(Tiểu luận FTU) AIR POLLUTION IN HA NOI CAUSED BY DUST AND GAS, REASON AND SOLUTION

The impact of development activities on the environment manifests itself in the beneficial aspect of improving the natural environment or generating the necessary funding for such improv

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

-*** -

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

AIR POLLUTION IN HA NOI CAUSED BY DUST AND GAS,

REASON AND SOLUTION

GROUP 2

CLASS: KTEE404(1-1920).2

Hanoi, November 22 nd , 2019

GROUP MEMBER

1 Nguyễn Thị Hương Giang 1711150019

2 Đỗ Thị Hoàng Hà 1711150040

3 Nguyễn Ngọc Lâm 1613340049

4 Nguyễn Nhật Hằng 1711150025

5 Cao Hồ Bích Ngọc 1711150043

6 Hứa Ngọc Thanh 1711150056

7 Phạm Hồng Loan 1711150041

8 Vũ Thị Thu Nga 1714450079

9 Lê Đức Tùng 1711150073

10 Nguyễn Khánh Huyền 1611150084

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION 2

LITERATURE REVIEW 4

AIR POLLUTION IN HANOI 5

1 Definition 5

1.1 What is air pollution? 5

1.2 Types of air pollution 5

1.3 How is air quality measured? 6

2 Air polluted situation in Hanoi 8

3 Causes 9

3.1 Air pollution by transportation means in Ha Noi 9

3.2 Air pollution by factory and industry 10

3.3 Air pollution by household activities 10

4 Impact 11

5 Solutions and recommendations 12

5.1 Hanoi’s current solutions 12

5.2 Recommendations 13

5.3 Other suggestions 14

CONCLUSION 15

REFERENCES 16

INTRODUCTION

Socio-economic development is the process of improving people's physical and spiritual living conditions through the production of material wealth, improvement of social relations, and improvement of cultural quality Development is a common trend

of each individual and the whole human being in the process of living There is a very close relationship between environment and development: the environment is the locality and the object of development, and development is the cause of environmental changes

In the socio-economic system, goods are moved from production, circulation, distribution and consumption along with the flow of raw materials, energy, products and waste These components are always in a state of interaction with the natural and social components of the environmental system that exists in that area The area where the two systems are intersected is the artificial environment

The impact of development activities on the environment manifests itself in the beneficial aspect of improving the natural environment or generating the necessary funding for such improvement, but can cause environmental pollution or natural pollution On the other hand, the natural environment also affects the socio-economic development through the degradation of natural resources being the object of development activities or causing disasters, natural disasters for the activities Socio-economic activities in the region

At present, environmental pollution, environmental incidents and climate change taking place in Vietnam are mainly due to the country's socio-economic development activities which have been promoted with the rate of economic growth high To some extent, it can be said that in many places, sometimes the protection of the environment has been overlooked, the principles to ensure sustainable development have not been strictly followed

This situation has negatively and negatively affected all aspects of social life

Therefore, economic development with appropriate exploitation and use of natural resources and environmental protection has become a deep concern of the international community The exploitation and use of natural resources and the environment in Vietnam are not outside the common situation of the world, perhaps they are extremely complex, diverse and difficult

Not only happening throughout the country, at present, in Hanoi, environmental issues are also very complicated Therefore, in this report, we will delve into the environmental issues happening in Hanoi according to the following:

- Actual state of the matter

- The cause of the problem

- Impact of the problem

- Solutions and tips

We would like to express our gratitude to our lecturers who have instructed us to complete this assignment Due to our restricted knowledge, there might be inevitable mistakes in this report, therefore we would be grateful to receive any constructive comments

LITERATURE REVIEW

Air pollution has become an alarming concern for Hanoi residents recently While there have been numerous researches on Air pollution in developed countries such as the USA or Singapore, it seems that few papers are conducted on that issue of Vietnam

in general and Hanoi in particular

According to data from the MONRE’s automatic monitoring stations, both Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi have experienced an increase in the number of days with the airborne dust concentration measurements in excess of government standards

In “Air quality in Vietnam report 2017”, urban air pollution episodes are generally the result of a combination of locally emitted air pollutants and pollutants transported from areas outside the city with moving air masses in Vietnam and in other countries

Moreover, Hanoi people do not have much knowledge about air pollution despite the fact that the awareness proportion is high (99% concerned about air quality but only 17% accessed to any information regarding air quality in 2016)

According to Urban Air Quality Modelling and Management in Hanoi, Vietnam by Phd Hung: Among several driving forces of air pollution such as urbanization, traffic, industries and domestic activities, gas emissions from factories and transports is the culprit which affecting urban air pollution It has been estimated that approximately

70-75 % of air pollutants of PM10, SO2, NOX, and CO comes from traffic Besides, the economic development continues to increase and leads to increase energy usage in both the industrial and domestic sector

Although the government and environmental organizations have come up with several policies and campaigns, the air quality in Hanoi is getting worse and worse This report would want to update, analyze and give recommendations for the current air pollution situation in Hanoi

AIR POLLUTION IN HANOI

1 Definition

1.1 What is air pollution?

Air pollution can be defined as the presence of toxic chemicals or compounds (including those of biological origin) in the air, at levels that pose a health risk In an even broader sense, air pollution means the presence of chemicals or compounds in the air which are usually not present and which lower the quality of the air or cause detrimental changes to the quality of life (such as the damaging of the ozone layer or causing global warming)

1.2 Types of air pollution

Generally, air pollution has been divided into two types

a Indoor pollution

It is the pollution of air caused by the introduction of materials from smoking and burning fossil fuels such as kerosene, petroleum and coal indoors Fuels are burned indoors for cooking and cooling or heating purposes Chemicals from cleaning products, wall paints, pesticides and air fresheners also contribute to indoor air pollution

One half of the population in the world or 80% of the population in South Asia and Africa is affected by indoor air pollution from burning of coal and biomass It is assumed that indoor air pollution is much worse than pollution outdoors

b Outdoor pollution

The levels of outdoor air pollution reach their peak in developing countries, most

of them from Asia The air outside is polluted mainly from vehicle exhaust and emissions from industries Several pollutants are mixed in the air and a large portion of the world population is regularly exposed to harmful air quality

Air pollution can also be divided into other types According to the American Lung Association, the two major types of air pollution which harm human health are

c Smog

Smog is the mixture of two components; smoke and fog The term was introduced first in mid-20th century in London

Smog can cause several health problems like breathing problems, decrease in resistance to colds and infections, irritation of eyes and throat, asthma etc

d Particle pollution

Particle pollution is also a serious issue in the world It is widespread in cities and urban areas This kind of pollution is caused due to the exhaust from burning diesel fuels in heavy transportation, burning of fuels in power plants and burning wood It has been known to increase problems of heart diseases, cancer of the lungs, coughs and asthma

1.3 How is air quality measured?

Air quality index (AQI) is a measure used for reporting the daily air quality, by factoring the level of pollutants in the air The AQI works sort of like a thermometer that runs from 0 to 500 degrees However, instead of showing changes in the temperature, the AQI is a way of showing changes in the amount of pollution in the air

Different countries use different indices for measuring air quality by monitoring some

or all of the following pollutants: carbon monoxide, PM2.5, PM10, Nitrogen dioxide, ground Ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide among others

An AQI under 50 means that the air quality is good At this low AQI level, a person can spend time outdoors and air pollution will pose very little risk to their health As the AQI number increases, so does the risk to human health (See the chart below for a summary of the AQI levels of health concern.)

Air Quality Index Levels of Health Concern

Numerical Value Meaning

Good 0 to 50 Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air

pollution poses little or no risk

Moderate 51 to 100

Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there are may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 101 to 150

Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects The general public is not likely to

be affected

Unhealthy 151 to 200

Everyone may begin to experience health effects;

members of sensitive groups may experience

more serious health effects

Very Unhealthy 201 to 300 Health alert: everyone may experience more

serious health effects

Hazardous 301 to 500 Health warnings of emergency conditions The

entire population is more likely to be affected

2 Air polluted situation in Hanoi

Air pollution has always been one of the most concerned issues in Hanoi Since

2016, air polluted situation in Hanoi has become worse than ever

Between March 1 and 4 2016 , the Air Quality Index (AQI) measurements by the Hanoi-based US Embassy recorded alarming levels of air pollution in the capital

Pollutant concentrations in the air ranged between 114 and 159 during the day and suddenly peaked at 388 at 9am on March 1 - a level deemed hazardous and which can cause serious health problems The PM2.5 particulate level recorded was seven times higher than the permissible level set by the WTO PM2.5, also described as super fine particles, is the most harmful air pollutant to human health and can cause serious respiratory problems

In 2017, Hanoi had more than 200 days when the air quality was polluted beyond the health standards set by the WTO It was reported to have a yearly average AQI of

103 and the PM2.5 index is five times higher than the WHO’s annual average level

However, we still saw a positive improvement regarding air quality in Hanoi that is the average percentage of good and moderate hourly AQI in 2017 reached more than 50 per cent, while that in 2016 was only about 36 per cent

Hanoi continued to suffer from severe air pollution exceeding air quality guidelines

of the WHO on 9 out of every 10 days in the first three months of 2018 Air quality in Hanoi has deteriorated, with 80 per cent of the recording hours experiencing an

“unhealthy” level compared to 64 per cent in 2017 The latest air pollution data compiled in the 2018 World Air Quality Report ranks Hanoi as the second most polluted city in Southeast Asia, behind only Jakarta

After that period, the air quality in Hanoi seemed to have a slight improvement until September 2019 At that time, air pollution levels in some specific areas of the city have reached alarming levels, prompting the government to issue advisories asking people to stay indoors and limit outdoor activities The highest AQI levels recorded was 278 on September 30, at the “very unhealthy” levels, which causes serious long-term health problems The PM2.5 index is eleven times higher than national standard (25 μg/m3) and 25 times higher than WTO’s annual average level (10 μg/m3) On September 27, Hanoi momentarily was recorded as the most polluted city in the world, as per the IQAir AirVisual monitoring app

After that period, the air quality has improved a bit for a short time In November, Hanoi has been suffering from severe air condition again The highest AQI level recorded is 341 (6am November 12), hazardous threshold

This is the highest pollution threshold in the air pollution scale according to the calculation of AQI in Vietnam, affecting people's health Sensitive groups are advised

to avoid going out, while others should limit their time outside

We can see that, in general, the air polluted situation in Hanoi is getting worse and worse

3 Causes

3.1 Air pollution by transportation means in Ha Noi

One of the main pollution sources is the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engines, which provide up to 80% of the total consumed energy in the world This is a major pollution source to the air and environment, especially in urban areas and densely populated areas The process of fuel combustion is creating polluting gas such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, Pb, CH4, HC Along with economic – social development, the quantity and density of vehicles increased rapidly Every year, the number of motorcycles increases by 20%, cars increases by 15% The increase in the number of vehicles is the cause leads to an increase in exhaust gas emissions into the air and causes the pollution of traffic emissions more severe The increasing rate of motors and car quantity is given in Figure 1

Figure 1 The number of cars and motorcycles in Ha Noi from 2000 to 2010

Figure 1 shows that the number of private vehicles has increased rapidly and caused

an increase in air pollution levels in Ha Noi Many private vehicles are not taken seriously warranty periodic maintenance, therefore, it causes the increase in emissions into the environment with ever-growing toxic levels In particular, dilapidated and out

of using date facilities are still in traffic, they are not only threatening the safety of lives