nutrient load assessment from agriculture in the leningrad oblas ppt

In Estonia the project focussed an the practical aspects read tothe operation and Imainisnance of monitoring stations, The min partner in Estonia as ‘Ae Lita, lstiute of Environmental En

© norden

Nutrient load assessment from agriculture

in the Leningrad Oblast

Siei cổ bạn quyền

© noraen

Sách có bàn quyền

Nutrient load assessment from agriculture in the Leningrad Oblast

‘TemaNord 2008590

Aneieo

Sách có bàn quyền

‘met an the Committe of Natural Resources i the Lenjngrdl OMlad,

‘The penjoct leader his been Johaanes Declstra Soil and Enviconmet Division, Biolorsk Other parcipans fom Bioforsk were Heidt Geom ston and Ada Parc

‘he project was citi ut both in Esta and Norwiy In Estonia the project focussed an the practical aspects read tothe operation and Imainisnance of monitoring stations, The min partner in Estonia as

‘Ae Lita, lstiute of Environmental Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology

“The second par ofthe projet ws earied out in Nowy’ and focussed

‘on the dcsign ab operation of monitoring stations, ator sampling ou Hines collection of secondary’ dats an the interaction wih farmer exten sion services, The project was terminated by a seminar, including parts

‘pants from Sweden, Finland, Leningrad Oblast, Estonia, Latvia, Kalinin rad and Norway and covered aspects telated to monitoring and assessment of ruitient foals from agricultural dominated extent, Seales issues data analysis autient medeling and good agricultural practices a practiced inthe Bakie and Scandinavian countries,

“This eeport has been writen by Johannes Desi, Arvo ital, Heid Gesnsten and Adar Partch

Sách có bàn quyền

Summary

“The min objective ofthe project” Motoring a assessment of nutrient Toads from agriculture in the Leningrad Oblast” has bo to carry out a Programme for training ad capacity huiling i hath Estonia aad Nor

‘ay Both countries have been atively involved inthe implementation

‘of harmonised mets in projets related to agreultre and nutrient Palluson of the Baltic Sea,

“The projet conettd the followings

+ Monitoring methods from agricultural dominated ctchanens inthe Lesiaarkl Oblast should be in ine with dose applied i the Baie and Searinavin countries and be implemented ta newly

‘stablshed monitoring staion in th Leaingral Ohiaf

4+ Exchange of knowledge hotscen experts om the Leningrad Oblast, [Estonia andl Norway’ ithe operation, management and reporting of itoring esl should continu

stowed to be necessary and should continue

+ Point see polation cam bea important source of mtrent 0

‘open water systenis and groundwater, A pilot project for th cẽn" logical treattent of sewage eunoft should be considered

+ The necessity ofa close linkage between monitoring programmes extension services and farmer organization in obtaining improved

‘water quality was clearly demonstrated nthe pj

The establishment ofa network i the il of moitoring ad assess

‘en of nrent losses rom agricultural dominated catchments be secen researchers from Leningrad Oblast, Buc and Scandinavian counties has given posing results and shld continue

Sách có bàn quyền

1 Introduction

“The Baltic Sea is an eoosysten) under severe sess, and setions ae ocded to ensure its sustainable development, Agriculture contsbutes a Sienificaat portion ofthe murient Toss tthe environment being £0 large degree cesponsible forthe euophication of inland surface waters anu coastal zones in the Nordic and Baltic counties (Stanacke 1996, HELCOM, 2004) In she quantification oF nutrient Toss, common meth sts have been asd in the Seandinavian countries, Since the beginning of the 1900's, similar methods were intduced ia the Baltic <ouatties though joint projects between Seandinavian and Bui courses main component in the co-operation has always been capacity — and insttue tional building, Many’ projcts were carried ut i close cooperation be= tween the Swedish Agricultural University (SLU) and Bioforsk, Norway Bofors has been eesponsiic forthe design ofthe monitoring and aut

cent assessment component in the Baltic Sea Regional Project (BSRP), financed by the Work! UankiGEE and executed in Estonia, Latvia, Livan and the Kabiningsad region, Because of is experience in moni: toring and assessment of autient loss from agriculture Bioforsk was invited wo take part inthe project “AELO ~ Agiculore and Environment inthe Leningrad Oblast”, canied out by Reference Center of Rossel hoznaizoe (FGU: previously CAS - Cemal Agrochemical Service, Push in) in coopera with Niras AB (ormedly Seanagi eden) From the hesinning a important aspect in the AELO - prject fs bee the gua fieation of nutrient lows fom agricukural dominated catchments, The AELO-procet initiated s monitoring programme which resulted in the

‘onstrtion of monitoring station in he Suida ca

ral Oblast The station was conetroeled in fine with those wed in te

—

Baltic and Scandinavian counties, To guarantee proper operation of the

¬

‘monitoring acti ingral Obst, the tea o inte a project for training and capacity building in the operation and management evolved

Fal or vere granted by the Nondie Council of Ministers (NCM) 10 camry out such a projet in both Esonia and Navway From Leningrad Oblast, the Reference Center of Rosselhornadeor, Reslfydromet ad the Commitee of Natural Resources participated in the project The lead parier ofthe projet was Bofors, Norway tn Eston, the main partner

in the project hasbeen the liviufe of Envronmenial Enginseing, Ti linn University of Technology TUT)

During the Gest part of the projet, epresentatives from the FGU (Yulia Razomosskaya Vitalé Dourechenskiy Irina Korolenks and

Yuri Ktomyakow) visited Ftonia It was antejpatod thar ia follow up

to the ALLO ~ project, the monitring and assessment of nuit oss fiom agricultural dominated catchments in the Leningrad Oblast jointly

‘would he cared out by the Leningrad Refeeence Cente (PGU) and the Leningrad Regional Cenwe on Hydrometeorology an monitoring of the

<avironment (ResHiydromet) Therefore, during the second part of the

‘projet, epresentatives fms FGU (Alexander Pesovic, Valentina Sob leva) and RosHydromet (Yuri Malashin in ation dhe Viee Head of the Connminee of Natural Rescurees (Rots Prokhorov) visited Biforsk Norway Abo Natalia Schogina (HydroMeuKaliningad) and) Naa Haluk, (LIU, BSRP!Ksliningrad) visited Norway

In both Estonia and Nowy the partcipans were resented with se

«ral aspeets in monitoring and assessment neling

+ design of monitoring stations and water sampling rouines

+ operation and management and data quality contol

+ analysis mettods for soi and water samples, their interpretation

‘nd use in farm management

4 data analysis including vend analysis and modelling

+ collection an use of fm management, including nutrient budgets

at fr and catchment Level

+ t0 zane mitt leaching and experimental pt lay

4-nutvient tosses reduction through vegstation ponds

+ ateraction herween monioring programmes, eatenson serves

For farmers and agricultural education

+ soil mapping and its application

+ ecological treatment systems for diffuse aud pints source pollution

“The programme was termina

‘iol paticipants fom Sweden, Finland, Estonia a Latvia in Nonay’ with a seminar, neluded

addi-2 Monitoring and assessment of

nutrient losses

‘The adjective of « monitoring programme isto provide data on nutiem! Toss fiom fepreseatatve apscultucal areas, in order to suppostaational authorities in their development of sstinable agiculural pnvluetion systems and to meet the data sequirnent for he repoting t0 vious regional and international organisations (eg HELCOM, EU, OECD),

‘Thotefore, in addon to the specific national needs, a monitoring po

azamme will have a regional perspective Furtheemore, in designing &

‘monitoring progranane its inportant 10 eoasider its "suaiesbiily" the proposed activities should not he extravagant with regard to fe

“spacitis One way 10 enhance ths sbstainaility 40 design monitoring Programmes that are both suitable and arate for rescarch and ec

nl perposes For these reasons it aso important th the applied measuring methods and procedures are sufficiently advanced to comply with intraoral scientific standards, An important secondary objective

‘of monitoring programmes is to demonstrate the efficiency of different tien rodudion measures to lal owners,

‘The monitoring system to be implemented i the Levingead Oblast

‘complies with the methadologies applied in the iparian omnis 0 the Baltic Sea, The backbone of monitoring and assessment of nutrient loss tro agricultural dominated eatehmcnts isthe measurement of discharge

in combination with water sampling However, a aumber of addtional

‘measurements should fe cated out w fe able To interpret, analyse and report on the measured nuttent loss aa ielade among others elma ological data, soil dats and information on farming practices in the

——

2.1 Discharge measurement

Discharge measurements in small aprcultural catchments i the Lenin ral Oblast should preferably comply with the methods as applied in host Scandinavian and Baltic counties tn most cases discharges ate measured using fixed discharge measurement structures in those eoun vies The advantage sboh stuetures the avail

"¬- thle stage -scharge relation, expressing the Flt betcen te Her level measured upstream frm the measuring structre and its dischage During the waining and capacity period in both Estonia and Norway a significa amount of atenion ss paid 0 the design, management sind

M1 Monitoring and anesomet fri tnd fom aria

‘operation ofthe discharge measurement systems In Estonia, the Ragin and Hinej6gi monitoring stations were visited while in Norway the Sku terud and Mode station were visited Those monitoring stations form part of the national programmes to quantify nutrient and sil Toss from sgricultual dominated catchments

2ALI The V-notch

Although not extensively sed in the Estonian and Norwegian monitoring Programm for agricultural dominate catchments, the V-notch is widely used as discharge measurement siucture io many programmes (Fig 1, Its therefore considered relevant © presea its main characteristics in Aaldition to oidelines om how (© design the V — notch, The stage dis charge elation is:

The discharge eoetfcien is, w= 0308 + 0.0087 AM

the elective water level in meter (Otes, J and E, Resta, 1978)

Limits of enpication for V-notch

‘+ When erosion andthe subsequent transport of suspended mater ae dominant inthe catchment, the V-notch isnot proposed, The structure has low capacity wansport sediments and asa consequence

‘maintenance equiements will be high

‘+The V-notch has lo operate under Ire ow conditions meaning

‘hat the head oss must he bigger than the measured upstream

water level th

4+ The wate level () should be measured at adistance 3-4 x ya

from the V-notch

‘+ Tho upsream water level 0) should preferably he igger than 6 em Por lower values the uncertainty in the discharge coefficient and there

by in discharge measurement increases

+ Sedimentation upstream from the structure influences the discharge

cveticicnt there affeting the accuracy

Monitoring ond arent of ric na

ample the caletion of charge ora Wc

An exmpl spe ora V.nth ih an ang 120 Te St cael

“he dchrge contin ical se 9488 94687 ACE

For» DSi, he ig oie j= 08778

‘Wi aang = 12h va frig 0g

‘The discharge is then

Ge wx ig megs sal s TREY

‘The Crump-wer isa short crested weit, extensively use in the agricul

‘ural environmental monitoring programme in Norway (JOV.A) as well as

16 Monitrng and arco of atric tnds from aire

in Estonias envionmental monitoring programme Ove of the main ad vantages isthe ability to transport sediments over the erst The wei is Aeveloped atthe Hydraulics Research Laboratory, Wallingford, England and is credited to E.Crump (1952) The Crump vir is widely used in the Baltic counties and Norway In Estonia, two diferent monitoring locations wore visited, ic, Rigint and ling The Raigina sation was

‘xtablished through cooperation between Bioforsk (then Jordfrsk) and SLU The Jini monitoring station (Fig 2) has heen established as part

‘ofthe Balle Sea Regional project

During the final stage ofthe AELO — projet, a Crump —weie was con- strut in the Suida catchment in te Leningrad Oblast

“igøc3 are he iainontorig ston

Morongo arene of ric as om agrntnre 7

igre 3 Seto te Cramp weir Bo, 1978)

“Those isa nique relation between the discharge (Q) and the water level atthe gauging stavon hy) fora Crump weir (Fe 3)

€ approach velocity coefficient at gauging station

by water level measured a control section

Discharge oeffciem Cy

‘The following elation berwes

water evel hy) exists, the discharge coefficient (C,) and the

fork) <0.10m fork > 0.0m

Approach velocity coefficient, C

“The apprsch velocity coetficiens corres forthe flow velocity st the _sauging location Table 2 presents C.- values as function of the dime

on in which

sionless aio of Cy x AH; fora rectal cross see

Boxy aid A, = B x (p +) n which pis the crest height of he Cau,

+ To avoid to large flow velocities athe ga

Timits of sppication are wo be considered 1 ation, he folowing

Buhy22 hyp 538 + The Crump x

‘he submergence ratio should never exeved ican operate under submerged conditions However

— om agrntnre 19

‘sample the caeation o dchorge fora Cramp wee

“in, Bọn Lm The charge wil bese orate, Sm The scree cet (Cy eae og

2.1.3 Other discharge measurement structures

Besides the V-otch and Ceump weit, there i a wide eange of fixed is charge meusurement structures with known heuds-discharge relations avilable, An excellent overview over different discharge measurement systemsfructures is given by Bos (1978)

214 Berors in discharge measurements

“The malo eros, affecting the accuracy in discharge measurement, ean be Aivided into a) spurious erors, caused by human mistakes or instnment

‘malfunction and b) systematic emors which are constant of variable (Bos, 1978),

20 Moning and aresment fee eas fom agree

Tes ofien possible to locate and eliminate spurious esos fom data series because

the sudden malfunctioning of as

realistic, outlying val,

Systematic errs are constant or can develop over time They căm

of their magnitude An example ofa spurious error can be

of, shown ina daa series a6 non

Ihave serio eect on the final result and one is often unaveare of theie presence, Many systematic errors ean be avoided through good mainte

ce and operation routines while otters ean he corrected for, once one

is avare of them Below an overview over the most comnion enor ate

gien

Errors in water level measurements

For both the V-notch and the Crump weir the location for water level

‘measurement is specified Deviation from this lation wil ead exors inthe discharge An example of his is given fora V-note with an ang, (0 =135° The magnitude of he eror varies withthe height ofthe water level over the ees Fig 4)

wwerineleem Figure Cartel an celal charge fora Vetch witha anf, = 135

Ie is recommended that at a staf gauge i installed at the monitoring hoe tion During regular visits the “rue” water level eal onthe staf gauge and checked against the water level, read by the presse transducer Ad justmeots should be made when the deviation from the “ruc” water level

‘exceeds a specific value, depending on the allowable eror in discharge

Constretional enors

‘The effet of eansructional errs on the discharge can sometimes he aijusiod for by ewealeulating the head - discharge relation, This applies for example to an cror in the width ofthe Crump - ceo a errr inthe angle ofthe V-notch However, no comeetion is possible when errors in

Moning ond anexment often tas from agrclnre 2

comet of the steueture have occured, in which case a new head tischarge relation has to be established using alternative discharge meas-

Sedimentation

Sedimentation problems often lead 10 errors in discharge meastrement Sedimentation infront of ø V-notch will discharge caeficent, In & Similae way will sedimentation upstream the erest of a Crump wei will Tea oa change inthe approach velocity coefficient C

‘The effect of sedimentation of the discharge can be calculated for & Crump wei (Fig 5),

‘rors in discharge measuremens For the V-notch, submerged ow vc

‘ures a Soon a5 the downstream water level eomes above the vertex of the V-notch, No correction can be made this conditions osc,

For the Crump weit submerged flow conditions occur when the down stream water level (A) exceeds 75 4 ofthe upstream water level thị, In this case adltonal measurements of the downsteam water level have

be cared out andl a correction to the henl dischargre relation has to he introduced (Bos, 1978)

22 Moning ond anerment often eds rom agri

Floating debris

Ploating debris, when stack on the crest of the measurement structure can

(Fig 6) Regula visits 10 lasting influence on the dis

lead to errs in the water level measure

‘the monitoring stations ean prevent the ln

charge measurement, Especially the V-notch is prone to the blockage of Aoating debris

2.2 Water sampling,

Runoff, nutrient losses and erosion from agricultural dominated catch

‘ments are very much determined by combination of elma, crop types and farming practices In seing up a monitoring system, special consid- ation has 10 be given to the geo-hydrologieal conditions, which 1 large degree determine the flow pats involved in the transport of nut nls pestides snd soil parties, The flow paths havea significant ily fence on the discharge intensities in runoff and concentrations of both

and suspended material can show large variations both overtime 7) Ina monitoring programme, water sampling routines should be

so

đ

iised which best can handle these variations,

Monitrig a ancamen fron tas from agriclare 28

Water sampling strategies

In general one can differentiate between point sampling routines and volume proportional water sampling Point sampling can be divide into routines with variable and Fixed time intervals When the discharge is dominate hy large variations in intensities, point sampling systems can Tea to erroneous results i the ealeuaton of aurea Ios I shi case the best alternative to point sapling is volume proportional composite water sampling,

This rotine cạn oly be canied out when the discharge is measured

in oa estimation stucs (Haraldsen og Stlnacks, 2005; Schlep et a

2106, Rekolainen et al 1991}, Richasds (1908 jaa eepowt to the EPA/USA, deserbes this sampling method asa very precise ap accurate metho! in the estimation of loads The volume proportional composite

‘eater sampling syst is applied both i Estonia and Norvay sổ ván, extensively demonstrate daring the rove

Chernical analysis

Warer analysis isan important component ia monitoring programmes Dusig the couse ofthe project, water laboratory faeltes oth atthe

‘Tallinn University of Technology Estonia and at Bofors, Norway ere

1 a thorough presentation of eleva ethos was eatied Oa

In Norway, the collected samples are vsuslly analyse fora range of dexeesinants, including total niogen (TN), coal phosphors (TP) and

‘Ofte unfitered samples ate used 40 dotermine TP by digestion with

K:8:04 and analysed speetrophotometially by the ammonium moly date method of Murphy and Riley (1962), with ascorhie acd asa reduc- ing agent, Suspended sediments were determined hy filedng aw exact sample volume of 25 9 250 mal after thorough mixing (containing a east

Š mg S8) through a pre-weighed Kbnepass filter (Whatman GPA), Total nitrogen i determined by persulfate digestion followed by analysis by spscizophotometer (Norwegian sandatd NS-EN 180 13395),

In Estonia the analysis on the water samples is earied out using sanded

ie methods, 180 8878 for TP, ISO 11905 for TN and ISO 1030851 for ate) Atmnosiuny and ate were dotermised speetophownctiealy ủng Finnish standards SES 3080 and SES MI3D respectively and om eludes al the ma ntogen 1d phosphocus components

Lengthy discussions concerbing methodology and equipment were hed betwcon patisipans fom the Leningrad Oblast and laboratory’ pe sonnel, showing the need for funher knwwledge exchange

Monitoring ond acme of rit oa rmagrcunre 28

Pie batacolicion taco Kale

‘On the basis of the collected information, nitzogen and phosphorus Sue plus canbe ealelated and compared to the calculated load measured at

«catchment seal Information about nitrogen and phosphorus contents of

‘oth type of erops and ferliser/manuse has tobe available, Table 4 and

‘Table S present the nitrogen and phosphorus conteat fr some major crop tnd manue types in Norway However, one should be aware tht these Figures may vary between countries

“The obsained results on nutrient losses from agricul catchments ae partly a result of farming practices and a feedback to both farmers and {governmental institutions is important, In both Estonia and Norway, tension services were visited and infortvation and experiences were ex hanged on the interaction between farming practices and matrient Toss From agriculture

2.4 Data collection and quality control

“The collection of data tthe monitoring stations iw Estonia and Norway is sed on a combination of differnt sensors, a walter sampler and dat sforage module, In case an online telepone connection Between the atch monitoring ation al the mai ie + tsilible the data ae Aawnloadel om a daly hasis and subjects ta a quality contol Asche matic overview of data collection and quality conol and reporting is presented in figure 9 Resides the dey dovinloading and data contol routines sn the main office,

Jar chechs of the sation, prterably weekly or bi-weekiy, have co he eared cut, An important observation luring these cheeks is the conto of the water Level rcaning (see chap ter 214},