CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS – NEW CONSIDERATIONS Edited by Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez           Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations Edited by Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Bojan Rafaj Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations, Edited by Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0126-0   Contents  Preface IX Part 1 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Genetics 1 Chapter 1 Novel Genomic Approach to the Arrhytmogenic Sudden Cardiac Death 3 Maria Brion, Beatriz Sobrino, Alejandro Blanco-Verea, Montserrat Santori, Rocio Gil and Angel Carracedo Chapter 2 Phenotypic Correlation of Genetic Mutations with Ventricular Arrhythmias 17 Yamini Krishnan, Jerri Chen and Thomas V. McDonald Part 2 The Cardiac Ion Channels 43 Chapter 3 The Cardiac Ion Channels 45 Thomas Jespersen Chapter 4 The Pathophysiological Implications of TRP Channels in Cardiac Arrhythmia 73 Ryuji Inoue, Duan Yubin, Hu Yaopeng and Jun Ichikawa Chapter 5 Contributions of Ion Channels in Cardiac Arrhythmias 97 Jing Hongjuan and Zhang Lu Chapter 6 L-Type Ca 2+ Current in Cardiac Arrhythmias 121 Gema Ruiz-Hurtado, Julio L. Alvarez and Jean-Pierre Benitah Part 3 Pathophysiology of Cardiac Arrhythmia 149 Chapter 7 Natural Protection Against Cardiac Arrhythmias During Hibernation: Significance of Adenosine 151 Tulasi Ram Jinka Chapter 8 Neurohumoral Control of Heart Rate 167 Jones Bernardes Graceli, Diego França Pedrosa and Ágata Lages Gava VI Contents Chapter 9 Chronobiological Aspects of the Heart Rhythm Disorders at the Change of Pulmonary Ventilation in Rat Model 193 Pavol Svorc, Alexander Marossy, Pavol Svorc, Jr., Sona Gresova, Marek Buzga and Benjamin L. Fulton Chapter 10 Late Ventricular Potentials in Cardiac and Extracardiac Diseases 227 Ioana Mozoş, Corina Şerban and Rodica Mihăescu Chapter 11 Influence of Patern and Degree of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy on Cardiac Arrhythmias 257 Juraj Kunisek Chapter 12 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders and Cardiac Arrhythmia 267 Ahmad Salah Hersi Chapter 13 Approach to Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit 289 Jong-Hau Hsu, Jiunn-Ren Wu, Zen-Kong Dai and I-Chen Chen Chapter 14 Psychological Approach to the Cardiac Arrhythmias: Focus on the Emotions 307 Ana Myriam Sánchez Bonomo and Tereza Cristina Cavalcanti Ferreira de Araujo Part 4 Uncommon Heart Rhythm Disorders 325 Chapter 15 The Variations in Electrical Cardiac Systole and Its Impact on Sudden Cardiac Death 327 F. R. Breijo-Marquez and M. Pardo Ríos Chapter 16 Bradycardia in Children During General Anaesthesia 343 Judith A. Lens, Jeroen Hermanides, Peter L. Houweling, Jasper J. Quak and David R. Colnot Chapter 17 Spiral Waves, Obstacles and Cardiac Arrhythmias 357 Daniel Olmos-Liceaga Chapter 18 Electrical Storm 377 Federico Guerra, Matilda Shkoza, Marco Flori and Alessandro Capucci Chapter 19 Bradycardia Secondary to Cervical Spinal Cord Injury 395 Farid Sadaka and Christopher Veremakis Contents VII Part 5 Electrophysiology Study of the Heart: Mapping Procedure 403 Chapter 20 Electromagnetic Mapping During Complex RF Ablations 405 Shimon Rosenheck, Jeffrey Banker, Alexey Weiss and Zehava Sharon Chapter 21 Novel Technologies for Mapping and Ablation of Complex Arrhythmias 443 Louisa Malcolme-Lawes, Shahnaz Jamil-Copley and Prapa Kanagaratnam Chapter 22 The Future of Cardiac Mapping 461 Pascal Fallavollita Part 6 Miscellaneous 479 Chapter 23 Mild Induced Therapeutic Hypothermia for Survivors of Cardiac Arrest 481 Kevin Baker, John Prior, Karthik Sheka and Raymond A. Smego, Jr. Chapter 24 Arrhythmias in Pregnancy 497 Marius Craina, Gheorghe Furău, Răzvan Niţu, Lavinia Stelea, Dan Ancuşa, Corina Şerban, Rodica Mihăescu and Ioana Mozoş Chapter 25 Development of Computer Aided Prediction Technology for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Mobile Healthcare 515 Desok Kim, Jae-Hyeong Park and Jun Hyung Kim  Preface  The book Cardiac Arrythmias contains a spectrum of different topics within the subject area presented in chapters written with a magnificent scientific rigour. Some of the topics include: the most prevalent causes of cardiac arrhythmias and their mechanisms of production; some emergent or almost unknown electrical cardiac disorders; ionic diseases; mapping and ablation techniques; and some original insights on psychological disorders related to cardiac arrythmias as well as some pathologies which can affect the heart in different ways, and vice versa. The book also includes the most current treatments of Cardiac Arrythmias. It is my opinion as the editor that all the authors in this book have done an excellent job writing their chapters, which resulted in the publication becoming a proper textbook. I fervently hope that reading it will be as enjoyable and informative for all the readers as much as it has been for me. My sincere congratulations to all the authors for their work. Prof. Dr. F. R. Breijo-Marquez, Titular Professor of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [...]... substrate in patients with inherited cardiac channelopathies is recognized and highlighted in the guidelines for the prevention of SCD developed by the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the 6 Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations European Society of Cardiology (Zipes et al., 2006) Screening for mutations in genes that encode cardiac ion channels associated with... fragmented using restriction 10 2 Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations enzymes, secondly the probe library is added and the probes hybridize with the targeted fragments Each probe is an oligonucleotide designed to hybridize to both ends of a targeted DNA restriction fragment, thereby guiding the targeted fragments to form circular DNA molecules The circular molecules are closed by ligation and then amplified... LQT4 locus to chromosome 4q25-27 (Schott et al., 1995) The gene responsible for LQT4 was identified in 2003 by the Mohler group as ankyrin-B, a scaffolding protein which when mutated causes aberrant targeting of essential cardiac channel proteins (Mohler et al., 2004) 20 Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations Identification of other LQTS loci was done through a variety of techniques ranging from classical... the application of this approach to those cases were we need to look for new genes 2 Inherited arrhythmogenic diseases There are various arrhythmogenic disorders, with different electrocardiographic patterns, which are not always present or are not evident in carriers of mutations implicated in the 4 Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations pathology In general these are diseases with low penetrance... have been absent in all published databases listing the common polymorphisms in the studied genes and previously published reports or compendia of rare control variants 12 Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations Many of the possible new genetic variants described, although they meet the requirements listed above, may not have any pathogenic effect and the only real way to check would be through functional... a mutation update Hum Mutat, Vol 30, No 9, pp 1256-1266, ISSN 1059-7794 Hedley, P.L.; Jørgensen, P.; Schlamowitz, S.; Wangari, R.; Moolman-Smook, J.; Brink, P.A.; Kanters, J.K.; Corfield, V.A & Christiansen, M (2009) The genetic basis of long QT 14 Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations and short QT syndromes: a mutation update Hum Mutat, Vol 30, No 11, pp 1486511, ISSN 1059-7794 Hodges, E.; Xuan,... nucleotides: synthesis and optimization as reversible terminators for DNA sequencing by synthesis Nucleic Acids Res, Vol 36, No 4, e25, ISSN 0305-1048 Turner, EH.; Ng, SB.; Nickerson, DA & Shendure J (2009) Methods for genomic partitioning Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet, Vol 10, pp 263-284, ISSN 1527-8204 16 Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations Valouev, A.; Ichikawa, J.; Tonthat, T.; Stuart, J.; Ranade, S.;... will discuss how such studies may eventually point to therapeutic modalities that will lead to gene-specific, or personalized medicine 18 Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations 2 Overview of the long QT syndrome Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) was first described by Jervell and Lange-Nielsen in 1957, who presented a family in which four of six children were born deaf, had episodes of syncope, prolonged... PCR primers are attached to a solid surface, and as a consequence, amplification products originating from 8 Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations any single template molecule remain immobilized and clustered to a physical position on the array Sequencing chemistry is based on sequencing by synthesis with reversible terminators (Fedurco et al., 2006; Turcatti et al., 2008), where all fluorescently... ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J Am Coll Cardiol, Vol 48, e24 7– e346, . CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS – NEW CONSIDERATIONS Edited by Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez           Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations Edited. copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Cardiac Arrhythmias – New Considerations, Edited by Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0126-0