vuc, quan diem tu tudng cua
nhiing ngudi lanh dao nude nay hay nude
khac, la nhiing nhan td chii yeu xac dinh
quan he cua Lien Xd đi vdi cac qude gia
Ddng Ạ
Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi chi mudn
de cap den mgt sd ket qua cua chinh sach đi
ngoai cua Lien Xd đi vdi cac nude xa hgi
chu nghTa d Ddng A cho den nam 1985,
thong qua cac ngudn sir lieu cua Lien
X6/Nga trong thdi gian gan daỵ
1 Quan he cua Lien X6 doi vdi Mong
Co
Trong sudt thdi gian dai, quan he giiia
Lien Xd va Mdng Cd ludn ludn gan giii va
mat thiet^ Sau cude chinh bien nam 1921, tai
Mdng Cd da tuyen bd thanh lap nude CHND
Mdng Cd - mgt qude gia chiu anh hudng sau
sac cua Lien bemg Xd viet Su lac hau cd
huu, vi tri dia ly lien ke, xu hudng banh
trudng eua nha cam quyin Trung Qude va
Nhat Ban la nhiing nhan td quan trgng tac
đng din Mdng Cd, biln qude gia nay thanh
CM.: BaacanoB Ẹ n CCCP u
AauamcKo-muxooKeaHCKuH pezuoH M.,1991 C 33-34;
BacHJibeB JỊ C Hcmopun Bocmoxạ T 2 M., 2001
C 446-447; njiemaKOB K Feo-udeojiozuiecKKaH
napaduaMạ M.,1994 C 61, 70, 76-77; Mcmopwi
MeoKdynapodHbix omHOwenuu u eHeuineu nojiumuKU
CCCP T 3 (1970-1987) M.,1987 C 218-219;
CoKoaHHCKHH B., CoHHHxaMHp H UepecmpoHKa e
cocedneH cmpaue: ontim npodjieMbi, nepcneKmueti //
Aswi u ÂpuKa ceaodHH 2000 J^s 12 C 10-12; H ap
bd phan phu thudc, ngudi "em lit" ludn bilt nghe loi ciia Lien Xd Tham chi neu khdng
cd sir chi dao va cho phep cua cac nha lanh dao Xd viet, chinh quyen Mdng Cd khong thdng qua bit cii quylt dinh quan trgng naộ Hai nha nude Lien Xd va Mdng Cl trong gan 70 nam phat trien tren nen tang ciia
md hinh cgng san O Ulan-Bato da quen vdi viec phuc timg vd dieu kien cac chi thi cua Kremli, tir viec tien hanh cac cuoc bat bd, thanh trimg den viec td chiic đi sdng kinh
tẹ He thdng chinh tri va cac quan he xa hoi ciing phat trien theo md hinh naỵ Chinh Tdng Bi thu Ban chap hanh Trung uong Dang Cdng san Lien Xd M X Gorbachop
da timg ndi: "Ddi vai Mdng Cd, Lien Xd ludn
cd mdi quan he mat thiet vd gdn giii Tgi cdc
Bd ciia chung ta da quen coi Mdng Cd nhu
la mgt trong nhitng nude Cdng hda cita minh, ngodi ra cd mgt sd y kien, trong do cd
cd tic phia Mdng Cd, đt vdn de sap nhdp Mdng Cd vao Lien bangXd viê"
Quan he cang thang giura Lien Xd va Trung Quoc vao cudi nhiing nam 50 dau nhiing nam 60 cua the ky XX da lam cho quan he Lien Xd - Mdng Cd them khang kbit Nam 1964, quan dgi Xd vilt da cd mat tai Mdng Cd, danh dau viec hoan tit lien minh Xd-M6ng ehdng Trung Quoc Thang 11-1967 da thilt lap cac can cii ten lua ciia
^ BacHJibeB Jl C Mcmopux Bocmoxạ T 2 C 446
* ropSaneB M C )Ku3Hb u peipopjubị KH 2 M.,
1995 C 465
Trang 3Lien Xd tren lanh thd Mdng Cl Din nam
1969, tren dit Mdng Cd duy tri tir 8-10 trung
doan quan đi Xd vilt^
Hien trang tren khdng thay đi cho din
nam 1985 Cimg vdi qua trinh cai t l d Lien
Xd, cac nha lanh dao Mdng Cd bit diu lo
ngai va td ra liing tiing Hg da thi hanh mgt
sl bien phap nham ngan chan anh hudng eua
cai td, kim ham sir lay lan cac boat đng
tuong tu sang lanh thd cua minh^
2 Quan hf Lien Xd - Trung Quoc
Khac vdi Mdng Cd, Trung Qude - mgt
trung tam va thanh tri khac cua chu nghTa xa
hgi d Ddng A, khdng phai la mgt ding minh
triet dl va nhit quan cua Lien Xd Ngay
1-10-1949, nude CHND Trung Hoa tuyen b l
thanh lap Ngay 14-2-1950, Lien Xd'va
Trung QuIc da ky kit Hiep udc đng minh
vd tuang trg Idn nhaụ Theo Hiep udc nay,
hai nude da thilt lap sir hgp tac chat che vl
chinh tri va kinh tl Cuoc chiln tranh Triiu
Tien cd anh hudng quan trgng, that chat
them mli quan he Xd-Trung Thang 10-1957
' noflpo6HO CM.: BaMcanoB Ẹ Tl CCCP u
AsuamcKO-muxooKeaHCKua peeuoH C 33-34; TIjiemaKoeK
Teo-udeojioautecKoa napaduzMạ C 55, 70, 75-76;
BacHJibeB JỊ C HcmopuH BocmoKỌ T 2 C 446-447
Hflp
' IIoflpoSHO o6 3T0M CM.: Ba)KaHOB Ẹ IT CCCP u
AjuamcKO-muxooKeaHCKuH pezuon C 34;
MoKflyHapoflHwii eaceroflHHK 1988 C 95;
CoKOJiHHCKHfi B., CoHHHTaMHp H UepecmpoiiKa e
cocedheH cmpane: onttm, npo6jieMbi, nepcneicmuebt //
A3UH u Acppwca cezodhx 2000 Ks 12 C 10-12 H ap
giura hai nude da ky ket hiep udc bi mat ve quan sú
Tuy vay, quan he mat thiet nay tdn tai khdng laụ Den cudi nhung nam 50 bat dau xuat hien nhiing ran mit va mau thuan trong ITnh vuc tu tudng - chinh tri va kinh tl Su bit đng vl tu tudng va nhiing quan dilm khac nhau ve tinh hinh qude te cuoi cimg dan den su cang thang trong quan he X6-Trung
va sir bat hgp tac giiia hai Dang Cgng san Lien Xd va Trung Qudệ Nam 1969 xay ra nhilu cude xung dot dii đi tren bien gidi Xd-Trung, trong đ Idn nhat la su kien tren dao Damanxkị Quan he Trung-X6 trd nen hit siic cang thing Ket thiic giai doan "hum nghi vT dai" giura Lien Xd va Trung QuIc
Trung QuIc tir đ tudt khdi anh hudng cua Lien Xd
Sir cang thing trong quan he vdi Trung QuIc huge Lien Xd phai di tim nhiing diem tua mdi cho viec thuc hien chiln luge dii ngoai d Ddng Ạ Trung tam "each mang"
' CM.: KaaanueB K) H MeotcdynapodHbie omHOiueHUH u eneuiHfiH nojiumuna Poccuụ M.: 2002
C 201; JIH Ll3HHii3ẹ KumaiicKO-poccuiicKue omnouieHUfi u cmepuKaHCKUU (paxmop // Aaun u ÂpuKa cezodtM 2002 X? 3 C 46-47; IXneiiiaKOB K
reo-HfleojiOFHHecKaa napaflHFMạ C, 59-63;
' 0 6 3T0M nHmyr: BaxcanoB Ẹ 11 KumaH u euetuHUU Mup M., 1990 C 34-35; ropSaieB M C :aCH3Hi, H pe4>opMbị KH 2 C 430; JIH LlaHHioẹ KumaUcKO-poccuUcKue omHOtueHUR u aMepuKaHOcuu (paxmop //
AsuH u A4>puKa cezodhH 2002 Jfe 3 C 47;
HHKHUieHKO C.Ạ
<http://www.wukelan.kiev.Ua/level_3/magazine/4/stat .>; IlnemaKOB K Teo-HaeojiorHHecKaa napaflHFMạ
C 65-69; XasanoB Ạ M KumaitCKO-coeemcKue omuouieHUH u "xojiodHox eoina" // BocmoK 1998 W"
3.C 152-154 Hflp
Trang 490 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°07 (130).2011
trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Lien Xd d
chau A chuyen tir Trung Qude sang cac nude
Ddng Duong - noi hgi tu day du nhung tien
de quan trgng trong thdi ky hau chien
Quan he Xd-Trung dac biet cang thang
hon sau khi quan ddi Viet Nam tien vao
Campuchia nam 1978 Lien Xd ung hd Viet
Nam trong viec gay anh hudng d khu vuc
Ddng Duong, cd nghTa la ddi dau vdi Trung
Qude trong khu vuc nay Trong khi dd, d
Ddng Nam A tdn tai mgt nhdm nude kien
quyet ehdng lai chinh sach can thiep ve quan
su cua Viet Nam vao Campuchia Hon niia,
su cd mat cua quan ddi Lien Xd tai vinh
Cam Ranh ciing gay nen sir bat binh cho ca
My va Trung Qude, ciing nhu cac nude
ASEAN Ket qua la vao dau nhiing nam 80
da hinh thanh mgt lien minh bao gdm My,
Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban, cac qude gia
ASEAN chong lai su hien dien cua quan dgi
Viet Nam (dugc sir hau thuan cua Lien Xd) d
campuchia
Ngay 3-4-1979, chinh phu Trung QuIe
tir choi gia ban Hiep udc Ddng minh va Huru
' noflpo6HO CM.: Gaiduk I Lien bangXo viet vd chien
tranh Vi?t Nam Yik Npi Tr 64-69; KaaanueB K) H
MeoKdynapodHbie omuouieHUH u euetuHHsi nojiumuKa
Poccuu C 202; IliieiiiaKOB K Feo-udeojioauHecKasi
napaduzMa C 80-81, 84-85; IIoTanoB A Cmaptiii
dpya - nadeoKHbii dpyz // Aawi u AtppuKa ceaodtm
2002 JV« 7 C 34 H ap
CM.: HoaHecHH C H AKmyantHbie npodjicMbi
BocmoHHoao MndoKuman // BocmoK 1999 Jfe J C
168; Nhan Dan 13 06 1988; rDiemaKOB K
Teo-udeojioauHecKan napaduaMa C 84; MaiuiHH B H
BbemnoM: anpenb 1975 zoda // Bonpocu ucmopuu
2000.Jf2 4/5 C 83
nghi Trung-Xd Sau khi Lien Xd dua quan vao Afganixtan thang 12-1979, Bg Ngoai
giao Trung Qude tuyen bd: "Su xam luge
ciia cua qudn ddi Xd viit a Afganixtan de dga hda binh tren todn the gidi, ddng thai de dga true tiep an ninh cua Trung Qude, tgo ra rdo cdn mdi trong viec binh thudng hda quan he giiia hai nude Trong bdi cdnh dy, viec tiep tuc cdc cuoc ddi thogi Trung-Xd Id dieu vd nghia"^^
Nhumg diu hieu tich cue dau tien trong quan he Xd-Trung chi xuat hien vao mua xuan nam 1982, sau khi Tdng Bi thu L I Bregiomhep cdng nhan tai Tasken, ring Trung Qude la nude XHCN va tuyen bo rang Lien Xd khdng theo dudi muc dich xam luge, khdng cd tranh chap gi ve lanh tho vdi Trung Qude Quan diem cua Trung Quoc dugc trinh bay cu the tai Dai hdi Dang lan thii XII (thang 11 nam 1982), trong Dilu le Mdi cua Dang Cdng san Trung Qude, sau do dugc chinh thiic cdng bd trong Hien phap nude Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa (thong qua ngay 4-12-1982) Thay ddi can ban trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Trung Qude vdi Lien Xd dugc the hien chii ylu d nhiing dilm sau:
" CM.: HoanecxH C H AKmyanbHtie npo6neMU
BocmoHHOZo HndoKumoH // BocmoK 1999 Xs 5 C
168; Nhan Dan 13 06 1988; ILiemaKOB K
Teo-udeonozuHecKCiH napaduzMa C 84; MarmHH B R BbemHOM: anpenb 1975 zoda // Bonpocu ucmopuu
2000 Ks 4/5 C 83
Trang 51) Loai bd luan dilm cho ring "ngudn
gdc nguy hilm co ban cua cude chiln tranh
thi gidi mdi la Lien Xd";
2) Loai bd sir d n thilt thanh lap "mat
tran quoc tl thing nhat" (bao gdm ca My)
nhim ehdng lai "chu nghTa ba quyin Xd
vilt" 12
Sir kien M X Gorbachdp dugc blu lam
Ting Bi thu Ban chap hanh Trung uong
Dang Cdng san Lien Xd da tao ra nhirng
phan ling tich cue tir phia Trung QuIc Lin
dau tien sau nhieu nam gian doan, Trung
QuIc chinh thiic ggi Lien Xd la "Nha nude
XHCN" Di theo eon dudng hien dai hda
Ban Lanh dao mdi cua Trung Qude nhan
thiic dugc sir can thiet phai dap tat cude ddi
dau dai dang va nguy hiem giiia Matxeova
va BIC Kinh Bude dot pha trong quan he
X6-Trung trudc hit gan lien vdi cdng cude
cai to d Lien Xd
3 Quan he Lien X6 - BIC Trieu Tien
Sau Chiln tranh thi gidi thii Hai, Trieu
Tien va cac nude Ddng Duong, gilng nhu
Trung Qude, nim trong khu vuc chien sir
Triiu Tien ngay lap tiic trd thanh vat hy sinh
cua sir dii diu Xd-My Cac quIc gia thing
tran, sau khi giai phdng ban dao Trieu Tien
khoi ach xam luge Nhat Ban, da thda thuan
thanh lap d dd mgt Nha nude dgc lap va tu
chu'^ Nhung sau dd, tren ban dao Triiu Tien
'npasfla 1982 12ceHTH6pfl
CM.: BopoHUOB A B TlonumuKa CHIA na
KopeucKOM nojiyocmpoee e 90-e zodbiXXe //Hoean
da xuat hien hai nha nude: CJ phan phia Nam tuyen bd thanh lap nude Cdng hda Triiu Tien than My, tai khu vuc phia BIC nude CHDCND Triiu Tien ddng minh cua Lien
Xd
Sau khi Trieu Tien bi chia cit khdng lau
da diln ra nhiing boat ddng nhim thing nhit ban dao bing vii luc Nhumg cude xung dot vii trang xay ra lien tuc tren vT tuyIn 38*'* da bien thanh cude chien tranh ae Uet (1950-1953) Hai Nha nude cua cimg mgt dan tgc chiln diu ehdng lai nhau Thuc chit, cuoc chien tranh Trieu Tien la cude cude chiln tranh khong tuyen bd giiia Lien X6 va My (dudi chieu bai Lien hgp quoc'^), keo theo sir tham chiln cua hang chuc quIc gia, trong
dd cd Trung Qude va Nhat Ban Cude chiln tranh Trieu Tien dan den su thay ddi quan trgng vl dia - ehinh tri: quan ddi My chiem dong lau dai khu vuc phia Nam ciia ban dao
u HoeeHmasi ucmopuH 2001 J^s 6 C 32-33;
KasanueB lO H MeotcdyHapodnbie omHouieHUH u
eneuiHsui nojiumuxa Poccuu (XX e.) C 257-258;
KoBajieB A B UojiumuKa CUIA u Jlnouuu HO
KopeiicKOM nojiyocmpoee M., 1990 C 19-21;
CeprecB 11 MmubCKue udbi K Ceeepy u lOay om 38
napajuienu // Asusi uAtppuKa ceaodrm 2000 N« 10 C
20-21 Hflp
''* Day li gidi tuySn gitta hai vfing kiem sodt cua My
\h Lien X6 sau khi tiSp nhan s\r diu h^ng cua quSn
d$i Nhat Ban, dugrc th^nh l^ip theo sdng ki6n cua My thang 8-1945 N6 tro t h ^ h bien gi<5i giiia Cgng ho^ Trigu Tien (thinh l$p thdng 8-1945) vd CHDCND Triiu TiSn (thinh lap thdng 9-1948)
" Ngdy 7-7-1950, Hpi dong Bdo an hpp (Dodn d^ii
bieu Lien X6 tay chay, kh6ng tham d\f tir mfia xudn
ndm 1950 vl d6i thay d?i di?n cua Trung Qu6c vdo ghe cua Ddi Loan 6 ca quan ndy) thSng qua nghi quyet cho ph^p cdc don vi qudn d^i My dugc mang t€n qudn dgi Lien hgp quIc, six dung cd cua LiSn hgrp qu6c
Trang 692 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°07 (130).2011
Hau qua cua cude chien tranh nay that khdn
ludng, tin that ve ngudi va vat chat d ca phia
BIC va phia Nam Idn den miic bugc ca hai
Nha nude Trieu Tien phai phu thugc gan nhu
hoan toan vao nhirng ddng minh himg manh
eua minh'^
Quan he Lien Xd BIC Triiu Tien tir
nhiing nam 50 cua thi ky XX ngay cang trd
nen mat thilt hon Lien Xd tieh cue iing hd
quan diem eua Bac Trieu Tien trong viec
binh dn cude xung dot tren ban dao Su giiip
do ve kinh te, quan sir cua Lien Xd cho Bac
Trieu Tien dugc tang manh sau nam 1961
sau khi Lien Xd va Bae Trieu Tien ky ket
Hiep udc hitu nghi, hgp tdc vd tuang trg lan
nhau Hiep udc nay dugc ky ket nham ddi
phd vdi Nam Trieu Tien va My Theo Hiep
udc nay Lien Xd cd nghTa vu giiip do Bac
Trieu Tien trong trudng hgp BIC Triiu Tien
bi nude thii ba tan cdng va dat nude xay ra
chiln tranh Lien Xd va Bac Trieu Tien
thudng xuyen gia ban Hiep udc"
Theo tiem nang rieng, theo vi tri dia ly
va hoan canh lich su sau chien tranh, BIC
Triiu Tien chiem vi tri quan trgng trong
chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Lien Xd d vimg
Vien Ddng Vi vay Lien Xd "hdu nhu ddp
nodpo6HO o nomepxx cmopon e KopeiicKoii eoHne
CM.: OpjiOB A C , FaBpHJiOB B A TOUHIA KopeUcKoii
eoliHbt M., 2003 C 261; Mcmopun Kopeu T II M.,
1974 C 249 Hflp
" CM.: BaHHH K) B CCCP u Kopesi M., 1988 C
296; Mcmopux MeoKdynapodubix omHomeHuu u
eneuiHeu nojiumuKU CCCP T 3 C 223-224;
CoepeMBHHbie Meo/cdynapodHbie omHotueutoi C 343
uTtg mgi yeu cdu cua Binh Nhuang ve vii khi
vd vien trg kinh te '*
4 Quan he Lien Xd - Viet Nam Mudn hon Trieu Tien, Ddng Duong trd thanh khu vuc canh tranh gay git cua cac thi lire ddi dau nham tranh gianh anh hudng Sau Chien tranh thi gidi thii Hai, Lien X6 tich cue ung hd phong trao giai phong dan tdc cua nhan dan cac nude Ddng Duong, xuat phat tir quan diem giai cap, coi ban dao nay la ban dap ly tudng cho viec phd bien, truyen ba tu tudng XHCN sang cac quoc gia khac thudc khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong
Nhumg cudng qude manh nhat da bi cudn hiit vao cude tranh gianh anh hudng tai Viet Nam - ciing cd nghTa la d tren ca Dong Duong Ddi vdi Lien Xd, gianh dugc Viet Nam tiic la chiem dugc tien don dia chinh tri quan trgng d Ddng Nam A Muc tieu ciia Trung Qude ciing tuomg tu nhu vay Vi the Ddng Duong trd thanh noi tam diem hgi tu quyin lgi ciia ca 3 cudng qude: Lien X6, Trung Qude va My'' Chi do miln Nam Viet Nam nhan dugc su ung hd manh me cua My
vl vat chit cimg ddi quan himg hau gdm hon nua trieu ngudi Cdn mien BIC Viet Nam -Lien Xd va Trung Qude cimg cac nude XHCN khac
" ropeangB M C XCuaub upeipopMbi KH 2 C
468-469
" CM.: BaxcaHOB E 11 KumaH u eHeuHUU Mup C 73-80; IliiemaKOB K Feo-udeojioauuecKaH napaduzMO
C 81 Hflp
Trang 7Sau khi chiln tranh Viet Nam xay ra
Lien Xd trd thanh ngudn cung d p chu ylu
vi?n trg kinh tl va quan sir cho cac luc lugng
yeu nude d Viet Nam Dang Cdng san,
Chinh phu va nhan dan Lien Xd da giiip dd
mgt each tich cue va cd hieu qua cho Viet
Nam trong cuoc chien tranh chong My va
chinh quyin Sai Gdn (1964-1975) Theo
thdng ke cua mgt tac gia ngudi Nga, tir nam
1966 den nam 1972, trung binh hang nam
Lien Xd vien trg cho Viet Nam khoang
700-800 trieu USD, 70% vu khi cac loai, mgt so
lugng Idn xang dau, thudc men, luong thue
va nhieu hang hda khae^°
Trong nhiing nam chien tranh, Lien Xd
cung cap cho Viet Nam toan bd he thdng
phong khdng, khdng quan va phao binh Viet
Nam con nhan dugc mgt lugng Idn tau
chiln, xe tang va nhieu vii khi hien dai khac
Kit qua la trong mgt thdi gian dai, Viet Nam
trd thanh mgt trong nhumg ddi tac quan su
chu yeu cua nen quan su - cdng nghiep cua
Lien Xd Hang ngan sT quan Viet Nam da
dugc dao tao trong cac trudng, bgc vien quan
sir eua Lien Xd, trong dd rieng lire lugng hai
quan la hon 2.000 ngudi^' Din culi nhiing
nam 70, da cd 2.600 ngudi Viet Nam dugc
dao tao tai cac hge vien quan su ciia Lien
Xd Hang tram cd van, chuyen gia quan su Lien Xd da timg cd mat tai Viet Nam Tdng
sd cd van, chuyen gia quan su Lien Xd sang giiip Viet Nam trong cuoc chiln tranh ehdng
My, Cliu nude la 22.000 ngudi^^
Nhd su giiip do nhiet tinh ciia Lien Xd
va cac nude XHCN khac, nam 1975 Viet Nam da gianh dugc thang lgi quan trgng -giai phdng hoan toan mien Nam That bai cua My trong chien tranh d Ddng Duomg, Viet Nam thdng nhat va viec cac the luc mdi len nam quyen d Lao va Campuchia dat ra trudc Lien Xd mgt nhiem vu mdi bao dam ngay cang nhieu vien trg vat chat va iing hd
ve ehinh tri cho cac qude gia Ddng Duong Sau khi tuyen bd thanh lap nude Cgng hda XHCN Viet Nam nam 1976, quan hd ve mgi mat ciia Lien Xd va Viet Nam dugc nang len tam cao mdi ve chat Ngay
3-11-1978, Lien Xd va Viet Nam ky kit Hiep udc
Hitu nghi vd Hgp tdc Ngay 2-5-1979, Chinh
phu Viet Nam va Lien Xd ky Hiep dinh vl vif c Vi?t Nam cho Lien Xd thue hai can cii quan su - hai quan d Cam Ranh va khdng quan d Da Nlng trong thdi ban 25 nam Tir nhumg can cii nay cd the kiem soat phan phia
^ Gaiduc I Lien bang Xd viet vd chiin tranh Vi$t
Nam Hd N^i, 1998 Tr 35-38, 64-69, 125-128,
130-133, 145-148; CoeemcKUU Coios - BbemuoM: 30 jiem
omHouteHuH (1950-1980) floKyMCHTbi H MaxepHajiw
M., 1982 C 120-122, 156, 186-187, 212-213,
262-266,325-326,351-354
^' Gaiduc I Lien bang Xd viit vd chien tranh Vi?t
Nam Tr 16-17, 26 34-35; KOMOB B Kpacnaa
3Be3fla 2002.25 Max <redstar.ru>
^ CM cafir: http://www.rspp.org/mcenter/vietnam/vietnam.htm
^ CM.: BejiOKOHb K> CCCP u HndoKumaUcKue aocydapcmea: nepcncKmueu denoeoao compydHUHBcmea // M3HMO 1991 Jfe 5 C 130
Gaiduc I Gaiduc I Lien bang Xd viet vd chiin tranh Vift Nam Tr 1617, 26, 7677 CoeemcKuH Corns -BbemuaM: 30 Jiem omHouieHuH (1950-1980) C
173-174,252-254, 328,343
Trang 894 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°07 (130).2011
nam cua Thai Binh Duomg va toan bd An Do
Duong Su cd mat cua quan dgi Lien Xd d
hai can cii quan sir nay hau nhu can bang vdi
su CO mat cua quan ddi My d Philippin
Tai Cam Ranh, quan ddi Lien Xd ed
khoang 20-30 tau chien, 1 hang khdng mau
ham va mgt sd tau ngam vdi khoang 7.000
thuy thu Sau nay Lien Xd va Viet Nam da
ky van ban ve xay dimg mgt sd cdng trinh
khdng hoan lai cho phia Viet Nam Ket qua
la Cam Ranh trd thanh can cii quan sir Idn
nhat (so vdi nhiing can cii quan sir cimg loai
cua My) cua Lien Xd d nude ngoai
Sau khi mien Nam Viet Nam hoan toan
giai phdng, quan ddi cua Pdn Pdt d
campuchia lien tuc gay ra cac cude xung dot
vii trang d bien gidi Tay Nam cua Viet Nam
Chiing thudng xuyen cho quan quay rdi dgc
theo 1.1 Oo km tren dudng bien gidi Viet
Nam - campuchia, gay nhieu thiet hai va tdn
that ve ngudi va ciia cho eac tinh Tay Nam
bg cua Viet Nam Nam 1978, quan ddi Viet
Nam tien vao Campuchia Vdi sir hau thuIn
ciia quan dgi Viet Nam, eac lire lugng yeu
nude campuchia da lat do che do diet chung
cua Pon Pit, thanh lap Nha nude CHND
campuchia
Lien Xd, tuy khdng mong dgi kit cue
nhu tren, ngay lap tiic ung hg Viet Nam vl
chinh tri va vien trg vu khi Trung Qude, cac
quIe gia ASEAN va nhilu nude khac tren
thi gidi cuong quylt phan ddi va len an viec
Viet Nam dua quan vao Campuchia Su kien
d campuchia lam cho mau thuan giiia Lien
Xd va Viet Nam vdi da s l cac quoc gia d khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong ngay cang them' sau slc^^v Cac luc lugng vii trang cua phe ddi lapii4n naiiiDtrong cac trai ti nan cua ngudi campuchia tirSn'^ianh thd Thai Lan dugc cung c ^ vii khi tir My va Trung QuIc Cudc xung dot khu vuc lien quan den vin dl campuchia trd thanh nguy co thuc te de doa den su dn dinh va an ninh eua toan the gidi^^ Nha cam quyen Trung Quoc ngay lap tiic quyet dinh "day cho Viet Nam mgt bai hge" vi tdi lat dd thu ITnh than Trung Quoc -Pdn Pdt d campuchia Ngay 17-2-1979, 11 quan doan Trung Quoc va mgt sd trung doan vdi khoang 600.000 ngudi, dugc sir trg giiip cua 600 xe tang, 700 may bay tien vao lanh thi Viet Nam d bien gidi phia Bac Thiet hai chung do cude tin cdng cua quan ddi Trung Quoc gay ra vao khoang 1 ty USD
^* C M : BaxcanoB E 11 CCCP u Aauamaco-muxooKeaHCKuH peauoH M., C.35; IIpaBfla 1987 18 OKxaSpa; HcaeB M 11., Wepubituee A C Hcmopux coeemcKO-eb&nHOMtiKux omHoiueHUu: 1917-1985 M.,
1986 C.166; Hcaes M 11 BueuiHim nonumuKa cmpoH HhdoKumaH M., 1989 C 128-129, 167-168; CyjiHUKaa T H Cmpanti ACEAH u MeoKdyuapodHbie omHOuieHUH e lOao-eocmoHHoU Aauu C 104-106; H
flp
^* noflpo6HO CM.: BejioKOHb K) CCCP u HndoKumaUcKue aocydapcmea: nepcneKmueu dejioeozo compydHunecmea // M3HM0 1991 Me 5
C 136; EypDKyojHbie nojiumdMohi' o eueMueu nonumuKe CCG^.-'llbfl^ pea O T ' Tapa«»Ba)«M.:
1988 C 101-102; CyjiHUKaa T VI CmpaHbi ACEAH
u MCJicdyHapodHbie omHouieHun e -JOzo-eocmoHHoi
/43MM.C 104-106 Hflp e, u ; '
^' HoBaKOBa O B., U s e r ^ W K) Mcmopta BbemnoMa MacTb 2 C.259 "M 2£ C005: EAESHC
Trang 9Cudc tan cdng cua quan dgi Trung Qude
vao lanh thg Viet Nam bi Lien Xd kich liet
len^^o TrQr)g,^I"ify?nr,bd ciia Chirih phii Lien
X6 ngay L8-2-1979, Lien X6 ,doi Trung
Quoc phai nit ngay quan dgi ra khoi lanh thd
Viet Nam va nhan manh rang: Lien Xd se
thuc hien nhiing cam ket cua minh theo Hiep
udc Hitu nghi vd Hgp tdc daky kit giiia Lien
Xdvd VietNarr?^
Phien hop bat thirdrig bua Bd Chinh tri
Bain Chap hanli Trung uong Dang Cgng san
Lien Xo'da quyef dinh'cir dai dien dac biet
WlWfelc'^irih ctitfg' vdi'toi WSu thu cua Lien
^§.'Trong khi qu&n'dgi Tiung QuIc giao
^ffiih vdi cac lire lugrfgtian quan tu ve cac
'iialhSbTIH'gi'di phlaB'lc', rrigt sl don vi quan
'(^i'filh^Xfl viing Zabaikal da t l chiic diln
% '^ln'J8^ng='terfl^f'^'tfeh bien gidi
X6-'Trung,'' con cac tau chien cua Ham dgi Thai
Binh Duong'thi chudn bi tien ve Bien Vang
'va Bieh Nam Trtttig'Qiadc: BIC Kinh liln lap
'tfed # m^ ntt'^^qu^ laifei lanh thi Viet
, Ciing vdi viec Lien X6 coi trgng vi tri
B1 ui^h amjb 6X iiaiJ LUQ idra o&h ;
chien Iiroc cua Viet Nam ciing nhu tich cue
ung hg cac che do cdng san d cac quoc gia Dong Duomg, van de Campuchia cang trd nen nghiem trgng Trong hang thap ky lien Lien Xd iing hd vd dieu kien sir cd mat cua quan dgi Viet Nam d Campuchia, con da so cac nude tren the gidi doi Viet Nam nit quan
ra khoi Campuchia Tir do, co the thay rang viec giai quyet van de Campuchia phan nhieu anh hudng den chinh sach doi ngoai cua Lien Xd d Dong A, den moi quan he cua Lien Xd doi vdi Trung Quoc cung nhu vdi cac quoc gia ASEAN^^
Vao nhirng nam 80 ciia the ky XX, trong con mat cua cac qude gia Dong Nam
A, Viet Nam la mgt mli de dga hoan toan
nguy hiem va thuc te Thic nhdt, dat nude
nay co tiem luc quan sir rat Idn (quan so cua lire lugng vii trang diing thii tu tren the gidi,
sau Trung QuIc, Lien X6 va My); Thic hai,
viec Viet Nam dua quan vao Campuchia tao
ra mli lo au thuc sir cho cac qude gia ASEAN, v l phin minh, diing tren quan dilm giai d p Ha Noi cung coi cac nude ASEAN la ke thii vi nhom nude nay da ung
hg cuoc can thiep vu trang ciia My chong
" C"M noflpp6Ho: HcaeB M 0., HepHbimeB A C
WMo^ii^ lQ^eeikif}de^mfidj^^idO iilhHoweHuii:
1917-1985 C.182; CoeemcKufi Com3.- BpemhaM: 30
Jiem omHomeuuH r7950-/P5«>/.'.«.= '^34V^^-25;-526-527;
529; 530-532
^'CM.: Ea>KaHOB E U KumaU u eHewHuH Mup C
84-85;
http://www.itogi.ru/paper2001.nsf/Article/ltogi_2001
06 18 13 3158.html
^' 06 3T0M HHUiyx: BaacanoB E 11 KumaH u eHeiuHUU
Mup M., 1990 C 311-312; EyuiHHCKHH JI CoeemcKan eHeuiHHH nonumuKa u lOao-eocmoHHOH A3UH C 602; rpe6eHmHK0B 3 Kumaii u ACEAH: yxodn om cmepeomunoe npouuiozo // M3MM0 1991
Xs 9 C 132-133; CyjiHUKaa T H Cmpaubi ACEAH u
MeoKdyuapodhbie omnouieHUH e lOao-eocmoiHoU
y^sMM.C 61-62; 98-101 nap
Trang 1096 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°07 (130).2011
Viet Nam, tham chi mgt sd nude than My
(Thai Lan, Philippin) cdn true tilp tham gia
vao cudc chien tranh nay chong lai nhan dan
Viet Nam Ngoai ra, ASEAN ciing la ngudi
khdi xudng phong trao quoc te chong su can
thiep cua Viet Nam vao Campuchia
Viet Nam va Campuchia hau nhu bi cd
lap trong cdng ddng quoc te Lien Xd va cac
nude XHCN het Idng ung hd hai nude nay
Cac quoc gia ASEAN, My, cac nude Tay Au
thi coi hanh dgng ciia Viet Nam d
campuchia la xam luge va dau tranh nham
giai quyet van de Campuchia tren co sd nit
toan bg quan ddi nude ngoai va tien hanh
tdng tuyen cii tu do Vi van de Campuchia
ma mau thuIn giiia Lien Xd va Trung Qude
bi trim trgng them Nhu vay, Trung Qude da
xa rdi "dai gia dmh" XHCN Vi tri cua
Trung Qude dugc thay the bang cac qude gia
Ddng Duomg, trudc het la Viet Nam
Nhin chung, din nam 1985, d Ddng A
tinh hinh biln chuyin khdng thuan lgi cho
Lien Xd: Trung Qude, cudng qude Idn nhit
trong khu vuc, da hon hai thap nien ehdng lai
anh hudng cua Lien Xd, nhilu khi trd thanh
ddi dau nhau Vac nhiing nam 80, xuit hien
nhiing dau hieu tdt lanh trong quan he giiia
hai nude Song, nhumg dieu kien ma phia Trung Qude dua ra cho viec binh thudng hda quan he Trung-Xd la phai thuc hien "3 dieu can trd": 1) Rut quan dgi Lien Xd khoi Afganixtan; 2) Riit bd dgi bien phdng Lien
Xd khdi khu vuc bien gidi Xd-Trung; 3) Giai quyet van de Campuchia bang each nit quan ddi Viet Nam khdi nude nay
Nhiing ddng minh khac cua Lien X6 trong khu vuc nhu Mdng Cd, CHDCND Trieu Tien va Cdng hda XHCN Viet Nam ve chinh tri ludn ludn ung hd Lien Xd Nhung tiem luc quan su va kinh te cua hg bi ban che
va vi the, quan he ciia Lien Xd vdi cac nude nay da ngdn di cua Lien Xd mgt lugng Idn vat chat va tien ciia Cac vin de ddi ngoai, trong dd cd viec Lien Xd phai tieu tdn mgt lugng khdng Id vat chit va tien bac de vien trg khdng hoan lai cho cac nude ddng minh, ciing nhu nhiing chi phi quan su tin kem da bugc Lien Xd phai cd nhumg thay ddi can ban trong chinh sach doi ngoai cua minh Vi vay, sau khi len nam quyen vao nam 1985, ban lanh dao mdi ciia Lien Xd, diing dau la
M X Gorbachdp, da de ra nhiem vu: Dat dugc sir thay ddi mang tinh bude ngoat, chuyen tir Chien tranh Lanh, ddi dau sang hgp tac va doi thoai./
'" CM xaKJKe: CyjiHUKaa T H CmpaHH ACEAH u
MeoKdynapodHbie omHOiueHtiH e lOzo-eocmoHHoU
A3UU.C 104-115