Tổng Hợp Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh Thi Tốt Nghiệp 12

Có tất cả các ngữ pháp bạn cần để ôn thi tốt nghiệp năm 12. Giúp bạn có thể nắm bắt được tất cả các kiến thức cần thiết để ôn thi. Giúp nâng cao thành tích điểm của bạn trong kì thi tốt nghiệp trung học phổ thông

IRREGULAR VERBS 1

47 lead led led dẫn dắt

TENSES IN ENGLISH 2A

1

- 1 thói quen, 1 phong tục

- 1 hành động thường xuyên ở hiện

tại

- 1 chân lí, một sự thật hiển nhiên

đúng

- Sự thật hiện hữu: tên, tuổi, nghề

nghiệp, chỗ ở, quốc tịch, sở thích

(like, diskile…), ý muốn (want,

need…), sở hữu, năng lực

(understand, know…), trạng thái… ở

hiện tại

- o, ch, s, x, sh, z + es

SIMPLE PRESENT

BE (am, is., are)

- S + am, is, are

- S + am, is, are + not

- Am, is, are + S … ?

HAVE (have, has)

- I, We, You, They, S plural + have

He, She, It, S singuar + has

- I, We, You, They, S plu + don’t have

He, She, It, S sing + doesn’t have -Do + I, We, You, They, S plu + have?

Does + I He, She, It, S sing + have?

DONG TU THUONG

- I, We, You, They, S plural + Vo

He, She, It, S singuar + Vs/es

- I, We, You, They, S plu + don’t Vo

He, She, It, S sing + doesn’t Vo -Do + I, We, You, They, S plu + Vo?

Does + I He, She, It, S sing + Vo?

Always Constanly Usually Frequently Regularly Sometimes Occasionally Often Seldom Rarely Every (day) Once a week Twice a month All the time From time to time (every) now and then Once in a while Never

2

- 1 hành động đã xảy ra và hoàn tất

trong quá khứ (thường biết rõ thời

gian)

-1 thói quen,1 phong tục, 1 hành

động thường xuyên ở quá khứ (nay

không còn nữa) thường có USED

TO + Vo

- 1 sự kiện lịch sử, 1 nhân vật lịch sử

- Những hành động xảy ra liên tiếp

trong quá khứ

SIMPLE PAST

BE (was, were)

-I, He, She, It, S sing + was

We, You, They, S plu + were -S + was, were + not

Last (week)

In + nam qua khu This (morning) Form (1990) to (1995) For + khoang thoi gian

3

- Một hành động xảy ra trong tương

lai

- Thì TLĐ thường đứng sau những

động từ diễn tả ý kiến, sự tiên đoán,

giả thuyết của người nói trong tương

lai

(think, believe, know, doubt, be sure,

be afraid, hope, expect, promise … )

Tonight Soon Someday This (week)

In a month

4

- Sắp xảy ra trong tương lai gần, một

dự định (chưa có kế hoạch)

- Một sự tiên đoán tong tương lai (có

- Một hành động đang xảy ra ngay

lúc nói ở hiện tại (có tính cách tạm

thời)

- Sự sắp xếp hay kế hoạch trong

tương lai

-be + always/constanly + Ving

- Diễn tả hành động lập đi lập lại

nhiều lần gây khó chịu cho người

At the moment = At this time

At present Presently Today Look!

Listen!

Be careful!

Be quiet!

6

- Một hành động đang xảy ra ở một

thời điểm trong quá khứ

- Một hành động đang xảy ra

(QKTD) thì có một hành động ngắn

khác xen vào (QKĐ)

- Hai hành động xảy ra song song

On this day last week

In this season last year

At this moment/time, yesterday All day yesterday

All last month The whole month Between 2 p.m and 4 p.m yesterday

7

- Bắt đầu trong quá khứ kéo dài đến

hiện tại hoặc tương lai

- Vừa mới xảy ra

- Xảy ra nhiều lần nhưng không phải

thường xuyên

- Xảy ra rồi trong quá khứ nhưng

không rõ thời gian

- Xảy ra rồi trong quá khứ nhưng

thời gian chưa trôi qua

- Xảy ra rồi trong quá khứ nhưng kết

quả vẫn còn ở hiện tại

Never (sau HAVE / HAS) Ever

Yet (PĐ & NV, cuoi cau) Not yet

Recently Lately Several times / The first time

So far, up to now Until now, Up to the present During (in) the past (last) few years How long

8

Bắt đầu trong quá khứ kéo dài đến

hiện tại (hoặc tương lai) nhưng nhấn

mạnh tính chất liện tục của hành

động

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

S + have/has + been + Ving

S + have/has + not + been + Ving Have/Has + S + been + Ving … ?

For + khoang thoi gian + now Since + moc thoi gian All afternoon

Bắt đầu trong quá khứ kéo dài đến

thời điểm quá khứ khác và nhấn

mạnh tính chất liên tục của hành

động

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

S + had + been + Ving

S + had + not + been + Ving Had + S + been + Ving … ?

11

- Xảy ra trước một thời điểm trong

tương lai (by + TG TL)

- Xảy ra trước hành động khác trong

tương lai

FUTURE PERFECT

S + will/shall + have + Ved/3

S + won’t/shan’t + have + Ved/3 Will/Shall + S + have + Ved/3 … ?

Up to then (mai cho den luc do o TL) By/Before + thoi gian TL

12

Một hành động đang xảy ra ở một

thời điểm trong tương lai

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

S + will/shall + be + Ving

S + won’t/shan’t + be + Ving Will/Shall + S + be + Ving … ?

At this time tomorrow

STRUCTURES 2B

1 After: sau khi (THQK) After + QKHT, QKĐ

2 Before / By the time: trước khi (THQK) Before/By the time + QKĐ, QKHT

3 Since: từ khi 𝐻𝑇𝐻𝑇

𝐻𝑇𝐻𝑇𝑇𝐷 + Since + QKĐ

4 While: trong khi (THQK) While +QKTD +QKTD (Đang xảy ra)

(Đang xảy ra) + QKĐ (Ngắn xen vào)

EX: The light (go) went out while I (study) was studying

5 When / as: khi, thì, lúc (THQK)

When/as + QKĐ, QKTD (Ngắn xen vào – Đang xảy ra)

When/as + QKĐ, QKHT (Xảy ra sau – Xảy ra trước)

When/as + QKĐ, QKĐ (Hành động ngắn liên tiếp

Thói quen ở quá khứ (often, usually used to + V 0 )

A boy, a girl, a child, small, young, at school,… )

EX: I (know) knew how to do swim when I was 5

6 This is the first time + S +VHTHT  S + have/has + never (not) + Ved/3………before

EX: This is the first time I have seen her => I have never seen her before

7 S + 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅

𝒃𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒏 + to V/Ving/N ………adv of QKĐ

 S + have/has (been Ving) + Ved/3 ……… since + point of time

for + period of time

EX: I started learning French three years ago

 I have learnt French for three years

EX: a) I last saw Peter 2 weeks ago

b) I have not seen Peter for 2 weeks

c) It has been 2 weeks since I last saw Peter

d) The last time I saw Peter was 2 weeks ago

9 Mãi cho đến khi: not…… until……

It was not until 𝑵

𝑺+𝑽+ that + S + Ved/2 => Not until + 𝑁

𝑆+𝑉 + Interrogative from

EX: a) She didn’t talk to me until last Monday

b) It was not until last Monday that she talked to me

c) Not until last Monday did she talk to me

10 Vừa mới……… thì (lại)

S + had + no sooner + Ved/3 ……… than + S + Ved/2

(Xảy ra trước) (Xảy ra sau)

*Đảo ngữ: No sooner + had + S + Ved/3 ……… than + S + Ved/2

(Xảy ra trước) (Xảy ra sau)

a) They had no sooner eaten dinner than the ceiling crashed on to the dining table

 Hardly had they eaten dinner when the ceiling crashed on to the dining table

 No sooner had they eaten dinner than the ceiling crashed on to the dining table b) The police rang the doorbell just after we arrived home

 No sooner had we arrived home than the police rang the doorbell

c) As soon as I got off the bus, it crashed into the back of car

 Hardly had I got off the bus when it crashed into the back of car

d) The doctor had hardly fallen asleep when the telephone woke him up again

 No sooner had the doctor fallen asleep than the telephone woke him up again

PASIVE VOICE 3

1 Simple Present

S + Vo/s/es S + am/is/are + Ved/3

They spend a lot of money on advertising every year

 A lot of money is spent on advertising every year

2 Simple Past

S + Ved/2 S + was/were + Ved/3 They didn’t invited David to parties

 David wasn’t invited to parties

3 Present

Continuous S + am/is/are + Ving S + am/is/are + being + Ved/3 She is taking care of the baby girl  The baby girl is being taken care

of

4 Past Continuous

S + was/were + Ving S + was/were + being + Ved/3

The committee was considering some new project

 Some new project was being considered by the committee

5 Present Perfect

S + have/has + Ved/3

S + have/has + been + Ved/3

Just, never, ever Quickly, well

She hasn’t finished the letter yet

 The letter has not been finished yet

6 Past Perfect

S + had + Ved/3 S + had + been + Ved/3

He had locked the door before he went out

 The door had been locked before

he went out

7 Simple Future

S + will + Vo S + will be + Ved/3

We will do our exercise tomorrow

 Our exercise will be done tomorrow

8 Future Perfect

S + will + have + Ved/3 S + will + have + been + Ved/3

They will have destroyed the building

 The building will have been destroyed

9 Modal Verbs

Will/would Can/could May/might Must Have to Had to Has to

Used to

Be going to Should/ought to

Will/would Can/could May/might Must Have to Had to + be + Ved/3 Has to

Used to

Be going to Should/ought to

You have to put your coat here

 Your coat has to be put here Tom can’t translate this novel fluently

 This novel can’t be fluently translated by Tom

10 to V form To V

Ving

Vo

To be + Ved/3 Being + Ved/3

Be + bought / made / get for O người

Jack gave Helen a rose on her birthday

 Helen was given a rose on her birthday by Jack

 A rose was given to Helan on her birthday by Jack

He bought his mother these flowers

 These flowers were bought for his mother

*Notes:

- by people, them, someone, somebody,…

- by me, you, him, her, us,…

- by nobody, no one, nothing

𝑔𝑒𝑡 + Ovật + Ved/3 (by + Ongườ i)

PASSIVE VOICE WITH REPORTING VERBS

Reporting verbs

Say, report, believe, think, understand, know,

suppose, rumour, expect, hope, predict,…

- People say that he has a pricesless collection of

- People say that the strom destroyed te village

(1) It’s said that the strom destroyed te village

(2) The strom is said to have destroyed the village

- They said that Jane was working in London

(1) It was said that Jane was working in London

(2) Jane was said to work in London

They/People say that + S2 + V2

 It is said that + S2 + V2

 S2 + be + said + to V

to have Ved/3

to be Ving

.to V: cùng thì or V2 xảy ra sau V1

.to have Ved/3: khác thì or V2 xảy ra trước V1

.to be Ving: đang xảy ra

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 4A

S + V + (not) Ving S + V + (not) to V S + V + O + (not) to V

1 avoid (tranh)

2 admit (thua nhan)

3 appreciate (danh gia cao)

4 complete (hoan thanh)

5 consider (xem xet)

6 delay (tu choi)

7 deny (tu choi)

8 detest ( ghet)

9 discuss (thao luan)

10 dislike (khong thich)

11 enjoy (thich)

12 escape (tron thoat)

13 finish (hoan thanh)

14 hate (ghet)

15 keep (giu)

16 mention (de cap)

17 mind (phien, ngai)

18 miss (nho, bo lo)

19 postpone (tri hoan)

20 partice (luyen tap)

21 quit (nghi ngoi)

22 perfect + Ving + to + Ving

23 resent (buc tuc)

24 resist ( khang cu)

25 risk (lieu)

26 suggest (de nghi)

27 understand (hieu)

28 imagine (tuong tuong)

29 involve (lien quan)

1 leave out (ngung lam, bo)

5 to the busy (ban ron)

6 to the worth (xung dang)

7 have fun

have a good time

8 have trouble

have difficulty (in)

9 have a hard time

have a difficult time

3 appear (xuất hien)

4 arrange (sap xep)

5 ask (hoi, yeu cau)

6 beg (nai ni, van xin)

7 care (cham soc)

8 claim (doi hoi, yeu cau)

9 consent (bang long)

10 decide (quyet dinh)

11 deman (yeu cau)

12 deserve ( xung dang)

13 desire (khao khat)

14 expect (mong doi)

15 fail (that bai)

16 happen (tinh co)

17 hesitate (do du)

18 hope (hi vong)

19 learn (hoc)

20 manage (quan li, xoay so)

21 mean (y dinh)

22 offer (de nghi)

23 plan (len ke hoach)

24 prepare (chuan bi)

25 pretend (gia vo)

26 promise (hua)

27 refuse (tu choi)

28 seem (duong nhu)

29 struggle (dau tranh)

30 swear (xin the)

31 tend (co khuynh huong)

32 threaten (de doa)

33 volunteer (tinh nguyen)

2 try/do one’s best

3 make up one’s mind

4 have an opportunity have a chance

1 ask (yeu cau)

2 beg (van xin)

3 cause (gay ra)

4 challenge (thach thuc)

5 convince (thuyet phuc)

6 dare (thach thuc)

7 encourage (khuyen khich)

8 enable (lam cho … co kha nang)

9 expect (mong doi)

15 order (ra lenh)

16 persuade (11now11t phuc)

17 remind (nhac nho)

18 require (yeu cau) request

1 need + to V: cần phải (thường S chỉ người)

need + Ving (thường S chỉ vật)

(to be Ved/3)

2 reget to V (nghĩa TL, sẽ phải)

forget + remember Ving (nghĩa QK, đã)

3 stop + to V (dường để ………)

+ Ving (dường hẳn ………)

4 advice recommend + O + to V allow + Ving permit

5 try + to V (cố gắng)

+ Ving (thử)

3 Ai đó mất thời gian làm việc gì đó

It + takes/took + some time + to V (Person + spend …… Ving)

4 Extra O

S + find/make + it + adj/n + to V think/feel

consider/prove

5 Sau 1 số adj

S + be + adj + to V

(glad, happy, lucky, sad, afraid, excited, easy, disappointed, pleased, determined, amazed, surprised, willing, sorry, proud,

…)

6 Sau 1 số N

N + to V (advice, ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, chance, decision, dream, failure, permission, plan, request, wish, way, demand, determination, effort, offer, willingness, suggestion, failure …)

7 S + V (+O) + Wh_ + to V

8 Result

S + V + too + adj/adv (for O) + to V

S + V + adj/adv + enough (for O) + to V + enough + N

9 Purpose

to V

in order to V

so as to V

Must

Has to Had to

Used to

Should Ought to Had better Would rather

REDUCED CLAUSED 4B

Past / Present Participle

40 He sang to himself He walked down the street

 Singing to himself, he walked down the street

2 he put on the coat and left the house

 Putting on the coat, he left the house

3 The school was founded in 1918 as an all-girls

school It only began accepting boys in 1970

 Founded in 1918 as an all-girls school, the school

only began accepting boys in 1970

Perfect Participle

40 He had failed twice, he dindn’t want to try

again

 Having failed twice, he dindn’t want to try again

2 He has lived there for such a long time that he didn’t

want to move to another town

 Having lived there for such a long time, he didn’t

want to move to another town

* (not) Ving ………, S + V Active meaning

Happeing at the some time Hành động xảy ra trước – sau (receding – following)

* Ved/3 ………, S + V Being + Ved/3 ………, S + V Passive meaning

 Walking along the street, I saw an accident

2 Since Mary came to this country, Mary has made

many friend

3 Because she was unable to afford a car, she bought

a motorcycle

motorcycle

4 She felt very confident because she had prepared

well of the test

confident

5 Although I admit he is right, I don’t like him

6 Although he is famous, he looks very simple

7 If you had gone to the party, you would have met

her

When = on = upon While = during Ving Before

After + Ved/3 …, S + V Since

Once Having (been) Ved/3

If

- He is talented composer, and he has received many national prizes

- He is selfish and silly; furthermore, he is not responsible

- The car runs well and looks new; moreover, it uses very little

;on the other hand,

;on the contrary,

;in contrast (to…),

- He never works, but he gains all the prizes

- History tells the story of man’s life through ages, yet many people

dislike it

- I’ll offer it to Tom; however, he may not want it

- Mary wanted it; nevertheless, David gave it away

;as a result (of N),

;as a consequence (of N),

;for this reson

- The stores were closed, so I didn’t get any milk

- He has done very good work for the society; therefore,he deserves

- Start right now or we will miss the bus

- You must go to work or else you will lose your job

- The hotels have to make money as well, otherwish the jobs will be

(đã, có thể được)

- be, look, sound, feel, smell, tast, keep

- get, become, turn, come, grown, go

ADVEBS

- quickly, exactly, excellently ( adj + ly  adv )

Special cases

fast – fast

hard – hard / hardly

late – late / lately

EX: He has the same book as mine

be not the same as = be different from

EX: Her book is not the same as mine = Her book is different from mine

S1 + V + not + as / so + adj / adv + as + S2 + (V)

EX: The service is not as / so good as it used to be

S1 + V + not + such + a / an + adj + N + as + S2 + (V)

EX: It is not such a long way as we thought

2 COMPARATIVES (So sánh 2 người hoặc 2 vật)

Từ bổ nghĩa: much, a lot of, far; a little, a bit, slightly

S1 + V + (bổ nghĩa) + adj / adv + er + than + S2 + (V)

EX: A car is (much) faster than a bicycle (is)

S1 + V + (bổ nghĩa) + more + adj / adv + than + S2 + (V)

EX: She worked (a little) more effectively than her sister (did)

S1 + V + (bổ nghĩa) + more + adj / adv + than + V + S2 (đảo ngữ)

EX: She worked (a little) more effectively than did her sister

*The life in the city is more comfortable than that in the country (cấu trúc //)

that với Sít, those với Snhiều

*THE + ADJ / ADV in comparative (1 vần thêm er, 2 vần trở lên dùng more)

EX: Of the two cakes, the round is the nicer

3 SUPPERLATIVES (so sánh 3 người, 3 vật trở lên)

S + V + (by far) + the + adj / adv + est

EX: Susan is (by far) the smartest of all

S + V + the most + adj / adv

EX: This is (by far) the most difficult exercise I’ve ever done

Những trường hợp đặc biệt

the oldest the eldest

Những trường hợp Adj 2 vần so sánh như Adj 1 vần:

Tận cùng bằng : et, ow, y, er, le

Những tính từ tận cùng bằng 1 phụ âm, trước là 1 nguyên âm, thì khi so sánh, ta gấp đôi phụ âm

SO SÁNH CÓ SỐ LẦN

EX: She earns twice as much as I do

SO SÁNH KÉM HƠN

S + V + less + adj / adv + than …

EX: The old machine worked less efficiently than the new one did

DOUBLE COMPARATIVES 7B

* Càng ngày càng

S + V + adj + er and adj + er

+ more and more + adj

+ SSH and SSH

 one syllable

 2 or more syllable

Examble:

* Càng, càng

 The + SSH + S + V, the + SSH + S + V

(nếu V là be thì có thể bỏ) càng

 The + adj + er

 The more + adj

 The more N càng nhiều

(many, much, a lot of)

 The less + Nkđđ

(little) càng ít

 The fewer + Nđđsn

Examble:

1 The weather is hot We feel tired

 The hoter weather is, the more tired we feel

2 We start late We get into much traffic

 The later we start, the more traffic we get into

3 We do many morning experience We get healthy

 The more moring experience do, the healthier we get

4 We read this book carefully We understand it well

 The more carefully we read this book, the better we understand it

5 Food is very expensive So we buy it little

 The more expensive food is, the less we buy it

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES 8

A, AN (a, o, e, u, i) >>> the indefinite articles

40 Đứng trước N đếm được số ít, được đề cập

lần đầu, chưa xác định

2 Giới thiệu nghề nghiệp

3 Trong cấu trúc:

What + a / an + adj + n !

Such + a / an + adj + n

EX:

What a magnificent house!

We shouldn’t go out in such a bad storm

Quite + a / an + adj + n

EX: It’s quite a small house

A / An + n + of + ĐTSH

EX: A friend of mine

4 Đi với N chỉ bệnh tật

I’ve got a headache / a cold

BUT: have flu

THE >>> the definite article

1 THE + N được đề cập lần 2

2 THE + N có số thứ tự (first, second, third,

… last, next) hoặc có so sánh nhất (only)

3 THE + N chỉ nhạc cụ (the guitar, the piano, the violin … )

4 THE + N có mệnh đề theo sau (S + V)

5 THE + N chỉ quốc tịch (the English, the Vietnamese, the French, the Chinese, …)

6 THE + N mà người nói và người nghe đều xác định rõ

7 THE + N chỉ có một (the east, the west, the South, the North, the sun, the moon, … )

8 THE + tên đại dương (the Pacific Ocean) tên sông, biển (the Red River) tên sa mạc (the Sahara) tên rặng núi (the Andes) tên quần đảo (the Bahamas) tên các tờ báo (the Washington Post)

9 THE + hệ thống giao thông (the London Underground)

10 THE + phương tiện truyền thông (the Internet)

11 THE + adj >>> a group of people

The poor The rich The young The old The deaf The dumb The homeless The unemployed The injured The wounded The disaster-stricken

40 THE + tên các tổ chức (the United nations) tên viện bảo tàng (the Louver)

tên khách sạn (the Grand Hotle) tên tòa nhà quan trọng (the Twin Towers) tên nước có “kingdom” or “states” or số nhiều (the United Kingdom the United States the United Arab Emirates the Philippines)

khu vực địa lý (the Middl East)

Những trường hợp không dùng mạo từ

40 N số nhiều mang nghĩa tổng quát

2 N không đếm được mang nghĩa tổng quát

3 N chỉ môn thể thao (football, soccer, tennis,

badminton, volley ball, basket ball, goft, …)

4 N chỉ bửa ăn (breakfast, lunch, dinner)

40 Trong thành ngữ chỉ phương tiện (by car, by

bus,

by underground …)

1 Trước N riêng:

Đường phố (Baker Street)

Hồ, vịnh, núi (Sword Lake, Mt Everest)

Đảo (Easter Island)

Quốc gia (Vietnam, Chines, Japan …)

Tiểu bang (California, Texas … )

Thành phố (New York)

Châu lục (Africa)

RELATIVE CLAUSES (cont) 9

- The man who came to vist us is a computer engineer

- That man, who came to visit us, is a computer engineer

TYPES

Defining Relative Clause

- Đứng sau N chưa xác định rõ, không có nó câu sẽ

không rõ nghĩa

Non-Defining Relative Clause

- Đứng sau N đã được xác định rõ, không có nó câu vẫn rõ nghĩa

- N đã được xác định rõ thường là:

 N riêng

 N chỉ có MỘT (the sun, the moon …)

 N có TTSH/SCH bổ nghĩa

 N có THIS/THAT/THESE/THOSE bổ nghĩa

 WHOM, WHICH không được hiểu ngầm

Những trường hợp bắt buộc dùng THAT

 Sau N vừa chỉ người, vừa chỉ vật

 Sau N có SSI bổ nghĩa (the most + adj / the + adj +est)

 Sau N có STT (fist, second, third, next, last, only,…) bổ nghĩa

 Sau các ĐTBĐ (someone, something,…)

 Sau các N có những chữ như FEW, LITTLE, ANY, ALL,…

“Cleft” Sentences

Nhấn mạnh S

- Freda phoned Jack last night

 It was Freda that phoned Jack last night

- I am in charge of this work

 It’s I that is in charge of this world

 It’s I who am in charge of this work

It + is/was …… That/who ……

(Chính là…….)

Nhấn mạnh O

- I have been waiting for John

 It’s John that I have been waiting for

- My mother gave me this camera

 It was this camera that my mother gave me

It + is/was …… That ……

(that có thể bỏ đi)

Nhấn mạnh Adverbial phrases

She bought him a computer at this shop

 It was at this shop that she bought him a computers

It + is/was …… That ……

(that không được bỏ)

Nhấn mạnh cả mệnh đề

- After their parents died , they realized how important

the parental love was

 It was after their parents died that they realized

how important the parental love was

It + is/was …… That ……