Design project i simulation of routers of mobile ad hoc network and evaluate data transmission of network using UDP through wireless channel

Therefore, each adhoc node in the MANET will act as a Layer 3 router to provide connectivity to other nodes in the network.. Each adhoc node maintains routes to other nodes in the MANET

HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

UDP through wireless channel

Instructor: Dang Quang Hieu Class: ET-E4 K63

Name: Le Bao Ngoc

Student ID: 20182930

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I) Overview of our project

II) Technical characteristic of MANETs

IV) Implement MANETs on NS3

I) OVERVIEW OF MY PROJECT

A.Overview

In recent years, with the dramatic improvement of data structures and

algorithmic techniques with fundamental techniques of measurement with

network communication is the foundation of this field Before concluding this

resource, we have a report on subject that we learn and practice during this by

making a simple server to test the loss propagation and do the survey with data

rate of my server With the knowledge I have learned about , I will find the best

form of my server and get the best simple server, avoid packet loss when doing

and researching a more complicated server

B.Development history

-Mobile Ad-hoc Network - MANET was formerly known as wireless network

package, and funded, developed by DARPA in the early 1970s

-Then a new network: SUSAN (Adaptive Survivable Network) was proposed

published by DARPA in 1983 to support a larger, more robust network

-Build up a server with full infrastructure is so costly and not reasonable Some

places don’t have condition: Sponsor, Geography location, Facilities,… So, we

need to build a wireless communication network without infrastructure to ensure

that mobile device or electronics can transmiss and get information conveniently

over nodes and interconnection of server It is model of mobile ad hoc

netwook(MANETs)

MANETs architecture

D.Basic knowledge of MANETs

The Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) consists of loosely interconnected

router domains A MANET is characterized by one or more MANET network

interfaces, which are distinguished by their time-varying "asymmetric

accessibility" to neighboring routers These routers identify and maintain a

routing structure between them Routers can communicate over dynamic radio

channels with asymmetric access, are mobile, and can join or leave the network

at any time In order to communicate with each other, adhoc nodes need to

configure their network interface with local addresses that are valid in the area

of that adhoc network Adhoc nodes may have to configure routable global

addresses to communicate with other devices on the Internet From an IP layer

perspective, the MANET acts as a Layer 3 multi-hop network made up of links

Therefore, each adhoc node in the MANET will act as a Layer 3 router to

provide connectivity to other nodes in the network Each adhoc node maintains

routes to other nodes in the MANET and network routes to destination nodes

outside of that MANET If connected to the Internet, MANETs become edge

networks, meaning their borders are defined by edge-routers Due to the nature

of the links that make up the MANET, the adhoc nodes in the network do not

share access for the multicast signaling single link Thus, in MANETs, there is

no reserve or dedicated multicast link and broadcast link

Test with MANET Routing(employs several multihop routing protocol,

and packet queueing and enqueuing) with high data rate transmission and

with low packetper second we can evaluate data transmission exactly

through AWGN Channel and AWWN+Rayleigh Channel

Result:

E.Functional requirement of MANETs

1) Main function:

-MANETs is network that has seft-setup and be adaptive(tính tự thiết lập và dễ thích

nghi).All nodes of network can moving make topology structure of network change,

but network nodes can detect the appearance of other one and process the

connection to transmiss information without management of host station or control

devices.Noticed that, besides detecting the connection of devices, it can types of

device and respective description of this connected devices(laptop, PDA or

smartphone,….) so the calculating, storing, data transmission of each node is also

different when compared these nodes.Specially, routing problems is very importantbecause it is effect on MANET’s efficiency

II) TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MANETs

*Functional Characteristic:

1)Autonomous terminal(thiết bị tự trị đầu cuối): In MANETs, each end

point-mobile devices is self-control node(node tự trị) It can own function of

host(máy chủ) and router(định tuyến)

2)Distributed operation(Phân chia hoạt động): All node of network have good

combination to each other, so it is easier for observing and manage to distribute to

start-end point(thiết bị đầu cuối)

3)Multihop router(định tuyến đa lường): Based on different attribute connection

can set router on 1 hop or multihop over wirless communication range(phạm vi

truyền tải không dây)

4)Dynamic network topology(cấu hình động): Because all nodes are mobile

nodes, so structure of network is easily change, so MANETs will routers

adapting and condition of propagation like mobile sample and mobile node.Thus,

not only MANETs can operate inside mobile network but also it can access to

public network(Internet)

5)Fluctuating link capacity(dao động về lượng liên kết): High bit error of

propagion is notice to MANETs network since inteference, multipath effects and

its effect is less than ethernet channel(mạng có dây)

6)Light-weight terminals(tối ưu hóa thiết bị dầu cuối): All node need to

be optimized algorithms and operation

*Classify based on function:

1)Flat MANETs(Mạng MANETs đẳng cấp)

- Hierachical MANETs(Mạng MANETs phân cấp)

+This is the most commonly used model In this model, the network is divided into domains, in each domain includes one or more clusters, each cluster

is divided into many nodes There are two types of nodes, master node and

normal node

++Master node: is the node that administers a router that is responsible

++Normal nodes: are nodes located in the same cluster It can connect

to the nodes in the cluster or connect to other clusters through the master node

+With mechanisms on the network to use bandwidth resources more efficiently because messages only have to be transmitted in 1 cluster

However, managing node mobility becomes more complex The hierarchical

network architecture is suitable for networks with low mobility

Hierachical MANETs Model

- Aggregate MANETs(Mạng MANETs kết hợp)

+Network = Zones, Zone = nodes+Each node consists of two topology levels: low-level topology (node level), and high-level topology (zone level)

+Each node is characterized by: node ID and zone ID In a Zone can applyhierarchical architecture or hierarchical architecture

Aggregate MANETs Models

2)Classify based on protocol:

-Signal-hop: The singal-hop routing Manet network is the simplest type of ad-hoc network model In it, all nodes are in the same coverage area, that is, nodes can connect directly to each other without the need for intermediate nodes

Mobile-multihop Model

*Connection type and working mechanism:

1)Network topology connection types.

-Mobile server network: in this topology, devices are only linked to a single server

The network has inhomogeneous mobile devices

-The network has inhomogeneous mobile devices: in this topology, machines

can link directly to each other within their coverage area

2) Operation mode

-IEEE-ad hoc mode: In this mode, mobile nodes communicate directly with each

other without the need for any infrastructure In this mode, links can not be

made over multiple hops

-Infrastructure mode: In this mode, the network includes fixed AP access points

and mobile nodes participating in the network, performing communication

through the access points In this mode, links can be made over multiple hops

III) ROUTING OF MANETs

*Routing type of MANETs:

-Bellman-ford routing:

+In the Bellman-Ford algorithm, every node maintains a routing table or

information matrix, its distance and information about its next node on the shortest

path to any destination, where the distance is the shortest length from the node to

the destination To update information about the shortest path, each node will

exchange frequently routing table with buttons next to it

+Based on the routing table from those neighboring nodes, any node knows the

shortest distance from its neighbors to any destination node Therefore, for each

destination node, the starting node will choose an intermediate node for the next

hop such that the distance from it through the intermediate node to the

destination node is minimal

-Path routing:

+New protocols such as DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) and

WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol) is based on DBF to provide repeater routing

do Even if the problem has been solved, there is still a problem of lack correctly inDBF routing, this problem can cause performance degradation network

+The cause of the inaccuracy is that the network node is not available

network-wide state information leads to only optimal decisions in the local scope, it does

not guarantee an optimal solution in the environment of mobile

-On-demand routing:

On-demand routing is known as DC (Diffusion Computation) as well used in

wireless networks In the On-demand routing scheme, a node constructs a path by

interrogating all the nodes in the network Package query finds the IDs of the

intermediate nodes and stores them in the Path section When detecting the query,

the destination node or the nodes that know the way to the destination answer the

quality of query by responding “source routed” to the sender

-Area Routing:

This is a hybrid protocol between On-demand routing and an arbitrary protocol

period existed In zone routing, each node defines its own zone when the node is at

certain distance The advantage of zone routing is scalability level when the

storage need for the routing table decreases

*Main routing protocol of MANETs:

-Proactive(định tuyến theo bảng):

+DSDV(Destination Sequence DistanceVector)

+OLSR(Optimized Link State Routing)-Reactive(định tuyến theo yêu cấu):

+DSR(Dynamic State Routing)+AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing)Beside that, we can classify by to types: Link State Protocol, Distance Vector

Protocol

1) DSDV(Destination Sequence Distance Vector)

-DSDV is a step-by-step distance vector routing protocol: Each node maintains a

routing table that stores the possible destination at the next hop of the route and

the number of steps to reach the destination DSDV requires the node to

periodically send broadcast routing information across the network

-The advantage of DSDV is that it ensures no closed routes by using sequence

numbers to mark each path The sequence number indicates how "new" the route

is, the larger the number, the higher the degree of assurance (the R path is

considered better than R' if the sequence number of R is larger, in the case of the

same number) order, then R must have a smaller number of steps) The sequence

number will increase when node A finds that the route to destination D is broken,

then node A advertises its route to node D with unlimited number of hops and the

sequence number will increase

- DSDV depends on periodic broadcasts, so it takes time to collect information before the route is available This time is negligible for fixed-structured networks in general (including wired networks), but for Ad hoc networks this time is significant, which can cause packet loss before it can

be detected reasonable routing In addition, periodic advertising bulletins are also a cause of wastingnetwork resources

2) OSLR(Optimized Link State Routing)

-It is proactive => Routes are prepared before needed

-It is optimize => Min flooding duplication in highly connected nets

-Ask only a subset of neighbors to forward link states This subset is “Multipoint

Relay”(MPR) For instance, if X is your MPR, you are X’s “MPR selector” Each

MPR has set of MPR selectors Each node sends link state to all its neighbors

MPRs forward link state of MPR selectors Other neighbors use information to

compute routing table, but it is not forward OLSR significantly reduces the link

state control traffic

Example of OSLR:

+Node 5 has selcted 4,8 as MPR

+Node 5 sends a link state to2,3,4,6,7,8,11

+Nodes 2,3,6,7,11 uses the info but do not forward

+Node 4 uses the info and forwards it to 1,6,12,13

+Node 8 uses the info and forwards it to6,9,10

3) DSR(Dynamic State Routing)

- This is a protocol in the form of Distance Vector used in Manet When a network node needs to transfer data but does not know the path to a certain address, this network node initiates the process of route discovery (Route discovery) So DSR is a passive protocol (Only updates the

network state and finds the path when required) One advantage of DSR is that no routing packets are sent periodically (since there is no need to update the network state as often – in contrast to the Link state protocol) The DSR is also capable of operating a one-way link Because DSR finds its way on demand, it is not suitable for high-capacity and highly mobile networks The DSR protocol also has two main operations: Route finding and path maintenance The following figure shows a simple example of DSR Routers A, B and C form a Manet network Router A and C are not

connected to each other while both are connected to router

DSR Model

+During routing, routers maintain a list of the IDs of intermediate routers in recent

search requests to avoid having to process the same (repeated) lookup request

Lookup requests are ignored in cases where they have already been processed near

that point and are identified as a duplicate request When a router receives a

request and realizes that its ID is already in the intermediate router list for that

request, the request is ignored

+ Path maintenance occurs when the path becomes unusable because of the unpredictablemovement of routers (characteristic of MANET) Each router manages all paths to forward packets, when a path fails, a packet of route error reporting (Route error) is immediately sent to the source router and the corresponding path So the broken path will be ignored

4) AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing)

-In AODV, route reply comeback on the reverse path(intermediate record node

from which the first copy was received), so intermediate nodes update their

following table, old entries are time out

-AODV supports only symmetric links If a source node moves, it must reinitiate

route request If an intermediate node moves, all upstream nodes broadcast a link

failure to their upstream neighbors until source node is reached But this protocol

has disadvantage: Intermediate nodes may send more up-to-date but still state

routes

-Example of AODV:

+Node 1 sends route request to 2,3,4

+Node 2 sends route request to 5,7

+Node 3 has 3-5-8-9-10 <Sequence#1>

+Node 4 has 4-6-8-9-10 <Sequence#4>

+Node 4 reponds

IV) IMPLEMENT MANETs ON NS3

A.Create network’s nodes on MANETs

Simulated mobile node model

The main network elements used to construct the protocol layer for each mobile

node include: channel, network interface, radio propagation model, and

protocols MAC, interface queue, link layer, ARP address resolution protocol

model, and routing agent

There are currently several pre-installed protocols in NS3 namely DSDV, AODV,

TORA,OLSR,DSR,…

B.Shared media model

The wireless model is based on the shared media model (Ethernet in the air),

illustrated in below figure All mobile nodes have one or more connected

network interfaces

connected to a channel A channel is a specific band of radio frequencies with its

own modulation and coding scheme Channels are orthogonal, which means that

packets sent on one channel do not interfere with packets transmitted and

received on another channel

The basic operation is as follows, every packet sent or placed into the channel

will be received or copied by all mobile nodes connected to the same channel

When the mobile node receives the packet, the node first considers whether it

received the packet or not This is dictated by the radio broadcast model, based on

the communication band, the distance the packet has traveled, and the amount of

bit errors

Shared media model on NS3

C.Mobile node on MANETs

1)Operation of mobile node

Each mobile node uses a routing agent to calculate the route to other nodes in the AD

HOC network Packets are sent from the application and received by the routing

component This part will decide the path of the packet to reach the destination and

attach this information to the packet The packet is then sent down to the link layer

correct interface When the information is received, the packet is sent down the

interface queue and waits for the signal from the MAC protocol When the MAC

layer decides which packets can be sent into the channel, the packet is taken

from the queue to the network interface and then sent out over the air channel

The packet is copied and delivered to all network interfaces at the time the first

bit of the packet begins to arrive at the interface in the physical system Each

network interface marks the packet with properties of the receiving interface and

then invokes the broadcast model

2)Topology of mobile node

-A mobile node is a basic nsNode object with additional functions such as

movement, the ability to transmit and receive on a channel allowing it to be used

to create mobility, simulating a wireless environment The MobileNode class is

derived from the base class Node MobileNode is a split object The mobility

features including node movement, periodic location updates, maintaining

topology boundaries, etc are implemented in C++, while the network elements in

the MobileNode itself (such as classifiers, dmux, LL, etc.) Mac, Channel, )

-A definite adhoc-routing agent that creates a network stack consisting of a link

layer, an interface queue, a MAC layer, and a network interface with an antenna,

using the radio broadcast model, links between components and connect the

stack to the channel

3)Moblie node’s movement creation on MANETs

-Mobilenode is designed to move in 3D space However, so far the 3rd dimension

(Z) is not used, that is, the mobilenode is assumed to always move on a plane with Z = 0 Then the mobilenode has X, Y, Z coordinates (= 0) is continuously adjusted as the button moves There are 2 mechanisms for creating motion in mobilenodes In the first method, starting from the location of the node and the destinations of those nodes can be explicitly set Control directives are usually in a separate migration script file

-The initial location and destination for a mobilenode can be established using the

following APIs:

$node set X_ <x1>

$node set Y_ <y1>

$node set Z_ <z1>

D.Create protocol entities and traffic generators

Communication network models

-The communication models simulated in NS3 include two types of traffic

generators and simulated applications Communication generators use the UDP

protocol to send packets, and simulation applications use the TCP protocol

-There are four types of traffic generators: exponential, pareto, CBR and file trace

traffic generators

+Exponentially distributed traffic generator: generates traffic according to an

exponential on/off distribution During the “on” period, packets are sent at a fixed

rate, and during the “off” period no packets are sent In addition, the on and off

times are distributed according to an exponential distribution Packets have a

constant size The exponential traffic generator is configurable to act as a Poisson

process

+Parero distributed traffic generator: generate traffic according to Pareto on/off

distribution.This distribution is similar to the power on/off distribution, the only

difference being the on and off time periods taken according to the Pareto

distribution These sources can be used to generate combined traffic representing

dependencies

+Evenly distributed traffic generator - CBR: generates traffic at a specified

rate determined The packet size is constant In addition, a number of random

oscillations are performed between the starting intervals of the packets

+Trace file traffic generator: generates traffic according to a trace file that

determines the time to transmit and stop transmitting packets and other parameters

based on data obtained from the real network, recorded in the trace file

E.Create motion patterns following templates

-In AD HOC network simulation, migration patterns play a very important role

They need to accurately represent the possible contexts of the network and help

determine the correct performance of the protocols before being implemented in

practice For wireless networks, two types of migration models are used, the

trace model and the synthetic model Trace models are patterns of movement

observed in the real system Trace models provide accurate information,

especially when they involve many participants and the observation period is

long enough However, with the new network environment, AD HOC networks

are not easily traceable In this case it is necessary to use synthesize models

-Synthesize models attempt to represent the behavior of mobile nodes without

resorting to a trace model by statistically describing node movements Each node

is assigned an algorithm to randomize the movement The network migration

pattern is the set of migrations from applying the migration model to one or more

nodes Two typical migration models that emulate AD HOC networks are the

Random Waypoint and the Random Walk

*General diagram of simulation:

V)WIRELESS CHANNEL

A.PARAMETERS OF WIRELESS CHANNEL

-BANDWIDTH (Unit: KHz/MHz): The space allowing how much amount of

data should be transferring Higher the bandwidth the more will data transfer and

receiving rate

-ARIER FREQUENCY (Unit: KHz/MHz): In telecommunications, a carrier

wave, carrier signal, or just carrier, is a waveform that is modulated with

an information-bearing signal for the purpose of conveying information \

B.TWO TYPES OF WIRELESS CHANNEL

-Communication channel means a physical transmission medium Channels

is used to convey an information signal A defining characteristic of the

mobile wireless channel is the variations of the channel strength over time and

over frequency The variations can be roughly divided into two types:

+ Large-scale fading, due to path loss of signal as a function of distance and

shadowing by large objects such as buildings and hills