Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI The Potential of Soil Survey Data in a Quantitative Evaluation of Surficial Geology Mapping in Northern Maine by Rosalia Evans Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography J Steven Kite, Ph.D., Chair Daniel Weiner, Ph.D Gregory Elmes, Ph.D Department of Geology and Geography Morgantown, West Virginia 2002 Keywords: geographic information systems, soil surficial geology relationships, soil survey potential applications, surficial geological mapping, Maine Copyright 2002 Rosalia Evans v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Table of contents v List of figures vi List of tables vii Introduction .1 Purpose Research objectives .7 Study areas Previous research .11 Research materials and methods .14 Soil survey data 14 Converting soil mapping units to geologic units 22 Soil-surficial geology framework development 25 Prescott’s map data 27 Analysis of Prescott’s map data 28 Genes’s map data 31 Analysis of Genes’s map data 33 Kite’s point observations 35 Analysis of Kite’s point observations 37 GIS overlay results .42 Kite’s point data compared to the derivative map’s classifications 42 Kite’s point data compared to Prescott’s surficial geology map .46 Kite’s point data compared to Genes’s surficial geology maps 48 Prescott’s map units compared to the derivative map’s classifications .50 Genes’s map units compared to the derivative map’s classifications 51 Analysis of Kite’s point data compared to Prescott, Genes, and the derivative map .52 Analysis of the derivative map compared to Kite, Genes, and Prescott 55 Conclusion 73 Bibliography 80 APPENDIX Soil series descriptions 83 APPENDIX Kite’s surficial geology data at the 248 point stations 93 APPENDIX The origin of Kite’s point data compared to the derivative map 99 APPENDIX Kite’s point data compared to Prescott’s mapped units .104 APPENDIX Kite’s point data compared to Genes’s mapped units 109 APPENDIX Derivative map’s classifications compared to Genes’s mapped units 114 APPENDIX Derivative map’s classifications compared to Prescott’s mapped units 119 APPENDIX Till, alluvium, and ice-contact stratified drift classifications on the derivative map versus Kite, Genes, and Prescott according to textural differences .124 vi LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Northern Maine study areas Soil survey sheets in the northern Maine study areas 10 Electronically produced derivative map compiled from soil survey data 19 Prescott’s map produced electronically 29 Genes’s maps produced electronically 32 Kite’s point observations produced electronically 36 Maine geological surficial data sheet 38 vii LIST OF TABLES 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 PAGE Parent materials associated with particular soils in the St John River Valley, northern Maine The 73 soil mapping units and associated slope 15 Soil series arranged according to drainage catenas 17 The RMS (root of the means squared) achieved through the digitization, and the calculated meters error on the ground for the 17 soil survey sheets 21 Area and percentage of area of surficial geology map units on the derivative surficial geology map derived from soil surveys 30 Area and percentage of area of surficial geology map units on portions of Prescott’s ground-water favorability map 30 Area and percentage of area of surficial map units on portions of Genes’s Fort Kent Stockholm, Van Buren, and Eagle Lake quadrangles 34 Descriptions of the landforms upon or in which Kite’s point observations are located 39 The origins of Kite’s data at the 248 point stations 39 Sub-categories of Kite’s, Prescott’s, Genes’s, and the derived map’s surficial geology combined for comparison purposes 41 Kite’s point data compared to the derivative map’s surficial geology classifications 43 Agreement between Kite’s point data and the derivative map’s classifications 43 Kite’s point data compared to Prescott’s surficial geology 47 Agreement between Kite’s point data and Prescott’s mapped units 47 Kite’s point data compared to Genes’s surficial geology 49 Agreement between Kite’s point data and Genes’s mapped units 49 Prescott’s map compared to the derivative map at Kite’s point locations 51 Agreement between the derivative map and Prescott’s map 50 Genes’s map compared to the derivative map at Kite’s point locations 51 Agreement between the derivative map and Genes’s map 52 The probability till mapped by Genes and Prescott, and classified on the derivative map is interpreted by Kite as the same 54 The probability alluvium mapped by Genes and Prescott, and classified on the derivative map is interpreted by Kite as the same 54 The probability ice-contact stratified drift mapped by Genes and Prescott, and classified on the derivative map is interpreted by Kite as the same 54 The probability till, ice-contact stratified drift, and alluvium mapped by Genes and Prescott, and classified on the derivative map is interpreted by Kite as the same 55 The probability till mapped by the geologists is classified on the derivative map as the same 56 The probability ice-contact stratified drift mapped by the geologists is classified on the derivative map as the same 56 The probability alluvium mapped by the geologists is classified on the derivative map as the same 57 The probability till, ice-contact stratified drift, and alluvium mapped by the geologists is classified on the derivative map as the same 57 The probability till, ice-contact stratified drift, alluvium, swamp, and outwash mapped by the geologists is classified on the derivative map as the same 57 Soil series arranged according to drainage catenas showing Kite versus the derivative map 58 Soil series arranged according to drainage catenas showing Prescott versus the derivative map 62 Soil series arranged according to drainage catenas showing Gene versus the derivative map 63 viii LIST OF TABLES PAGE 33 The well drained soil series showing the geologists versus the derivative map 77 34 The moderately well drained to somewhat poorly drained soil series showing the geologists versus the derivative map 78 35 The poorly to very poorly drained soil series showing the geologists versus derivative map 64 36 The probability till, ice-contact stratified drift, swamp, outwash, and glacial lake deposits mapped by Genes and Prescott, and classified on the derivative map are interpreted by Kite as the same 79 37 Kite’s till interpretations arranged according to percent of slope compared to the derivative map’s till classifications 65 38 Gene’s till interpretations arranged according to percent of slope compared to the derivative map’s till classifications 66 39 Prescott’s till interpretations arranged according to percent of slope compared to the derivative map’s till classifications 67 40 Kite’s alluvium interpretations arranged according to percent of slope compared to the derivative map’s alluvium classifications 68 41 Gene’s alluvium interpretations arranged according to percent of slope compared to the derivative map’s alluvium classifications 69 42 Prescott’s alluvium interpretations arranged according to percent of slope compared to the derivative map’s alluvium classifications 70 43 Kite’s ice-contact stratified drift interpretations arranged according to percent of slope compared to the derivative map’s ice-contact stratified drift classifications 71 44 Gene’s ice-contact stratified drift interpretations arranged according to percent of slope compared to the derivative map’s ice-contact stratified drift classifications 71 45 Prescott’s ice-contact stratified drift interpretations arranged according to percent of slope compared to the derivative map’s ice-contact stratified drift classifications 72 INTRODUCTION The late Wisconsin Laurentide Ice Sheet’s final retreat from the St John River Valley between approximately 12,000 and 11,000 YBP (Hughes et al., 1985; Thompson and Borns, 1985; Lowell and Kite, 1986b) left a landscape rich in glacial deposits Commonly stratified, unconsolidated deposits in the St John chronicle the Quaternary geologic history of the area This transported surficial material is dominated by till, outwash, ice-contact stratified drift deposits, and alluvium The unconsolidated glacial deposits were derived locally and from the Canadian Shield (Genes et al, 1981) Subsequent surficial processes and soil genesis during post-glacial time resulted in the formation of 73 different soil map units in the two study areas along the St John River in northern Maine Surficial geology maps are becoming more important as environmental issues related to human population growth increase The earth's resources, formed by or involved in geologic processes, are burdened by increasing human consumption (Montgomery, 1992) Surficial geology maps are useful in some very practical aspects of this consumption including the location of water supplies, sites for waste-disposal, and foundation materials suitable for heavy construction (Hunt, 1986) At least 15 percent of all mineral production is contained in surficial deposits (Hunt, 1986) Bedrock maps cover most of the United States but relatively few areas have surficial geology map coverage The traditional interest in bedrock reflects its association to hard-rock mineral resources (Hunt, 1986) But many resources such as sand and gravel or groundwater are directly related to surficial geology However, surficial geology mapping is time consuming and expensive, and unfortunately the last three decades have seen a decrease in basic geologic mapping due to the prevailing political climate in which cutbacks in basic field research have occurred (Kite, 1996) Soil is the result of the chemical and physical weathering of rock, unaltered minerals, and organic debris over an extended period of time (Ritter, 1987) During this transition, distinct horizons occur This arrangement is known as a soil profile A welldeveloped soil profile reflects the environment under which it formed The character of the soil profile is influenced by external factors of climate (precipitation and temperature), organisms (fauna and flora), topography (elevation, slope and depth to water table), parent material (chemical and physical aspects), and time (age in years) (Jenny, 1941) These external factors control soil development Differences in these factors correlate with differences in soils Climate is relatively uniform over the St John study areas and the display of vegetation is controlled by topography and parent materials Hence, climate and vegetation cause little of the variation in soils along the St John River Parent material, landform and age are independent variables in soil formation in northern Maine and are the cause of marked differences Parent material is defined as soil at time zero of soil formation (Buol et al., 1980) Variation in the stratified, unconsolidated parent material in the northern Maine study areas has a controlling effect on the soil properties that lead to the identification of a particular soil The parent material associated with particular soils of the St John River Valley (table 1) was obtained from Arno (1964) Roy Charles Lindholm (1993) determined that compiling a derivative geology map based solely on soil distribution portrayed on soil survey maps may be a valuable aid to geologists or others in the absence of surveyed geologic maps The northern Maine study areas are covered by soil survey maps (Arno, 1964) as well as surficial geology maps (Prescott, 1973) (Genes, undated; 1978A; 1978B; 1981) Unpublished field-observed point data were also available for the areas (Kite, 1996) These rich sources of soil and surficial geology data afford a unique opportunity to investigate the soil-surficial geology relationships in northern Maine Table PARENT MATERIAL SOIL SERIES DRAINAGE THICK TILL Plaisted Howland Caribou Mondara Burnham Easton Washburn Conant Daigle Thorndike Mapleton Stetson Canandaigua Salmon Nicholville Allagash Red Hook Atherton Machias Madawaska Fredon Halsey Mixed Alluvial Land Hadley Winooski Made land Peat & Muck Steep Rockland & Thorndike well moderately well well poor very poor poor very poor moderately well moderately well well well well poor well moderately well well poor very poor moderately well moderately well poor very poor poor/very poor well moderately well gravelly, stony gravelly fine, stony fine THIN TILL ICE-CONTACT FINE ALLUVIUM OUTWASH ALLUVIUM MADE LAND SWAMP OUTCROP under water well Table Parent materials associated with particular soils in the St John River Valley, northern Maine, study areas (Arno, 1964) A derivative surficial geology map of the two study areas can be compiled by designating colors or patterns to soil survey map units that represent soil series that typically develop in a similar surficial geology unit This compilation method does not require computing technology and thus is available to those not having access to such technology However, computers were used for this project A geographic information system (GIS) (ARC/INFO, 1995) was used to manipulate the soil, surficial and attribute data for the project GIS has unique capabilities that can greatly enhance the quantitative evaluation of this research “The ability to generate maps via the overlay process with data derived from various sources and at various scales is a highly effective, rapid process” (Steinwand, 1992) Overlay analysis is a powerful technique in utilizing the derivative surficial geology map to identify spatial distributions and relationships in soil survey map units Within this framework, non-geologic influences that may account for discrepancies in the distribution of surficial geology units among the data sets are recognized The non-geologic influences include the time involved in field data collection, the intended purpose of the map, and map scale The comparison process undertaken by this research may or may not be affected by these influences (Lindholm, 1993, 1994; Kite, 1982) 111 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 262 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 340 51 51 51 ORIGIN of KITE’S POINT DATA Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock GENES’S SURFICIAL UNITS Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till 112 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 51 51 533 532 531 530 524 52 68 300 301 254 66 332 327 328 326 52 280 58 52 452 454 451 450 449 124 125 126 52 328 52 463 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 44 52 52 52 353 267 52 266 52 52 58 261 52 52 ORIGIN of KITE’S POINT DATA Rock Rock Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till GENES’S SURFICIAL UNITS Till Till Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Glacial stream moderate-high permeability Glacial stream moderate-high permeability Glacial stream moderate-high permeability Glacial stream moderate-high permeability Glacial stream moderate-high permeability Glacial stream moderate-high permeability Glacial stream moderate-high permeability Glacial stream high permeability Glacial lake bottom Swamp Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till 113 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 265 52 52 52 52 52 52 58 66 51 203 202 273 52 52 52 52 52 276 276 277 337 349 359 331 ORIGIN of KITE’S POINT DATA Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Ablation till Till flow Till flow GENES’S SURFICIAL UNITS Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till over glacial stream mod-hi permeability Till Glacial stream moderate-high permeability Glacial stream moderate-high permeability Genes’s surficial geology units (undated, 1978A, 1978B, 1981) compared to the origin of Kite’s point data (1977 to 1989) 114 Appendix Genes’s surficial geology map units (undated, 1978A, 1978B, 1981) compared to surficial geology classifications derived from soil survey map units (Arno, 1964) KITE’S POINT STATION # 536 534 364 533 528 52 68 290 294 301 306 336 289 451 59 83 52 59 61 280 410 109 395 108 107 106 526 339 423 338 291 295 300 51 304 325 87 86 85 84 81 82 79 365 77 363 254 390 359 360 376 362 332 327 328 326 GENES’S SURFICIAL MAP UNITS Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Glacial stream high permeability Glacial lake bottom Alluvium Alluvium Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Glacial lake beach Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm SOIL SERIES Winooski silt loam Water Mixed Alluvial Land Water Water Mixed Alluvial land Mixed Alluvial land Winooski silt loam Winooski silt loam Winooski silt loam Mixed Alluvial land Mixed Alluvial land Winooski silt loam Nicholville silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Nicholville silt loam Salmon silt loam Salmon silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Salmon silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Water Stetson gravelly loam Water Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam SURFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED from SOIL SURVEY MAPS Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact 115 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 321 319 347 58 348 351 367 357 44 349 350 353 51 276 276 277 51 358 447 532 531 530 525 384 524 337 100 101 333 322 61 331 535 59 58 52 88 102 52 52 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52 62 52 66 334 335 331 330 280 111 GENES’S SURFICIAL MAP UNITS Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream high permeability Glacial lake bottom Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Glacial stream moderate/high perm Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial lake bottom Till Till Till Swamp Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream high permeability Till SOIL SERIES Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Made Land Mine Water Water Water Water Water Allagash fine sandy loam Allagash fine sandy loam Water Red Hook/Atherton silt loams Machias gravelly loam Machias gravelly loam Allagash fine sandy loam Allagash fine sandy loam Allagash fine sandy loam Water Madawaska fine sandy loam Madawaska fine sandy loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Conant silt loam Conant silt loam Daigle silt loam Daigle silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Conant silt loam Conant silt loam Conant silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Easton/Washburn silt loam Easton/Washburn silt loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam SURFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED from SOIL SURVEY MAPS Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Made Land Mine Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till 116 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 103 104 462 453 124 51 51 51 52 328 51 52 148 463 278 52 52 52 51 52 51 51 51 51 279 51 51 51 52 352 51 267 51 52 266 51 261 51 52 52 51 51 52 51 51 52 51 52 51 51 52 52 265 51 51 51 51 52 GENES’S SURFICIAL MAP UNITS Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till SOIL SERIES Howland gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam SURFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED from SOIL SURVEY MAPS Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till 117 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 52 51 51 52 51 51 51 52 340 51 52 58 51 51 51 203 202 273 61 52 51 52 52 52 279 339 337 52 52 52 52 51 51 51 105 460 459 461 458 457 455 452 454 456 451 450 449 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 125 126 52 51 GENES’S SURFICIAL MAP UNITS Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till / glacial stream mod/high perm Till / glacial stream mod/high perm Till Till Till Till Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream moderate/high perm Glacial stream high permeability Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till SOIL SERIES Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted grqvelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Easton/Washburn silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike very rocky silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam SURFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED from SOIL SURVEY MAPS Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick stony till Thick stony till Thick stony till Thick stony till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till 118 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 51 51 51 52 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 262 52 51 66 GENES’S SURFICIAL MAP UNITS Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till SOIL SERIES Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam SURFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED from SOIL SURVEY MAPS Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Genes’s surficial geology map units (undated, 1978A, 1978B, 1981) compared to surficial geology classifications derived from soil survey map units (Arno, 1964) 119 Appendix Prescott’s surficial geology map units (1973) compared to surficial geology classifications derived from soil survey map units (Arno, 1964) KITE’S POINT STATION # 534 364 533 528 336 68 289 294 306 536 52 290 301 451 59 59 410 109 395 108 107 106 526 52 61 280 83 339 423 338 291 295 300 51 304 254 390 348 351 367 357 44 349 350 353 58 325 51 276 276 PRESCOTT’S SURFICIAL MAP UNITS Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Till Till Till Till Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Ice contact Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till SOIL SERIES Water Mixed Alluvial Land Water Water Mixed Alluvial Land Mixed Alluvial Land Winooski silt loam Winooski silt loam Mixed Alluvial Land Winooski silt loam Mixed Alluvial Land Winooski silt loam Winooski silt loam Nicholville silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Salmon silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Water Salmon silt loam Canadaigua silt loam Salmon silt loam Nicholville silt loam Stetson gravelly loam Water Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam SURFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED from SOIL SURVEY MAPS Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Fine alluvium Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact 120 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 277 87 86 85 84 81 82 79 365 77 363 359 360 376 362 347 332 327 328 326 321 319 51 358 447 532 531 530 337 535 525 384 524 59 58 331 333 100 101 322 61 88 102 52 52 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 PRESCOTT’S SURFICIAL MAP UNITS Till Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Till Ice contact Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till SOIL SERIES Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Stetson gravelly loam Madeland Mine Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Allagash fine sandy loam Allagash fine sandy loam Madawaska fine sandy loam Madawaska fine sandy loam Allagash fine sandy loam Machias gravelly loam Red Hook/Atherton silt loams Machias gravelly loam Allagash fine sandy loam Allagash fine sandy loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Conant silt loam Conant silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Daigle silt loam Daigle silt loam Conant silt loam Conant silt loam Conant silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam SURFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED from SOIL SURVEY MAPS Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Madeland Mine Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Outwash Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till 121 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 52 62 52 52 111 103 104 462 453 124 51 51 51 52 328 51 52 148 463 278 52 52 52 51 52 51 51 51 280 51 279 51 51 51 52 51 267 51 52 266 51 261 51 52 52 51 51 52 51 51 52 51 52 PRESCOTT’S SURFICIAL MAP UNITS Till Till Till Swamp Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till SOIL SERIES Monarda/Burnham silt loam Easton/Washburn silt loam Easton/Washburn silt loam Monarda/Burnham silt loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam SURFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED from SOIL SURVEY MAPS Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick fine till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till 122 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 51 51 52 52 265 51 51 51 51 52 52 51 51 52 51 51 51 52 340 339 337 51 52 58 51 51 51 66 203 331 202 330 273 61 52 51 52 52 52 279 352 334 335 52 52 52 52 105 460 459 461 458 457 PRESCOTT’S SURFICIAL MAP UNITS Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Ice contact Ice contact Ice contact Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till SOIL SERIES Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Caribou gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Plaisted gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Howland gravelly loam Easton/Washburn silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam SURFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED from SOIL SURVEY MAPS Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick gravelly till Thick stony till Thick stony till Thick stony till Thick stony till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till 123 Appendix KITE’S POINT STATION # 455 452 454 456 451 450 449 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 125 126 52 51 51 51 51 52 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 262 52 51 51 51 66 PRESCOTT’S SURFICIAL MAP UNITS Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till SOIL SERIES Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Mapleton shaly silt loam Thorndike shaly silt loam SURFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED from SOIL SURVEY MAPS Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Thin till Prescott’s surficial geology map units (1973) compared to surficial geology classifications derived from soil survey map units (Arno, 1964) 124 Appendix Coincidences for soil series classified as till, alluvium, and ice-contact stratified drift on the derivative map compiled from soil surveys in the northern Maine study areas (Arno, 1964) versus Kite (1977 to 1989), Genes (undated, 1978A, 1978B, 1981), and Prescott (1973) according to textural differences Soil series classified as TILL on the derivative map drainage % slope Kite vs derivative % Genes vs derivative % Prescott vs derivative % FIRM SILTY SOILS Mapleton shaley Mapleton shaley Mapleton shaley Thorndike shaley Thorndike shaley Thorndike shaley Thorndike shaley Thorndike rocky Conant Conant Daigle Easton/Washburn stony Easton/Washburn Madeland Well Well Well Well Well Well Well Well Moderately Moderately Moderately Poorly poorly Well 15 15 25 25 2 to to 15 to 35 to to 15 to 25 to 45 to 45 to to to to to vs vs vs vs 15 vs 15 12 vs 12 vs vs 1 vs vs vs vs 1 vs vs 100.0 % vs 100.0 % vs 100.0 % vs 100.0 % vs 100.0 % vs 15 100.0 % 11 vs 12 100.0 % vs % vs 100.0 % vs 100.0 % vs 100.0 % vs 100.0 % vs 50.0 % vs 100.0 % vs 100.0 % 75.0 % 50.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 97.7 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % vs vs vs vs 15 vs 15 12 vs 12 vs vs 1 vs vs vs vs vs vs 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % GRAVELLY SOILS Caribou Caribou Caribou Caribou Caribou Caribou Plaisted Plaisted Plaisted Plaisted Howland stony Howland Howland Mondarda/Burnham Mondarda/Burnham Well Well Well Well Well Well Well Well Well Well Moderately Moderately Moderately Poorly Poorly 8 15 15 15 25 to to to 15 to 15er to 25 to 25er to to 15 to 25 to 45 to to to 15 to to vs 20 vs 21 11 vs 11 vs vs vs 19 vs 20 12 vs 12 vs vs 3 vs vs vs vs vs 100.0 % 95.2 % 100.0 % 50.0 % 100.0 % 0% 95.0 % 100.0 % 71.4 % 0% 100.0 % 87.5 % 0% 100.0 % 50.0 % 100.0 % 95.2 % 100.0 % 50.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 90.0 % 100.0 % 85.7 % 66.7 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 75.0 % vs 21 vs 21 11 vs 11 vs vs vs 20 vs 20 12 vs 12 vs vs 3 vs vs vs vs 3 vs 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 85.7 % 33.3 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 75.0 % vs 20 vs 21 11 vs 11 vs vs vs 18 vs 20 12 vs 12 vs vs 3 vs vs vs vs 3 vs 125 Appendix Soil series classified as ALLUVIUM on the derivative map Kite vs derivative % Genes vs derivative % Prescott vs derivative % to 15 vs vs 80.0 % 60.0 % vs vs 100.0 % 80.0 % vs vs 40.0 % 80.0 % vs vs vs vs vs vs 100.0 % 0% 100.0 % 0% 25.0 % 75.0 % vs vs vs vs 1 vs vs 0% 0% 100.0 % 0% 12.5 % 75.0 % vs vs vs vs 1 vs vs 100.0 % 0% 100.0 % 0% 12.5 % 75.0 % Kite vs derivative % Genes vs derivative % Prescott vs derivative vs 14 vs 19 vs vs vs 42.9 % 36.8 % 66.7 % 33.3 % 100.0 % vs 14 vs 19 vs vs vs 50.0 % 44.4 % 100.0 % 16.7 % 100.0 % vs 14 vs 19 vs vs vs drainage % slope ALLUVIUM Winooski Mixed Alluvial Land Moderately Poorly FINE ALLUVIUM Salmon Salmon Nicholville Nicholville Canadaigua Water Well Well Moderately Moderately Poorly Poorly Soil series classified as ICE-CONTACT STRATIFIED DRIFT on the derivative map GRAVELLY SOILS Stetson Stetson Stetson Stetson Mine drainage Well Well Well Well to to 15 to to to % slope to 8 to 15 15 to 25 25 to 45 Coincidences for soil series classified as till, alluvium, and ice-contact stratified drift on the derivative map compiled from soil surveys in the northern Maine study areas (Arno, 1964) versus Kite (1977 to 1989), Genes (undated, 1978A, 1978B, 1981), and Prescott (1973) according to textural differences % 57.1 % 44.4 % 66.7 % 16.7 % 100.0 % ...The Potential of Soil Survey Data in a Quantitative Evaluation of Surficial Geology Mapping in Northern Maine by Rosalia Evans Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at... derivative map This assumption may explain why Kite’s point data have poorer matches to the derivative map than the derivative map has to the point data Kite was interpreting at distinct point locations... drained soils Peat & Muck Table Soil series in the northern Maine study areas arranged according to drainage catenas (Made Land, Mixed Alluvial Land, Peat & Muck, and Steep Rockland are not classified