Luyện tập phát âm tiếng Anh theo trọng tâm: Phần 2

Cuốn sách Luyện tập phát âm tiếng Anh theo trọng tâm đề cập đến trọng âm từ tiếng Anh. Đây cũng là vấn đề gai góc như cách phát âm. Nhiều bài tập hết sức có thể được đưa vào giúp bạn đọc có được cách phát âm khả quan hơn. Sách được chia thành 2 phần, mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung phần 2 cuốn sách.

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 28

6 — NGE is always pronounced /—nd3/:

1 danger 2 hinge 8 lounge

7 — DGE is always pronounced /—dy:

1 edge 2 fidget 3 dodge

C Pick out the

from the rest:

grind

beggar shawl word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

B icecream C in

B place C half

D fridge

D name

3 A car B carriage C corn D city

4 A this B thick C math D thin

5 A drive B into C find D outside

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 29

Like the combination — CK -, K is always pronounced as /K/:

1 kale 2 keep 3 kitchen

PRACTICE Transcribe these words:

3 A syllabic L at the end of a word after a consonant:

1 bugle 2 little 8 trouble

E The Consonant N

This is always pronounced /n/, with the following exception: before the

sounds /g, k/, N is pronounced /n/ but only when the syllable has the principal or subsidiary accent:

1 Anchor 2 bán quet 3 lynx

1 monk 5 céngruous

_ 2 zine 6 cénquer

3 congregation 7 brónchial

4, céngress 8 céncord (but: con cérdance)

9 cóncourse (but: to con cur)

NY beat 3 screen 4 people

fewer 3 music 4 amuse

Space 3 able 4 radio adapt 3 platform 4 standing city 3 insect 4 hidden

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

from the rest:

One of the greatest difficulties in English is whether § should be

pronounced VOICED or VOICELESS The sharp outline of the original

rule — /z/ in the middle of a word, /s/ at the end — has become effaced Except for a remnant of about 30 words; however, all follow definite

laws:

100

1 At the beginning of a word, S is always voiceless /s/:

1 sand 2 sense 3 sing 4 song

PRACTICE

Transcribe these words:

1 surgeon 2 syringe 3 skip

4 snake 5 stand 6 sue

Exceptions:

1 sugar /[Óg2/ 2 sure /fue/ (f: voiceless)

2 In the middle of a word, S is voiced before and after a voiced

consonant, voiceless before and after a voiceless consonant

VOICED S ->/Z/ VOICELESS S — /s/

1 cos metic 1 ask

2 dis mal 2 as pirin

3 meas les 3 bes tow

4, hus band 4 es quire

5 Lis bon 5 gras p

6 gos ling 6 mos quito

Exceptions: S in all these words are pronounced /s/

1 pasr ley 4 rans om

2 compens ate 5 tins el

3 cons ul

PRACTICE Transcribe these words:

1 clumsy /z/ 1 whisper /s/

2 crimson /2/ 2 flotsam /s/

3 flimsy /z/ 3 tipsy /s/

4 palsy /2/

5 pansy /z/

6 venison /z/

7 whimsical /z/

3 At the beginning of the root after a prefix ending in a consonant, S

is always yoiceless /s/ (the root is that part which remains after subtracting the prefix and the suffix):

1 ab solute 5 dis sent

2 ab surd 6 ob solete

3 con sider 7 sub side

4 con sume

Exceptions: absolve, dissolve, observe, all /z/

4 At the beginning of the root after a prefix ending in a vowel, S is voiced /z/ in the following word groups:

1 residual 6 resolve

102

5 The prefixes DIS -, MIS -, TRANS -:

« DIS -, MIS - are pronounced /s/ even before voiced consonant and before vowels:

1 dis appear 5 mis giving

2 dis band 6 mis lay

3 dig dain 7 mis use

4 dis order

Exceptions: dis aster, dis ease, both /z/

¢ TRANS - is pronounced /trenz—/ before voiced consonants and before vowels:

1 transact 4 transmit

2 transit 5 transoceanic

3 transliterate 6 transient

Individual case: transition /trenzifn or trensi3n/

il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE

2 1 palette 2 gallery 3 canvas

3 1 laying 2 famous 3 painting

2 treat 3 piece 4 creature

2 tusk 3 trunk 4 monkey

2 stripe 3 tiger 4 ivory

2 spot 3 forest 4 tropical

2 camel 3 panther 4, African

2 face 3 great 4 cage

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest:

1

A slogan B motor C total D proper

A sugar B cassette C fashion D passion

A allow B doubt C bought D scout

A replace B purchase C surface D palace

A absent B recent C descent D realise

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 31

Exceptions: daisy, advisory, provisory, poesy, all /z/

7 Final S in the plural and possessive of nouns and in the present of

verbs is:

a/ voiceless after voiceless consonants /s/

b/ voiced after voiced consonants and vowels /z/

c/ syllabic after sibilants /12/

ships heads loses

Jack’s Tom’s judges

digs ceases moves harasses breathes _ splashes stirs

PRACTICE Transcribe these words:

8 e Final S is voiceless after short vowels — /s/:

1 this 2 thus 3 us 4 yes 5 apparatus

6 axis 7 chaos _ 8 crisis 9 focus 10 oasis

Exceptions: as, is, has, his > all /z/

e S is voiced after long vowels:

1 avoirdupois /vadepl|b} 4 yours

2 series /síari:|sƒ 5 hers

3 species /spí: [| iy 6 theirs

9 The word ending — SE is pronounced:

e /s/ immediately after the stressed syllable:

« /s/ in the combinations ~ LSE, — NSE, — RSE:

1 impulse 2 rinse 3 adverse

PRACTICE Transcribe these words:

1 condense 4 coarse

2 immense 5 nurse

3 tense

Exception: to cleanse /klenz/

e /z/in all verbs in so far as they do not belong to some other group:

1 advise 4 despise 7 oppose

2 comprise 5 advertise 8 diffuse

3 premise 6 compose 9 refuse

106

Transcribe these words:

e /s/ in nouns and /z/ in verbs in the following homographs:

1 the use /s/ — to use /Z/

2 the excuse — to excuse

3 the house — to house

4, the louse — to louse

5 the mouse — to mouse

6 diffuse (adj) — to diffuse

7 the refuse — to refuse

8 close (adj) — to close PRACTICE

Transcribe the following pairs of words:

1 the advice — to advise

2 the device — to devise

3 the brass — to braze

e /z/ in all other words:

1 cheese

4 the glass — to glaze

5 the grass — to graze

6 the loss — to lose

5 noise

2 1 priest 2 preach 3 steeple

B The same exercise:

1 1 fatal 2 angel 3 sacred 4 satan

2 1 Gospel 2 quarrel 3 wander 4 promise

—_ oe o

3 1 idle 2 idol 3 Bible 4 baptize

4 1 Hell 2 death 3 devil 4, heaven

5 1 were 2 earth 3 certain 4 worship

6 1 Eve 2 chief 3 Eden 4 believe

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest:

1 A bury B friendly C pretty D pleasant

2 <A chorus B cherish C chaos D scholarship

3 A creature B decent C league D menace

4 A measure B dreadful C treasure D breathe

5 <A danger B angel C anger D magic

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 32

3 mouths (n & v) 6 youths

5 Derivatives do not change the final /€/ sound:

1 earth en 2 health y 3 filth y

Exceptions:

1 smithy /sm161/ 4 northern /n3:den/

2 worthy /w3:61/ 5 heather /héda/

3 southern /sAdan/

C The Consonant X

1 This is pronounced /ks/, but /gz/ before the principal or subsidiary accent, when the next syllable begins with a vowel or with an H:

2 X is pronounced /z/ in ANXIETY /eyzdioti/, xylophone /zdilefaun/

and other words of Greek derivation

II CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE

1 1 lie 2 vice 3 right

2 1 steal 2 evil 3 greedy

4, 0 1 true 2 truth 8 prudence

B The same exercise:

3 1 some 2 summit 3 country

6 1 peak 2 been 3 ravine

7, 1 dash 2 dazzle 3 glacier

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

from the rest:

1 A.complain B bargain C ascertain D campaign 112

2 <A.brochure B sugar C scholarship _D conscious

3 A.dynamic B hypocrite C cynicism D typical

4 A heroine B penalty C poetic D convenient

5 <A privilege B collage C college D message

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 33

1 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

THE EFFECT OF ACCENT

1 The fundamental rule for the effect of accent is as follows:

If the vowel is unstressed after — CI -, — SI -, — TI -, — CE, these

letters are pronounced /f/, if the vowel has a principal or subsidiary accent, those letters have the value /f1/:

1 artificial ~fIƒV — artiBe ¡ álity fifi £ht/

2 cénscience /-fns/ -> consciéntious /-i€nƒas/

3.ócean — oceánic

4 précigus — preci ósity

5 spécial — speci dlity

6 Asia —> Asi átic

PRACTICE Transcribe the following pairs of words:

1 confidéntial — confident i dlity

2 esséntial —› essent ¡ dlity

3 pártial ~ parti dlity

4 substantial — substant i dlity

2 The verbs ending in — IATE are special cases:

1 appreciate /-i:fieit/ 4 differentiate

C Pick out the

from the rest:

4 ` 1 melt 2 content 3 pleasant

5 1 helped 2 produced 3 harnessed

6 1 appear 2 engineer 3 experienced

B The same exercise:

2 1 oak 2 hole 3 slope

6 1 birches 2 beeches 3 branches

word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

1 A liable B livid C revival D final

2 A houses B faces C horses D places

3 <A pudding B put C pull D puncture

4 A.sovereign _ B fountain C determine _D routine

114

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 34

I BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

THE PALATALIZATION OF - CE -, — CI ~ (Ngạc hóa âm hoặc có các âm vòm họng cứng khi đọc các mẫu tự —- CE

— CI)

¢ The palatal consonants are /f 3 tf d3/

e Palatalization means the process by which the sounds /s t zd g/ merge themselves with a following /j/ sound so that:

1 The palatalization of - CE -, — CI - always produces /{/:

1 acacia /aké1fa/ 4, physician

2 commercial 5 ancient

3 social

PRACTICE Transcribe these words:

1 delicious 4 herbaceous

2 precious 5 rosaceous

2 In the endings — CIABLE, — CIATIVE, — CIATORY, the /—-1-/ is

mostly retained, although the following A does not always have a subsidiary accent:

A Write the pronunciation of the underlined part in

following groups of words:

- unit

display Manager

4 Europe

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

from the rest:

stumble

tasty confusion

tension

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 35

1 inertia /— ƒ1s/ 3 frontier /—tI2/

2 transition 4 righteous /—tfas/

5 No other words ending in — TEOUS have palatalization

Il, CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE

EXERCISES

A Write the pronunciation of the underlined part in each of the following groups of words:

perfumery

century

replace

market almost colony world

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

from the rest:

2 controversial 5 anxious /@nk [as/

3 We get /3/ in the ending — SIER (— ZIER):

1 hosier 4 brazier These three are more

2 osier 5 glazier ¢ frequently pronounced

3 crosier 6 grazier /-€1z1a/

4 — SION is pronounced:

e /-Jn/ after a consonant (including R, 8):

1 aversion 3 succession

2 compulsion 4 tension

e /-3an/ after a vowel:

1 deci sion 2 fusion 3 resci ssion /rIsĩ4en/

Il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE

EXERCISES

A Write the pronunciation of the underlined part in each of the following groups of words:

1 1 lay 2 frame 3 slater

4 mason 5 labour 6 scraper

2 1 straw 2 storey 3 mortar

3 1 ask 2 architect 3 carpenter

B The same exercise:

ea

C Pick out the

from the rest:

width houses

lose

but

cheap

Tain when

ABSENCE OF PALATALIZATION: DISSIMILATION

1 In the following words — at all events in British English — no palatalization takes place:

1 glacial /gléistol/ or /gléstol/

1 Rhodesia /—z19/ 3 Parisian /-zjan/

2 artesian /-zjon/ 4 brazier

PRACTICE

Transcribe these words:

1 glazier /z/ 3 nausea /s/

2 gaseous /s/ 4 omniscient /—stont/

2 Nouns derived from verbs in — CIATE are pronounced — CIATION

/-fie1fn/ Owing to the process of dissimilation the pronunciation /—

sié1fn/ has prevailed in the following words:

« EMACIATION, ENUNCIATION, GLACIATION

« and frequently in the words: APPRECIATION, DEPRECIATION

* similarly SOCIOLOGY /sausibled31/

¢ in the verbs ENUNCIATE & GLACIATE, the /-si/ pronunciation also prevails nowadays

i CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE

EXERCISES

A Write the pronunciation of the underlined part in each of the following groups of words:

Em 1 true 2 move 3 remove

B The same exercise:

*

we

3 1 hedges 2 villages 3 cottages

5 1 train 2 grave 3 graze

6 1 crowd 2 christ 3, creeper

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

from the rest:

1 A disguise B bruise C cruise D suit

2 A.honourable B honesty C historic D heir

3 A creature B creative C creamy D crease

4 A police B seize C machine D veil

5 A ascent B parachute C mission D vicious

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 38

1 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

THE PALATALIZATION OF - GE -, - GI -

¢ In the endings ~ GEON, - GIAN, - GION, ~ GEOUS, — GIOUS the I

or E, as the case may be, no longer has the value of a vowel; it is absorbed through the palatalization of the G The endings are

consequently pronounced /d3on or —d3a5/

1 dungeon 4 egregious

2 surgeon 5 prodigious

3 Belgian 6 outrageous

PRACTICE Transcribe these words:

1 Norwegian 4 religion

2 allegiance 5 sacrilegious

122

smart

baker useful black

labourer

community

anvil

intoxicated circuses travellers clothes

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest:

resent aaaanna

heather charity recruit companion resemble

leather chorus guilty

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 39

I BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

PALATALIZATION THROUGH U

This is in character similar to palatalization through I, but has not had such far — reaching effects We find it regularly in the following endings: -URE(R), — URY, — UE, — UAL, — UOUS

1 — SURE is pronounced

/-39/ after vowels:

1 exposure 2 measure 3 seizure /si:39/

/—fa/ after consonants:

1 censure 2 fissure (= fisher)

— SUR — within the word is pronounced /—39/:

1 censurer 2 treasury 3 usury /JÚ:52r1/

— XUR - in LUXURIOUS /1AgzjÓarias/

but in LUXURY /Akfari/

— SUR - in USURIOUS /ju:zjéar1as/

2 — TURE is pronounced /tfa/; in rare words or in careful speech /-toa/:

aparture /épatfa or — tjuo/ 8 gesture

1

2 candidature /—ditfo/ 9 legislature /-lé1tfa/

4 creature /kri:tfo/ 11 miniature /minjatfa/

5 curvature /—vat fa/ 12 overture /aovatjua or — tfo/

6 furniture 13 signature

7 future

124

— Derivatives and similar formations are pronounced correspondingly:

1 cultural /-tforal/ 5 century /-tfort/

2 futurism /-tƒar—/ 6 fortune

4 picturesque 8 saturate /-tforeit/

1 issue /isju:/ 2 residue 3 virtue

6 — UAL is palatalized only in the words:

2 punctual > /-tfool/ 6 visual /-3juel/

4 casual /ke3uel,— Zjool/ § sexual /sékƒ0al/

In all other formations — in — UOUS, - UENT, - UATE, — UARY, ete —

British English does not palatalize

exer

eee

il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE

EXERCISES

A Write the pronunciation of the underl

following groups of words:

STRONY

na

wo 1 hop

rook roof

weed Smooth honey

- ground hatch

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 40

I BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

SILENT CONSONANTS

The following section provides a survey of the most important

instances of silent consonants:

1 B is silent in —~ MB, — BT and derivatives:

1 handkerchief 2 handsome 3 Wednesday /wenz—/

5 — G is silent in - GM except when in the pre-stress position:

4, arraign 9 benign /-nain/

PRACTICE

Transcribe these words:

1 oppugn /ppju:n/ 2 reign 3 sign 4 sovereign

— In the derivatives, G is pronounced:

1 heir 2 honest 3 honour 4, hour

But not in INHERIT

1 annihilate /andrelett/ 3 shepherd /fépad/

2 prohibition /proui—/ 4 vehement /VÍ:I—/

PRACTICE Transcribe these words:

~ But it is pronounced before the stressed syllable:

1 nihility 2 prohibit 8 vehicular

7 — K is silent in BLACKGUARD /biéga:d/

~ and in KN -:

1 knee 2 knife 3 knob

8 — Lis silent in - ALK, —- ALM, — ALF:

1 talk 2 almond 3 calf

— in — OLK, — OLM and other cases: (See PRONUNCIATION 18)

1 folk 2 holm

~ also in:

1 could 2 should 3 would /~ud/

9 — N is silent in — MN (in the verb forms as well):

3 damn 6 hymn

— But it is not silent in the derivatives:

1 autumnal /9:tAmnal/ 4 hymnology

11 R is silent between vowels only in IRON /d1on/

12 — S is silent before palatal combinations

13 ~ T is silent above all in —

between S and a consonant:

1 answer /d:nso/ 2 housewife 3 two /tu:/

Il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE

EXERCISES

A Write the pronunciation of the

following groups of words:

underlined part in each of the

barrow Stall poultry sight

- Master

Oo (3

ww

what Weave Shepherd climb

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

from the rest:

office

Cosy

Part Two

WORD STRESS

“English word stress cannot be learnt by means of rules In most cases there is no rule as to the incidence of stress It is therefore necessary for the forign student to learn the stress of every word individually.” (Professor Daniel Jones, the Quthine of English

Phonetics.)

“But the rules do exist and they can be a great help to the learner.”

(W Friederich) For each rule only a few examples are adduced; in most cases they stand for dozens, if not_hundreds, of others Often the best ~ known words have not been chosen as examples since the reader will

easily find these for himself The exceptions, on the other hand, have

been listed as completely as possible, so that very often there are more

of the latter than the words exemplifying the rule This circumstance

is due soly to lack of space and the reader should not thereby be induced to think that the rule has only a very limited validity

STRESS OF TWO - SYLLABLE WORDS

A Words of two syllables are usually stressed on the first:

1 bréther: 3 cóuntry:

2 window: 4, standard:

B Verbs compounded with prefixes are stressed on the last: