Tài liệu Kiến thức cơ bản Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2021-2022 - Trường THPT Đào Sơn Tây

Tài liệu Kiến thức cơ bản Tiếng Anh 12 được chia sẻ nhằm cung cấp cho học sinh kiến thức ngữ pháp tổng quát, bài tập theo từng unit giúp bạn dễ dàng ôn tập, rèn luyện kỹ năng tiếng Anh để chuẩn bị thật tốt cho các kì thi sắp diễn ra. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo!

Tài liệu Kiến thức cơ bản

UNIT 1: HOME LIFE (CUỘC SỐNG GIA ĐÌNH)

4 caring (adj) quan tâm, hay giúp đỡ

5 close – knit (adj) gắn bó với nhau

6 come up = occur = happen (v) xảy ra

7 confidence (in sth/sb) (n) sự tin cậy, sự tự tin

 confident (of sb/sth) (adj) tin tưởng

 confidently (adv) một cách tự tin

9 give a hand = help (v) giúp đỡ ai

10 household chore (n) việc nhà

11 join hands (v) hợp sức lại, chung tay

12 mischievous (adj) tinh nghịch, ranh mãnh  mischievously (adv) tinh nghịch

 mischievousness (n) tính tinh nghịch

13 obedient (adj) biết vâng lời, ngoan ngoãn  obedience (n) sự vâng lời

 disobedient (adj) không vâng lời, ngang ngược

14 play trick on somebody chơi xỏ ai, chơi khăm ai

15 project (n) đề án, dự án

16 responsibility (n) trách nhiệm

 responsible (for) (adj) có trách nhiệm

 irresponsible (adj) vô trách nhiệm

18 secure (adj) an toàn, chắc chắn, tự tin

 security (n) sự an toàn, sự bảo đảm

19 separately (adv) một cách riêng biệt

 separate (adj) riêng biệt

b Use:

- Diễn tả một hành động đã chấm dứt hẳn tại một thời điểm hay khoảng thời gian xác định trong quá khứ

Ex: She was born in 1980

- Diễn tả thói quen trong quá khứ Trong trường hợp này thì quá khứ đơn mang nghĩa của used

to

Ex: I always got up at six in those days (= used to get)

- Diễn tả một chuỗi hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ

Ex: Yesterday morning, I got up at 5 o’clock First I did some jogging Next I took a bath,

had breakfast and then went to school

c Recognition: - last week/ month/ year/…

- yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…

Notes: “ED” pronunciation /ɪd/; /t/; /d/

Ex: waited, added

2 PAST PROGRESSIVE (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN)

a Form:

b Use:

- Diễn tả hành động đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ

Ex: - A What were you doing at 7 o’clock last night?

B I was driving home from work

- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì bị một hành động khác cắt ngang

Ex: - I met her when / while we were working for the same company

- Diễn tả hai hành động tiếp diễn song song xảy ra cùng một lúc trong quá khứ

Ex: - I was listening to music while my parents were watching TV last night

* Note: Với cách dùng này while thường đứng giữa câu

c Recognition: at that time, at 8 a.m yesterday…

3 PRESENT PERFECT (THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH)

a Form:

(+) S + was / were + V-ing (-) S + wasn’t/ weren’t + V-ing (?) Was/ were + S + V-ing?

b Use:

- Diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu ở quá khứ và còn tiếp diễn đến hiện tại Với ý nghĩa này thì hiện

tại hoàn thành được dùng với since và for

Ex: - Mr Brown has taught maths in this school for five years

- The child has been ill since yesterday

* Note:

since + mốc thời gian

for + khoảng thời gian

- Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ không xác định thời gian

Ex: - Mr Clark has travelled around the world

- Diễn tả một hành động lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ

Ex: - We have seen this play several times

- Diễn tả hành động hoàn thành trước một hành động khác ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai

Ex: - The young scientist declares that he has completed the experiment successfully

c Recognition: - ever, never, before, already, lately, recently, yet, just…

- so far, up to now = until now = up to the present, since, for…

- This is the first (second/ third ) time

III EXERCISES

I Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others

in the group:

1 A obedient B confidence C mischievous D reference

2 A close-knit B supportive C biologist D generally

II Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in the group:

3 A safe B staff C base D bass

4 A discussion B revision C attention D admission

5 A served B hoped C liked D coughed

III Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:

6 I don’t have my own room I have to the bedroom with my elder brother

A divide B share C separate D live

7 “Have you been abroad recently?” “I last abroad in 2004”

A go B went C have gone D was going

8 Five dollars _ all that he had when he first arrived in this city

A have been B has been C were D was

9 She the piano when she was a child

A played B was playing C has played D had played

10 Someone my bike! Now I’ll have to walk home

A steals B stolen C has stolen D had stolen

11 As soon as Debbie got out of bed, she opened the window and _ in fresh air

A breathes B breathed C was breathing D has breathed

12 In the middle of the night, I _ on the sofa when someone at the door

A had slept – was knocking B was sleeping – knocked

C slept – was knocking D was sleeping – had knocked

13 I wish Maureen worked as hard as Theresa _

A does B can C will D did

14 I haven’t had a Chinese meal

A since ages B for 2002 C since two years D for years

(+) S + have/ has + V3/ed (-) S + haven’t/ hasn’t + V3/ed (?) Have/ Has + S + V3/ed?

15 Many people are ready to to improve health care around the world

A gather heads B consider legs C open hearts D join hands

16 They closed the road in an to reduce traffic in the city

A attempt B advance C effort D ability

17 I am a lot of study pressure because I am now in my final year at the secondary school

A above B with C under D on

18 My mother need someone dependable to _ the children while she is at work

A look up B look after C look into D look on

19 Because they are a and supportive of one another, they often share their feelings and whenever problems come up, they discuss them frankly and quickly find solutions

A close-knit B close-founded C close-worn D close-made

20 Daisy: “What a lovely house you have!” – Mary: “ .”

A Lovely I think so B Thank you Hope you will drop in

C Of course not It’s not costly D No problem

IV Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term “nuclear family” was first used in

1947, but the concept of a family that consists of just parents and children is much older This

basic unit of a family’s structure has existed for millennia, but it wasn’t until the 1960s and

1970s that the nuclear family became the majority situation At that time, industrial economic booms and rising wages made it possible for young parents to afford their own homes without living with extended family members At the same time, better healthcare contributed to the nuclear family, as elderly members became more self-sufficient and independent for decades after their children were grown

Today, the era of the nuclear family is often glamorized, complete with mom in the

kitchen, dad out earning the paychecks, and the kids building a tree house or hosting a stuffed animal tea party In reality, there is no ideal type of family, and today’s definition of a nuclear family can greatly differ from that it was a few decades ago

21 Nuclear family is

A a family that includes not only parents and children but also other relatives

B a family that includes only the father, mother, and children

C a family that includes a person’s parents, spouse, children and siblings

D a family that includes children from a previous marriage of the wife, husband, or both parents

22 When was the term “nuclear family” officially used?

A in 1947 B in 1960 C in 1970 D until the

1960-1970

23 The word “millennia” in paragraph 2 means

A 200 years B 500 years C about 10000 years D about 1000 years

24 According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true?

A The children should take care of their elderly members after they are grown

B The nuclear family didn’t become the majority situation until the 1960s and 1970s

C Understanding the roles in nuclear family helps you understand the relationships in your family

D Young parents afford their own homes because of industrial economic booms and rising wages

25 The word “glamorized” in paragraph 3 mostly means

A unexpected B disclaimed C desirable D admirable

V Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected

26 All of the homework given (A) by our teachers are (B) useful to (C) every student (D)

27 When Helen was (A) a child, she has worked (B) in a factory for (C) more than (D) three years

28 The tourist guide only has (A) a twenty-dollar bill (B) with her when (C) she landed at (D) the airport

29 After Mrs Wang had returned (A) to her house (B) from work (C), she was cooking (D) dinner

30 Elizabeth has resigned (A) as (B) queen (C) of England from (D) 1558 to 1603

VI Choose the word or phrase that best fits each space in the following passage

To many people, their friends are the most important in their life really good friends always (31) joys and sorrows with you and never turn their backs on you Your best friend may

be someone you have known all your life or someone you have grown (32) with There are all sorts of things that can (33) about this special relationship It may be the result of enjoying the same activities and sharing experiences Most of us have met someone that

we have immediately felt relaxed with as if we had known them for ages However, it really takes you years to get to know someone well (34) to consider your best friend

To the majority of us, this is someone we trust completely and _ (35) understands us better than anyone else It’s the person you can tell him or her your most intimate secrets

31 A have B share C give D spend

32 A up B through C on D in

33 A provide B bring C cause D result

34 A such B too C enough D so

35 A whose B whom C which D who

VII Word form:

1 Despression is both _ and psychological (biology)

2 Protecting the environment is every man’s _ (responsible)

3 With careful training, a dog will its master completely (obedient)

4 He looked for a chance to embarrass his sister (mischievous)

5 in yourself is the first step on the road to success (confident)

VIII Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it

1 I have never seen such a beautiful building

6 I haven’t played football since 2000

 The last time _

7 I haven’t been to Ho Chi Minh city for 2 years

 The last time _

8 I’ve never met such a famous person before

 It’s _

9 She hasn’t seen that boy here before

 It’s _

10 She hasn’t written to us since last year

 The last time _

11 She started to learn English 8 years ago

2 be supposed to do sth (idiom) lẽ ra phải làm gì

 suppose (v) cho là, tin rằng, nghĩ rằng

 confide something to somebody (v) kể (một bí mật) cho ai nghe  confide in somebody (v) giãi bày tâm sự với ai

 confidence (n) sự tin tưởng, sự giãi bài tâm sự

 have confidence in someone (v) tin tưởng ai

6 contractual (adj) theo hợp đồng

 contract (v) ký hợp đồng, đính ước

 contract (n) hợp đồng, khế ước

7 diversity (n) tính đa dạng

 diversify (v) đa dạng hoá

 diverse (adj) thay đổi khác nhau

8 determine (v) xác định, định rõ

9 equal (adj) ngang, bằng nhau

 equal (v) bằng, ngang, sánh kịp

 equality (n) sự bình đẳng

 equalize (v) bình đẳng hoá, làm bằng nhau

10 groom = bridegroom (n) chú rể

11 key (adj) then chốt, chủ yếu

 maintenance (n) sự duy trì, sự bảo trì

13 majority (n) phần lớn, đa số

 minority (n) thiểu số

14 marriage (n) sự kết hôn, hôn nhân

 married (adj) có gia đình

 obligation (n) nghĩa vụ, bổn phận, sự bắt buộc

16 on the other hand (adv) mặt khác, trái lại

17 particularly (adv) đặc biệt là

 particular (adj) đặc thù

18 partnership (n) mối quan hệ, mối tương quan  partner (n) vợ hoặc chồng

19 physical (adj) thuộc cơ thể

 physically (adv) về cơ thể, về vật lý

20 precede (v) đến trước, xảy ra trước

 precedence (n) quyền được trước, quyền ưu tiên

 sacrifice (n) sự hy sinh, vật hy sinh

 sacrificial (adj) hy sinh

25 significantly (adv) rất quan trọng, đáng chú ý

 significant (adj) quan trọng, có ý nghĩa

 significance (n) sự quan trọng, ý nghĩa

 signify (v) có nghĩa, biểu thị

26 survey (n) sự khảo sát, sự điều tra

 survey (v) khảo sát, điều tra

27 traditionally (adv) theo truyền thống

 tradition (n) truyền thống

 traditional (adj) cổ truyền

28 trust (n) sự tín nhiệm, lòng tin

 trust (v) tin cậy, tín nhiệm

 trustful (adj) đáng tin

 valuable (adj) có giá trị

 invaluable (adj) vô giá

30 wise (adj) khôn ngoan, sáng suốt

 wisdom (n) sự khôn ngoan, sự sáng suốt

 wisely (adv) một cách khôn ngoan

 unwise (adj) không khôn ngoan

b Use:

- Diễn tả sự thật hiển nhiên hay sự kiện luôn luôn đúng

Ex: - The sun rises in the East and sinks in the West

- I work in an office and live in a flat

- Diễn tả thói quen hay hoạt động hàng ngày Trạng ngữ chỉ tần suất thường được dùng với cách dùng này

Ex: - I usually go to school by bicycle

- Thì hiện tại đơn còn được dùng để tóm tắt các sự kiện trong văn kể, hay các sự kiện lịch sử

Ex: - In Chapter 1, Susan meets David, and agrees to go to the dance school with him

c Recognition:

Adverbs of frequency: always, frequently, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely,

seldom, hardly, never

Note: “S” PRONUNCIATION /S/ /Z/ /IZ/

Âm cuối là /f/ /k/ /p/ /t/ /θ/ Âm cuối là /b/ /d/ /g/ /l/ /m/

/n/ /r/ /v/ /ð/ /ŋ/ và các nguyên âm

Âm cuối là /s/ /z/ /tʃ/ /ʃ/ /dʒ/

Ex: laughs, cloths, hopes Ex: hugs, comes, goes,

enjoys, clothes, covers

Ex: matches, judges, pushes

2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ( THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN)

a Form:

b Use:

- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra vào đúng thời điểm nói

Ex: - Please don’t make so much noise I’m studying

- Nói về việc nào đó diễn ra trong khoảng thời gian hiện tại, không nhất thiết chính xác ngay tại lúc nói Hãy xem một số tình huống sau:

Ex: Mike and Jane are talking and drinking in a café Mike says: “I’m reading an interesting book at the moment I’ll lend it to you when I’ve finished it.”

- Diễn tả một hành động trong tương lai gần đã được sắp đặt trước

Ex: - I am meeting Tom for lunch tomorrow

- Chúng ta dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn khi nói về khoảng thời gian bao gồm cả hiện tại Ví dụ như

today, this season, this year

Ex: - Tom isn’t playing football this season He wants to concentrate on his studies

- Chúng ta dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn khi nói về những tình huống đang thay đổi

S + (be) + Adv of frequency + V

(+) S + am/is/are + V-ing (-) S + am/is/are + not + V-ing (?) Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing?

Ex: - The population of the world is rising very fast

- Trạng từ “always: có thể dùng trong thì hiện tại tiếp diễn khi muốn diễn tả sự bực mình, hoặc

có vẻ không hợp lý theo ý người nói

Ex: - I’m always making this mistake (tôi cứ mắc lỗi lầm đó mãi  bực mình)

c Recognition: now, right now, at the moment, at this time, Look! , Listen! …

* Lưu ý: Những động từ trạng thái chỉ hoạt động nhận thức, tri giác, tình cảm không dùng ở thì

hiện tại tiếp diễn, mà chỉ dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn cho dù các hoạt động nhận thức, tri giác, tình

cảm này đang diễn ra vào thời điểm nói Đó là những động từ: see (thấy), hear (nghe thấy), taste (có vị), feel (cảm thấy), smell (toả mùi), love (yêu), like (thích), hate (ghét), know (biết), want (muốn), need (cần), think (cho rằng, nghĩ rằng), look (có vẻ), appear (có vẻ, hình như), remember (nhớ), belong to (thuộc về), contain (chứa đựng)

Trong tiếng Việt ta có thể nói: “Bạn đang cảm thấy thế nào / ra sao?” hoặc “Bạn đang muốn gì?” nhưng trong tiếng Anh ta chỉ nói:

+ How do you feel? - I feel thirsty

+ What do you want? - I want some water

3 THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN)

a Form:

b Use:

- Dùng diễn tả hành động diễn ra liên tục vừa mới chấm dứt, nhưng kết quả có liên quan đến hiện tại

Ex: “You look hot” “Yes I’ve been running”

- Diễn tả hành động kéo dài liên tục cho đến lúc đang nói Trong cách nói này, ta dùng thời gian với “for” hoặc “since”, hoặc câu hỏi “how long”

Ex: Carol has been talking on the phone for two hours

4 PAST PERFECT (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH)

a Form:

b Use:

- Diễn tả một hành động hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ

Ex: - Jane had gone home when I phoned her at the office

- Diễn tả một hành động hoàn thành trước một khoảng thời gian nào đó trong quá khứ

Ex: - The secretary had typed 10 letters before the lunchtime yesterday

c Recognition: Before, after, by the time, when, as soon as, by the age of…

5 THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN)

a Form:

(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing (-) S + have/ has + not + been + V-ing (?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing?

(+) S + had + V3/ed (-) S + hadn’t + V3/ed (?) Had + S + V3/ed?

b Use:

- Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra liên tục trong bao lâu trước khi một sự việc khác xảy đến

Ex: We had been walking for an hour when it suddenly started to rain

6 SIMPLE FUTURE (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN)

a Form:

b Use:

- Diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra tại một thời điểm nào đó ở tương lai

Ex: - He will finish his work tomorrow

- Chúng ta dùng thì tương lai đơn khi quyết định làm một việc gì đó ngay tại lúc nói mà trước đó không hề có ý định thực hiện

Ex: - What are you going to do this weekend?

 I haven’t decided yet Oh, I will go to the countryside

- Chúng ta dùng thì tương lai đơn để dự đoán điều có thể xảy ra trong tương lai

Ex: - According to the weather forecast, it will be cloudy tomorrow

- Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself!

- Chúng ta thường dùng thì tương lai đơn với các từ: probably, (I’m) sure, (I) expect, (I) think

Ex: - I’ll probably be a bit late

- Chúng ta dùng will trong các tình huống sau:

Ex: - I promise I won’t tell anybody what you said

* Yêu cầu ai làm làm gì: (Will you ?)

Ex: - Will you shut the door, please?

- Chúng ta dùng shall trong các câu nghi vấn mang ý nghĩa đề nghị, hoặc thỉnh cầu:

Shall I ? đề nghị làm gì cho ai

Ex:- Shall I take off your coat? = Do you want me to take off your coat?

Shall we ? đề nghị ai cùng làm gì với mình:

Ex: - Shall we go to the cinema tonight?

7 FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN)

a Form:

b Use:

- Thì tương lai tiếp diễn diễn tả một hành động sẽ đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm ở tương lai

(+) S + had + been + V-ing (-) S + hadn’t + been + V-ing (?) Had + S + been + V-ing?

(+) S + will + Vo (-) S + won’t/will not + Vo (?) Will + S + Vo?

(+) S + will be + V-ing (-) S + won’t/will not be + V-ing (?) Will + S + be + Ving?

Ex: - Right now I’m sitting in class At this same time tomorrow, I will be sitting in class

Note: Đôi khi cũng không có sự khác nhau mấy giữa thì tương lai tiếp diễn và thì tương lai đơn, đặc biệt là khi một sự kiện / hành động tương lai sẽ xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định ở tương lai

Ex: - Don’t get impatient She will be coming soon

- Don’t get impatient She will come soon

8 FUTURE PERFECT (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH)

a Form:

b Use:

- Thì tương lai hoàn thành diễn tả một hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một mốc thời gian hoặc

trước một sự kiện nào đó trong tương lai Cụm từ by the time và động từ ở thì hiện tại đơn

thường được dùng ở mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian

Ex: - I will graduate in June I will see you in July By the time I see you, I will have

graduated

- I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight

9 FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN)

a Form:

b Use:

- Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả một hành động liên tục xảy ra bao lâu cho đến một thời điểm trong tương lai

Ex: - By the end of this year, Ms Yang will have been teaching English for six years

10 THE FUTURE WITH “BE GOING TO”

a Form:

b Use:

- Nói về một sự việc tương lai mà chúng ta có thể thấy kết quả từ 1 tình huống trong hiện tại

Ex: Look out! That lady is going to fall

- Diễn tả một hành động mà chún ta dự định làm trong tương lai, đã có quyết định trước rồi

Ex: “Why did you buy so much paint?” “I’m going to paint the house again”

Note: Hình thức quá khứ “Was/were going to do sth” được dùng với ý nghĩa “đã dự định làm

việc gì rồi nhưng không làm”

(+) S + will have been + V-ing (-) S + won’t/will not have been + V-ing (?) Will + S + have been + Ving?

(+) S + am/is/are going to + Vo (-) S + am/is/are + not + going to + Vo (?) Am/Is/Are + S + going to + Vo?

1 A maintain B attitude C determine D develop

2 A brilliant B different C secretary D attractive

II Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others

in the group

3 A bride B fridge C bridge D driver

4 A borrow B neighbor C stapler D harbor

5 A booked B pushed C caused D matched

III Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:

6 _, women are responsible for the chores in the house and taking care of the

children

A With tradition B On tradition C Traditional D Traditionally

7 All of the students are to pass the entrance examination in order to attend the university

A obsessed B obliged C obtained D observed

8 It is important to have someone you can _ in

A talk B speak C confide D know

9 Most adjective can be used to _ a noun

A precede B advance C occur D stand

10 I’m very tired _ more than 800 kilometers today

A I’m driving B I’ve driven C I drive D I’ve been driving

11 When he returned home from work, he a bath

A takes B took C has taken D was taking

12 Our relatives _ meet us at the station this evening

A are being B are going to C go to D will be to

13 He for that company for five months when it went bankrupt

A has been worked B has worked C had been working D was working

14 At this time next week, all of the students _ for their examination

A will be sat B have been sitting C have sat D will be sitting

15 Rachel is good at badminton She every game

A wins B winning C have won D is able win

16 “Let’s have pizza” “ ”

A Not again B It doesn’t matter C Not at all D Not really

17 He can’t go out because he _ his work

A doesn’t finish B hasn’t finished C didn’t finish D hadn’t finished

18 Her father when she was a small girl

A dies B died C has died D had died

19 Almost everyone _ for home by the time we arrived

A leave B left C leaves D had left

20 By the age of 25, he two famous novels

A wrote B writes C has written D had written

21 While her husband was in the army, Mary to him twice a week

A was writing B wrote C was written D had written

22 I have never played badminton before This is the first time I _ to play

A try B tried C have tried D am trying

23 Since _, I have heard nothing from him

A he had left B he left C he has left D he was left

24 After I _ lunch, I looked for my bag

A had B had had C have has D have had

25 By the end of next year, George _ English for two years

A will have learned B will learn C has learned D would learn

IV Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:

My aunt is one of those people who can talk to anyone about anything If she goes to a party where she doesn’t know any of the people, she just walks up to the first person that she sees and introduces herself And yet she doesn’t seem to talk about deeply important things like politics

or religions She always starts off with something very obvious like the other person’s job Very soon she is talking as if she has known the other person for years I asked her once what her secret was She said that the most important thing in a conversation was listening People love

to talk about themselves, so if you allow them to do so, it’s very easy to keep a conversation going You have to listen carefully and ask questions And you have to look interested, too So don’t keep looking at other things in the room while you’re talking to someone

Another thing that I’ve noticed is that she only pays people compliments She says: “I like your hair Which hairdresser do you go to?” or “You look very well Have you been on holiday?” Friendly messages like this seem to provide an easy way into a conversation

26 According to my aunt, the most important thing in the conversation was

A speaking B discussing C looking D listening

27 At parties where she doesn’t know anybody, she normally _

A feels embarrassed and stays away from people

B asks people to introduce themselves to her

C comes over to the first person and introduces herself

D sits alone and avoids talking to other people

28 My aunt thinks that it’s easy to keep a conversation going if you

A let people talk about themselves B let people hear about themselves

C talk about politics and religions D ask people about their secrets

29 What should you NOT do when you have a conversation with someone?

A Looking very interested in his or her story

B Looking at other things in the room

C Listening very carefully and asking questions

D Paying him or her compliments

30 According to the passage, my aunt often starts a conversation by talking about

A the other person’s wealth B the other person’s health

C the other person’s daily activities D the other person’s job

V Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected

36 Last year (A), my son was lost (B) among (C) the crowd when we have gone (D) shopping

37 Almost (A) 300 million people had visited (B) America’s national parks (C) every year (D)

38 They have studied (A) English before (B) they went (C) to London (D)

39 They have got married (A) for (B) 30 years by (C) the end of this month (D)

40 They will help (A) you whenever (B) you will ask (C) them (D)

VI Choose the word or phrase that best fits each space in the following passage

In Germany, it’s important to be serious in a work situation They don’t mix work and play so you shouldn’t make jokes (36) you do in the UK and USA when you first meet people They work in a very organized way and prefer to do one thing at a time They don’t like interruptions or _ (37) changes of schedule Punctuality is very important so you should arrive on time for appointments At meeting, it’s important to follow the agenda and not interrupt _ (38) speaker If you give a presentation, you should focus (39) facts and technical information and the quality of your company’s products You should also prepare well, as they may ask a lot of questions Colleagues normally use the family names, and title – for example, “Doctor” or “Professor”, so you shouldn’t use first names _ (40) a person asks you do

36 A while B as if C such as D as

37 A sudden B suddenly C abruptly D promptly

38 A other B others C another D the other

39 A on B to C at D in

40 A if only B as C unless D since

VII Word form:

1 I like John but I don’t find him _ physically (attract)

2 Civil rights include freedom, _ in law and in employment, and the right to vote (equal)

3 Nancy wondered whether it was her distiny to live in England and _ John (marriage)

4 Agriculture work is _ seen as a male occupation (tradition)

5 Experience is the father of _ and memory is the mother of it (wise)

VIII Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it

1 I haven’t seen Alice for ages

6 brief (adj) ngắn, nhanh

 briefly = in brief (adv) một cách ngắn gọn, tóm lại

 clap one’s hands (v) vỗ tay

 commonly (adv) thông dụng

9 communication (n) sự giao tiếp, sự truyền đạt

 communicate (v) giao tiếp, truyền đạt

 communicative (adj) cởi mở, thân thiện

 uncommunicative (adj) ít nói, không cởi mở

10 informality (n) sự thân mật

 informal (adj) không nghi thức, thân mật

 informally (adv) thân mật

 formal (adj) trang trọng, theo nghi thức

 formality (n) sự trang trọng, đúng nghi thức

 formally (adv) trang trọng, chính thức

 for instance = for example ví dụ

12 non-verbal (adj) không bằng lời nói

 non-verbal communication (n) giao tiếp bằng cử chỉ

 verbal (adj) dùng lời nói

13 obvious (adj) rõ ràng, hiển nhiên

 rudely = impolitely (adv) thô lỗ

17 signal (n) dấu hiệu, tín hiệu, hiệu lệnh  signal (adj) nổi bật, đáng chú ý

 signal (v) ra hiệu, báo hiệu

18 situation (n) tình huống

19 slightly (adv) nhẹ nhàng

20 socialize (socialise) with (v) hòa nhập XH, XH hoá

 socialization (n) sự hòa nhập XH, XH hoá

 social (adj) có tính chất xã hội

23 whistle (v) huýt sáo; huýt gió

24 cue (n) sự gợi ý, lời ám chỉ, cử chỉ

II GRAMMAR

REPORTED SPEECH

Câu gián tiếp là câu dùng để thuật lại nội dung của lời nói trực tiếp

Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta chỉ đổi ngôi; không đổi thì của động từ và trạng từ

Ex: She says: “I am a teacher.”

She says that she is a teacher

Ex: “I am writing a letter now” Tom says

Tom says that he is writing a letter now

Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì quá khứ thì khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta đổi ngôi, thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

I Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu)

1 Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ của mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba

I → He / She me → him / her my → his / her

We → They us → them our → their

Ex: He said: “I learned English.”

He said that he had leared English

2 Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your)

- Xét ý nghĩa của câu và đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ của mệnh đề tường thuật Ex: Mary said: “You are late again.”

Mary said that you were late again

3 Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, không đổi

II Thay đổi về thì trong câu:

Simple present - V1 /Vs(es)

Present progressive – am / is / are + V-ing

Present perfect – have / has + V3/ed

Present perfect progressive – have / has been

+V-ing

Simple past – V2 / -ed

Past progressive – was / were + V-ing

Simple future – will + V1

Future progressive will be + V-ing

Simple past – V2 / V-ed Past progressive – was / were + V-ing Past perfect – had + V3/ed

Past perfect progressive - had been + V-ing Past perfect – had + V3/ed

Past perfect progressive – had been +V-ing Future in the past - would + V1

Future progressive in the past - would be + V-ing

III Thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:

Now Here This These Today Yesterday Last year Tonight Tomorrow Next month Ago

Then There That Those That day The day before / the previous day The year before / the previous year That night

The following day / the next day/ the day after The following month / the next month/ the month after

Before

CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP

1 COMMANDS / REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị)

- Mệnh lệnh khẳng định:

Direct: S + V + O: “V1 + O …”

Indirect: S + asked / told + O + to + V1 + …

Ex: He said to her: “Keep silent, please.” → He told her to keep silent

- Mệnh lệnh phủ định:

Direct: S + V + O: “Don’t + V1 + …”

Indirect: S + asked / told + O + not + to+ V1

…

Ex: “Don’t forget to phone me this afternoon,” he said

→ He reminded me not to forget to phone to him that afternoon

Tùy theo ngữ cảnh trong lời nói động từ tường thuật said hoặc said to có thể đổi thành told, asked, advised, persuaded, directed, begged, encouraged, …

2 STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật)

Direct: S + V + (O) : “clause”

Indirect: S + told / said + (O) + (that) + clause

Note: said to → told

Ex: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.”

→ Tom said (that) he wanted to visit his friend that weekend

3 QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)

Yes – No question

Direct: S + V + (O) : “Aux V + S + V1 + O….?”

Indirect: S + asked + O + IF / WHETHER + S + V + O

…

Ex: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?”

 He asked Mary if/whether she had ever been to Japan?

Wh – question

Direct: S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux V + S + V1 + O ?”

Indirect: S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + O

Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me

→ He asked me how long I was waiting for the bus

4 DANH ĐỘNG TỪ (V-ING) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP

Khi lời nói trực tiếp là lời đề nghị , chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi, …động từ tường thuật cùng với danh động từ (V-ing) theo sau nó thường được dùng để chuyển tải nội dung lời nói trên

Reporting Verb + V-ing + …

Deny (phủ nhận), admit (thừa nhận), suggest (đề nghị), regret (nuối tiếc), appreciate (đánh

giá cao, cảm kích)

Ex: Peter said: “I didn’t steal the painting.”  Peter denied stealing the painting

Reporting Verb + (Someone) + Preposition + V-ing + …

thank someone for (cám ơn ai về ….)

apologize someone for (xin lỗi ai về …)

accuse someone of (buộc tội ai về …)

congratulate someone on (chúc mừng ai về ….)

warn someone against (cảnh báo ai về ….)

prevent someone from (ngăn cản ai làm gì)

blame someone for (đổ lỗi ai làm gì)

Ex: “I’m happy to know that you win the game Congratulations!”, Jim said to Mary

→ Jim congratulated Mary on winning the game

Note:

1 Why don’t you / Why not / How about → suggested + (someone) + V-ing …

Ex: “Why don’t you send her some flowers?” he said

→ He suggested me sending her some flowers

2 Let’s → suggested + V-ing …

Let’s not → suggested + not + V-ing …

Ex: “Let’s meet outside the cinema,” he said

→ He suggested meeting outside the cinema

She said: “Let’s not talk about that problem again.”

→ She suggested not talking about that problem again

3 Shall we / It’s a good idea → suggested + V-ing …

Ex: “It’s a good idea to go for a picnic this weekend,” she said

→ She suggested going for a picnic that weekend

III EXERCISES

I Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others

in the group

1 A polite B pollen C police D pollute

2 A focus B remind C circus D patient

II Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others

in the group

3 A signal B resign C sign D assign

4 A sorrow B pillow C allow D follow

5 A whistle B bristle C little D castle

III Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:

6 Katie is a very _ girl She can make friends easily even though she is in a strange place

A shy B unfriendly C sociable D reticent

7 His achievements were partly due to the _ of his wife

A assist B assistant C assisted D assistance

8 Waving is considered the most _ way of attracting someone’s attention

A slightly B non-verbal C common D simply

9 He thought that he _ the movie, so he gave the ticket to his brother

A saw B has seen C would see D had seen

10 He said that he _ me the book soon

A will return B would return C is returning D returns

13 The doctor him to take more exercise

A told B tell C have told D are telling

14 I wanted to know _ return home

A when would she B when will she C when she will D when she would

15 Claire told me that her father a race horse

A owns B owned C owning D A and B

16 What did that man say ?

A at you B for you C to you D you

17 I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it _ raining there

A is B were C has been D was

18 “How about driving to the countryside this Sunday?” “ _”

A Sounds good! B That’s my pleasure C Yes, I’m driving D Never mind

19 The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed She explained she’d been on holiday the _ week

A ago B following C next D previous

20 When I rang Tessa sometime last week, she said she was busy day

A that B the C then D this

21 I wonder _ the tickets are on sale yet

A what B when C where D whether

22 Mathew _ Emma that her train was about to leave

A has reminded B has reminded that C reminded D reminded that

23 Hello, Jim I didn’t expect to see you today Sophie said you _ ill

A are B were C was D should be

24 Ann and left

A said goodbye to me B says goodbye to me C tell me goodbye D told me

goodbye

25 Naomi asked her doctor

A how many times a day should she take the medicine

B how many times should she take the medicine a day

C should she take the medicine how many times a day

D how many times a day she should take the medicine

IV Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:

I’ve always been a bit of an entertainer and played the funny man I was apart-time comedian for years, so I learned how to stand in front of the audiences It made me sure of myself I like being liked and I love making everyone smile

I’ve lived in London all my life and have just moved to a larger house with my wife Clare and out two children, Jimmy and Madeleine We spend a lot of time just singing and dancing around the house I grew up with music because my dad is the pianist, Chester Harriot – who’s still playing, by the way My working day is divided between television and writing cook books, though TV takes most of my time I spend about five days a fortnight working on the cooking programs I appear in I eat all sorts of things at home but I only buy quality food When I’m cooking, I experiment with whatever is in the fridge – it’s good practice for my TV series I’m a football fan and enjoy going to matches, but I’m a home-loving person really I don’t like going to the pub but we do go out to eat about twice a month There’s no better than a night at home playing with the children I rarely go to bed before midnight Late evening is when fresh thoughts on cooking usually come to me, so I often write and plan programs then When I eventually get to bed, I have no trouble sleeping

26 What is the writer’s main purpose in writing the text?

A to describe how he lives B to say what makes him laugh

C to talk about his cooking ideas D to explains how he started in TV

27 What would a reader learn about Ainsley (the writer) from the text?

A He is a very good musician

B He likes to plan the family meals

C He is nervous about performing on stage

D He enjoys spending time with his family

28 What does the writer say about himself?

A He loves going out and meeting people B He is very similar to his father

C He enjoys being popular D He should go to bed early

29 What does he say about his working life?

A He would like to appear less on TV

B He gets his best ideas at certain time

C He prefers being a comedian

D He should practice cooking more

30 Which of the following is the best description of the writer?

A The popular TV comedian who enjoys cooking, watching football and have a busy social life

B The TV cook who loves making people laugh, watching football and above all, having a happy family life

C The singing TV cook who likes making jokes, playing with his children and having an early night

D The cook and comedian who take great care about the way he cooks his food and enjoys listening to music more than anything

V Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected

31 Someone asked us (A) whether that (B) we had visited (C) the museum (D)

32 He just doesn’t (A) understand why is the car (B) not running (C) properly (D)

33 She told (A) me she couldn’t (B) remember (C) where did she put (D) her purse

34 Emma’s (A) boss told that (B) she could (C) leave early (D)

35 Rudy said (A) me that (B) she had to (C) finish (D) the report

VI Choose the word or phrase that best fits each space in the following passage

In Japan, politeness and good manners are very important and business meetings are very formal Business card are also important and they _ (36) these at the beginning of a meeting They always look at them carefully, so you should do the same as they might think you’re rude if you don’t A lot of communication is non-verbal They are very good listeners and may ask a lot of questions to _ (37) they understand everything In a conversation they wait longer before they reply than westerners do, so it’s important _(38) speak in those long pauses but to wait for no reply In their culture it’s rude to ask direct questions or to say “No” or “I disagree” In business it takes a long time to (39) a decision because they have to ask everyone in the company When they say “Yes” it may mean “I understand”, not “I agree”, and when they smile it might be because they don’t know (40) to say

36 A exchange B change C purchase D barter

37 A find B notice C check D identify

38 A to not B don’t C not D not to

39 A get B make C take D gain

40 A when B that C who D what

VII Word form:

1 Alternative medicines are now winning greater among doctors (accept)

2 You will be employed to in the development of new equipment (assistance)

3 The _ ability of the whale is thought to be highly developed (communicate)

4 She’s giving a small _ party in the evening, so you don’t have to dress up (formal)

5 Children are the most vulnerable members of _ (social)

VIII Change the following sentences into Indirect Reported Speech

1 “I’m sorry I broke the glass”, said Peter

 Peter apologised

2 “Why don’t you put your luggage under the seat?”, he asked

 He suggested _

3 “Keep away from this area”, said the security guard when we approached the fence

 The security guard told _

4 Isabel: “You can’t borrow my pen, Robert!”

 Isabel _

5 “I don’t want to be criticized by non-professionals”, said the film star

 The film star objected

6 “If I were you, I’d look for another job”, said one of my friends

16 “Hand over the money”, said the bank robber to the clerk

 The bank robber

1 academic year (n) niên học

 academy (n) học viện, viện hàn lâm

 academic (adj) về học thuật

 artist (n) nghệ sĩ

4 category (n) hạng, loại

5 compulsory = obligatory (adj) ép buộc, bắt buộc

 compulsory education (n) giáo dục bắt buộc

 compulsorily (adv) bắt buộc

7 curriculum (n) chương trình giảng dạy

 design (n) sự thiết kế

 education (n) sự giáo dục

 educational (adj) thuộc ngành giáo dục

10 fee-paying (adj) phải đóng học phí

11 half term (n) giữa học kỳ

12 independent or public school system hệ thống trường độc lập hay dân lập

15 make up (of) = consist of (v) tạo thành

16 parallel (adj) song song

17 primary education (n) giáo dục tiểu học

19 schooling (n) sự giáo dục ở nhà trường, học vấn

20 secondary education (n) giáo dục trung học

21 separate (v) chia ra

 separate (adj) tách biệt

22 set (v) thiệt lập, làm gương

23 state school (n) trường công

 state school system (n) hệ thống trường học công lập (quốc lập)

25 syllabus (plu.: syllabuses or syllabi) (n) giáo trình

26 technology (n) công nghệ, kĩ thuật

 information technology (IT) (n) ngành công nghệ thông tin

 technological (adj) thuộc về công nghệ

28 General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) chứng chỉ giáo dục THPT (bằng TN THPT)

II GRAMMAR

1 PASSIVE VOICE

General rule: S + V + O + …

S + BE + V3 /-ed … by + O

Ex: - She usually takes my car → My car is usually taken

Simple present S+ V(s/es/ o) + O So + is/ am/ are + V3/ed + Os

Present continuous S + is/ am/ are + Ving +O So + is/ am/ are + being + V3/ed + Os

Simple Past S+ Vqk/ed + O So + was/ were + V3/ed + Os

Past continuous S + was/ were + Ving + O So + was/ were + being + V3/ed + Os

Present Perfect S + have/ has + PP + O So + have/ has + been + V3/ed + Os

Past perfect S + had + PP + O So + had + been + V3/ed + Os

Simple future S + will + Vo + O So + will be + V3/ed + Os

Future perfect S + will have + done + O So + will have been+ V3/ed + Os Near future S + is/am / are going to + Vo+ O So + is/am / are going to be + V3/ed +

Os

Have to S + have to + Vo + O So + have to be + V3/ed + Os

Modals S + can/must/may… + Vo + O So + can/must/may… + be + V3/ed+

Os

2 PASSIVE WITH TWO-OBJECT VERBS

Active: They gave the finder (Indirect Object) a reward (Direct Object)

= They gave a reward (Direct Object) to the finder (Indirect Object)

Passive: The finder was given a reward

= A reward was given to the finder

3 PASSIVE WITH REPORTING VERBS

Khi muốn tường thuật lại ý mình nghe được của người khác, ta dùng cấu trúc “It is said

that…” hoặc “He is said to…”

Ex: People say that he has a collection of stamps

 It is said that he has a collection of stamps (cấu trúc 1)

 He is said to have a collection of stamps (cấu trúc 2)

Chúng ta có thể dùng với nhiều động từ khác nhau:

Cấu trúc 1:

It is

It was

said believe thought known reported expected considered understood alleged (bị coi là)

that …

Cấu trúc 2:

Trong cấu trúc 2 có 2 trường hợp là “to V0” và “to have V3/ed”

Nếu hành động xảy ra cùng thì với nhau thì dùng “To V0”, hành động xảy ra trước “He is/was said ” thì dùng “to have V3/ed”

Ex: People say that he works for a foreign company

 He is said to work for a foreign company

Ex: People think that he was telling a lie

 He is thought to have been telling a lie

4 CAUSATIVE FORM (HAVE/GET)

Have + someone + V 0

Get + someone + to V 0

Have/Get + something + V3/ed

Ex: I repaired my motorbike yesterday  I had my motorbike repaired yesterday

III EXERCISES

I Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others

in the group

1 A remain B contain C seaman D retain

2 A control B patrol C idol D extol

II Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others

in the group

3 A parallel B label C vessel D chapel

4 A typist B typical C typing D stylish

5 A vein B reign C foreign D main

III Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:

6 Military is _ in this country Every man who reaches the age of 18 has to serve in the army for two years

A compulsory B optional C illegal D unnecessary

7 People tend to work hard at this of life

A distance B stage C space D level

8 Concern for the environment is now at the _ of many government’s policies

A core B aim C target D purpose

9 Why don’t you have the document _?

A photocopy B to photocopy C photocopying D photocopied

10 The strange disease _ to have originated in Africa

A thinks B is thought C is thinking D thought

11 You can use my phone if yours

A won’t be worked B won’t work C isn’t worked D doesn’t work

12 It’s a beautiful photo I’m going to _

A get it enlarging B have it enlarging C have it enlarged D set it enlarged

13 We hope to have the law _ by December

(He) is

(He) was

said believe thought known reported expected considered understood alleged (bị coi là)

to + V0

to have V3/ed

A pass B to pass C passing D passed

14 “How does the washing machine work? “ _”

A Not often B Like this C Too much D A little

15 “Call me when you get home” “ _”

A Don’t worry I don’t forget B Don’t mention it C Congratulations! D You’re

welcome

16 “Did they win the game?” “ _”

A Yes They are B I’m afraid not C No I didn’t D No, they’re afraid not

17 Today, many serious childhood diseases _ by early immunization.[ sự miễn dịch]

A are preventing B can prevent C prevent D can be prevented

18 Do you get your heating _ every year?

A checking B check C be checked D checked

19 Bicycles _ in the driveway

A must not leave B must not be leaving C must not be left D must not have left

20 Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony _ next weekend

A is going to be performed B has been performed C will be performing D will have perform

21 All bottles _ before transportation

A frozen B were froze C were frozen D are froze

22 _.yet?

A Have the letters been typed B Have been the letters typed

C Have the letters typed D Had the letters typed

23 English has become a second language in countries like India, Nigeria or Singapore where _ for administration, broadcasting and education

A is used B it is used C used D being used

24 The telephone _ by Alexander Graham Bell

A is invented B is inventing C invented D was invented

25 Lots of houses _ by the earthquake

A are destroying B destroyed C were destroyed D is destroyed

IV Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:

In 1988, for the first time in British history, a National Curriculum was introduced The National Curriculum tells pupils which subjects they have to study, what they must learn and when they have to take assessment tests

Between the age of 14 and 16, pupils study for their GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) exams Pupils must take English Language, Maths and Science for GCSE, as well as

a half GCSE in a foreign language and Technology In addition, they must also be taught Physical Education, Religious Education and Sex Education, although they do not take exams in these subjects

At the age of 16, pupils can leave school If pupils stay on, they usually take A (Advanced) levels,

AS (Advanced Supplementary) levels or GNVQs (Greater National Vocational Qualifications)

It is quite common to combine, for example, two A levels with one AS level, or one A level with one GNVQ

Pupils taking A levels study traditional subjects, such as France, Physics or History To go to university, pupils usually need two or three A levels

AS levels are the same standard as A levels, but only half of the content: AS level German pupils take the A level German language exam, but do not take the A level German Literature exam GNVQs are vocational qualifications Pupils usually take on GNVQ in subjects such as Business, Leisure and Tourism, Manufacturing, and Art and Design One GNVQ (at advanced level) is equal to two A levels

26 Britain began to have a National Curriculum _

A one hundred years ago B in the nineteenth

century

C in 1898 D in 1988

27 Which of the following subjects do British students NOT take exams in?

A Science B Physical Education C Maths D English

Language

28 Pupils need A levels to continue to study at university

A one or two B two or three C four or five D five or six

29 Which of the following subjects do British pupils NOT take on GNVQ in?

A German Literature B Business C Art and Design D Manufacturing

30 Pupils normally study for their GCSE between the ages of

A 12 and 14 B 14 and 16 C 15 and 17 D 16 and 18

V Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected

31 The oil (A) price is believing (B) to be (C) rising (D) again

32 While the (A) Browns were (B) away (C) on holiday, their house was broke into (D)

33 Film can only be developing (A) in a room that (B) is totally (C) dark (D)

34 It is certain (A) that classes will be (B) call off (C) because of (D) the snow

35 While some people say (A) that a lot of time is wasting (B) in shopping (C) for clothes, others feel that it is a relaxing (D) activitity

VI Choose the word or phrase that best fits each space in the following passage

A tiny village school is soon to celebrate its 110 birthday – against all expectations Five years ago it seemed certain to close but parents and other villagers fought the local education authority and raised funds to keep it (36) It is now ending its first term as a school _ (37) by the village community and the villagers are just proud of their achievement

They were furious when education chiefs try to make them send the village children to other schools further away because the number of pupils at the village school was too (38) The villagers started a huge campaign to _ (39) money They collected enough to hire

a teacher and begin to help with school cleaning, lunch supervision and lessons Now the school

is doing well and it seems _ (40) it will continue to run in the future

36 A open B opened C to open D for opening

37 A run B running C has run D to run

38 A little B less C few D small

39 A rise B raise C pay D deal

40 A in case B even though C as if D if only

VII Word form:

1 Children should be encouraged to be _ thinkers (depend)

2 The brought his paints with him (art)

3 Others students may try to improve their performance by going to their summer schools (academy)

4 The school aims to children in a caring environment (education)

5 Modern _ has opened our eyes to many things (technological)

VIII Change the following sentences into Passive Voice

1 He is preparing everything for the presidential election

3 advanced Engineering project (n) dự án công trình tiến bộ

 advanced (adj) nâng cao

4 amaze (v) làm kinh ngạc, làm sửng sốt

 amazing (adj) làm kinh ngạc, làm sửng sốt

 amazed (adj) ngạc nhiên, sửng sốt

 amazement (n) sự kinh ngạc, sự sửng sốt

5 apply (v) xin việc làm, áp dụng

 application (n) đơn xin, sự áp dụng, sự ứng dụng

 applicant (n) người nộp đơn xin việc

 application form (n) mẫu đơn, đơn xin việc

6 blame (sb for sth) (n) sự khiển trách; lời trách mắng

 blame (v) đổ lỗi, khiển trách

 blameful (adj) đáng khiển trách

 ≠ blameless (adj) không khiển trách được

7 campus (n) khuôn viên trường đại học

9 challenge (n) sự thách thức

 challenge (v) thách thức

 challenging (adj) kích thích, thách thức

10 create (v) tạo nên,tạo thành, sáng tạo

 creation (n) sự tạo thành, sự sáng tạo

 creativity (n) óc sáng tạo, tính sáng tạo

 creative (adj) có tính sáng tạo

11 daunting (adj) làm thoái chí, làm nản chí

 daunt (v) làm thoái chí, làm nản lòng

12 engineering (n) khoa công trình

13 existance (n) sự tồn tại

 exist (v) tồn tại

14 feel- felt- felt (v) cảm thấy

 feel at home (v) cảm thấy thoải mái

15 fight back tears (v) cố cầm nước mắt

16 feel at home cảm thấy thoải mái, dễ chịu

17 get on well with sb (v) hòa hợp với ai đó

22 midterm (n) giữa học kỳ

23 over and over (again) (idiom) lặp đi lặp lại

24 project (n) đề án, dự án; kế hoạch

 project (v) thảo kế hoạch, làm đề án

25 scare= fright (n) sự sợ hãi, sự kinh hoàng

 scare = frighten (v) làm kinh hãi, làm sợ hãi

 scary = frightening (adj) đáng sợ, ghê rợn

 socialist (n) người ủng hộ CNXH

 socialism (n) chủ nghĩa xã hội

 socialize (v) xã hội hoá, hòa nhập XH

 social (adj) thuộc xã hội

 socially (adv) về mặt giao tiếp bạn bè

27 take part in = participate in (v) tham gia

28 thoroughly (adv) cẩn thận, kỹ lưỡng, hoàn toàn, rất nhiều

II GRAMMAR

I CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN)

Câu điều kiện có 2 mệnh đề: Mệnh đề phụ (mệnh đề điều kiện) bắt đầu bằng IF, và mệnh đề chính (nêu kết quả) Có 4 loại câu điều kiện:

1 REAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ( TYPE 1) (có thể xảy ra ở tương lai)

a Future possible

If + S + V (simple present) + S + will/ can/ may/ must + V 0

Ex: If I have time, I will visit you

b Habitual (thói quen, sự thật)

If + S + V (simple present) + S + V (simple present)

Ex: Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time

c Command (câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu)

If + S + V (simple present) + command form (V + O)

Ex: Please buy me some fruits if you go to market

2 PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ( TYPE 2 ) (không có thật ở hiện

tại)

If + S + V (simple past) + S + would/ should/ could/ might + V 0

(Dùng WERE cho tất cả các ngôi)

Ex: If today were Saturday, I could go to the beach

If I had time, I would write you a letter

3 PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ( TYPE 3) (không có thật ở quá khứ)

If + S + V (past perfect), S + would/ could/ might + have +

V3/ed

Ex: If I hadn’t lost my way, I would have arrived sooner

4 MIXED CONDITIONAL SENTENCE (mệnh đề trộn)

Type 1: Đã xảy ra ở quá khứ nhưng kết quả ở hiện tại (3-2)

If + S + V (past perfect), S + would/could + V 0

Ex: If I hadn’t told her about this, she wouldn’t be sad now

Type 2: điều kiện ở hiện tại, nhưng kết quả ở quá khứ (2-3)

If + S + V (past tense), S + would/ could + have + V3/ed

Ex: If she loved him, she would have stayed with him

II ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ IF

IF 1:

Ex: Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis

Should + S + (not ) + V 0, S + will/can… + V 0

Were + S + O/ (not) to V, S + would/could + V 0

IF 2:

Ex: If I were younger, I would play tennis  Were I younger, I would play tennis

If I learnt Chinese, I would read a Chinese book  Were I to learn Chinese, I would read a

Chinese book

IF 3:

Ex: If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam  Had he studied hard, he would

have passed his exam

NOTE:

Unless = If…… not……

Ex: If you don’t study hard, you will fail in the exam

= Unless you study hard, you will fail in the exam

Ex: If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster

= Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster

Wish = If only: Ước, giá mà

a Future wish: S + wish + S + would/ could + V (bare inf.)

Ex: I wish I would be an astronaut in the future

b Present wish: S + wish + S + V (simple past)

Ex: I can’t swim  I wish I could swim

c Past wish: S + wish + S + V (past perfect)

Ex: She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house

III EXERCISES

I Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others

in the group

1 A average B candidate C severely D applicant

2 A insurance B reference C consider D available

II Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others

in the group

3 A course B courtesy C source D force

4 A legal B level C league D leader

5 A choice B charge C chase D chaos

III Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:

6 _they’re a great company to work for I’ve never been to so many parties in my life

A Society B Social C Socially D Sociable

7 It took her many weeks to _ at home on campus

A stay B feel C make D see

8 Everyone was at his knowledge at philosophy

A amaze B amazement C amazing D amazed

9 Starting school may be a(n) experience for many children

A thorough B advanced C daunting D social

10 It’s really _to think how much power these people have!

A scary B scare C scared D to scare

Had + S + (not) +V3/ed + O, S + would/ could have + V3/ed

11 If I _ my wallet at home this morning, I _ money for lunch now

A leave / will have B didn’t leave / would have

C hadn’t left / would have D hadn’t left / would have had

12 It is too bad, Lam isn’t here If he _ here, he _ what to do

A were / would know B is / will know

C had been / would have known D was / would know

13 If we _ the plans carefully, we would not have had so many serious mistakes

A study B had studied C studied D were studying

14 I will never talk to you again _ you apologize me _ your being rude

A if / for B unless / for C or / of D whether / or

15 I think you should stop smoking

A If I am you, I will stop smoking B If I were you, I will stop smoking

C If I were you, I would stop smoking D If I had been you, I would stop smoking

16 Unless we _ more snow, we can’t go skiing

A will have B have C have had D had

17 You’ll fail the exam _ you start revising

A if B until C when D unless

18 Unless you wash the car, you _ not drive it at the weekend

A would B could C have to D may

19 If Peter _ his car before the drive, he _ the problem of out of petrol

A checked / will not get B had checked / would not have got

C checks / will not have got D would be checking / will not have got

20 He stepped on the mine, and it exploded

A If he doesn’t step on the mine, it doesn’t explode

B If he doesn’t step on the mine, it won’t explode

C If he didn’t step on the mine, it wouldn’t explode

D If he hadn’t stepped on the mine, it wouldn’t have exploded

21 In my experiments, the liquid is cooled to 32ºF It always freezes

A If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it froze

B If you cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it would freeze

C If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it will freeze

D If you had cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it would have frozen

22 It may rain this afternoon I hope it doesn’t because I don’t want the match to be cancelled

A If it rains, the match is cancelled

B If it rains, the match will be cancelled

C If it rained, the match would be cancelled

D If it had rained, the match would have been cancelled

23 Unfortunately, I don’t know Philosophy, so I can’t answer your question

A If I know Philosophy, I can answer your question

B If I know Philosophy, I will be able to answer your question

C If I knew Philosophy, I would be able to answer your question

D If I had known Philosophy, I would have been able to answer your question

24 If he _ with us now, he _ the beauty of nature of the National Park

A is / can enjoy B was / will enjoy C has been / would enjoy D were / could enjoy

25 If they had searched more carefully, they the watch sooner

A will find B would find C found D would have found

26 If I had got up early, I _ enough time to have breakfast now

A have B had C would have D would have had

27 I cannot buy a new computer _ I save enough money

A if B even if C unless D as if

28 If I had taken that English course, I much progress

A had made B would have made C made D would make

29 If I were in your place, I _a trip to England

A will make B had made C made D would make

30 If I you , I’d save some of your lottery winning

IV Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:

Last week I went to visit Atlantis College, an excellent private college in Wales Unusually, it gives people much needed experience of life outside the classroom, as well as the opportunity to study for their exams The students, who are aged between 16 and 18 and come from all over the world, spend the morning studying In the afternoon they go out and do a really useful activity, such as helping on the farm, looking after people with learning difficulties, or checking for pollution in rivers

One of the great things about Atlantics College students is that they come from many different social backgrounds and countries As few can afford the fees of £20,000 over two years, grants are available A quarter of students are British, and many of those can only attend because they receive government help

“I really admire the college for trying to encourage international understanding among young people”, as Barbara Molenkamp, a student from the Netherlands, said “You learn to live with people and respect them, even the ones you don’t like During the summer holidays my mother

couldn’t believe how much less I argued with my sister.”

To sum up, Atlantics College gives its students an excellent education, using method which really seem to work

31 What is the writer trying to do in the text?

A give an opinion about a particular student

B give an opinion about a special type of education

C describe the activities the students do in their free time

D describe his own experience of education

32 What can a reader find out from this text?

A how to become a student at Atlantics College

B what kind of programme Atlantics College offers

C what the British education system is like

D how to get along better with other people

33 What is the writer’s opinion of Atlantics College?

A it doesn’t allow students enough study time

B Its students are taught to like each other

C it doesn’t give good value for money

D its way of teaching is successful

34 How has Barbara changed since being a student at Atlantics College?

A She knows a lot about other countries

B She is more confident than her sister now

C She finds it easy to get on with other people

D She prefers her new friends to her family

35 The word “argued” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to _

A quarreled B respected C admired D regarded

V Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected

36 If Tom had come sooner (A), he could has eaten (B) dinner with (C) the whole (D) family

37 If my father hasn’t (A) encouraged me to take (B) the exam, I wouldn’t (C) have done (D)

it

38 If you give me more time (A) and (B) I will (C) successfully (D) finish this project

39 If we will reduce (A) the speed of population growth (B), there will be less (C) pressure on (D) the earth

40 If I were (A) you, I will go (B) to the dentist’s (C) and have the tooth checked (D)

VI Choose the word or phrase that best fits each space in the following passage

The relationship between students and teachers is _ (41) formal in the USA than in many other countries, especially at the college level American college students do not stand up when their teacher enters the room Students are generally encouraged to ask questions in class,

to stop in the professor’s office for extra help, and to phone if they are absent and need a(n) (42) Most teachers allow students to enter class late or leave early, if necessary Despite the lack of formality, students are still expected to be polite to their teachers and fellow classmates When students want to ask questions, they usually _ (43) a hand and wait to

be called on When the teacher or a student is speaking to the class, it is rude to begin whispering _ (44) another classmate When a test is being given, talking to a classmate is not only rude but also risky Most American teachers consider that students who are talking to each other (45) a test are cheating

41 A much B most C a little D less

42 A assignment B homework C information D housework

43 A raise B hold C hand D rise

44 A with B for C to D at

45 A at B during C by D for

VII Word form:

1 The human body has an capacity to repair itself (amaze)

2 He was one of 30 _ for the manager’s job (apply)

3 American art reached a peak of in the 50s and 60s (create)

4 They adopt behavious that is more acceptable among their peers (society)

5 I am _ that the plane might crash (scary)

VIII Change the following sentences into Conditional Sentence

1 He can’t go out because he has to study for his exam

12 I only come if they invite me

2 casual (adj) bình thường, thường

 casual clothes (n) quần áo bình thường

3 candidate (n) thí sinh, ứng cử viên

4 certificate (n) chứng chỉ, văn bằng

5 comment (n) sự nhận xét, lời bình luận

 comment on/ upon sth (v) nhận xét, bình luận về

6 concentrate on = focus on (v) tập trung, chú ý

 employ (v) tuyển dụng, thuê

10 enthusiastic (adj) hăng hái, nhiệt tình; say mê

 enthusiasm (n) sự hăng hái, sự nhiệt tình

 enthusiast (n) người hăng hái, người say mê

 enthusiastically (adv) nhiệt tình, hăng hái

11 express (v) biểu lộ, diễn đạt

 expression (n) sự bày tỏ, nét mặt

12 honest (adj) lương thiện, trung thực, thật thà

 ≠dishonest (adj) không trung thực, bất lương

 honesty (n) tính trung thực; tính chân thật

 honestly (adv) thật thà, thành thật

13 humour (n) sự hài hước, sự hóm hỉnh

 humourous (adj) khôi hài, hài hước; hóm hỉnh

 sense of humour (n) tính hài hước

14 impression (n) ấn tượng

 impress (v) gây ấn tượng; làm cảm động

 impressive (adj) gây ấn tượng sâu sắc

16 interview (v) phỏng vấn

 interview (n) cuộc phỏng vấn

 interviewer (n) người phỏng vấn

 interviewee (n) người được phỏng vấn

17 jot down (v) ghi tóm tắt, ghi nhanh

18 keen on (adj) hăng hái, say mê

 keenness (n) sự hăng hái, sự say mê

 neatly (adv) gọn gàng, ngăn nắp

20 nervous= anxious (adj) sợ hãi, lo lắng, bồn chồn

 nervousness (n) sự bồn chồn, bối rối

21 pressure (n) sức ép, áp lực

 pressurize (v) gây sức ép, gây áp lực

22 qualification (n) khả năng chuyên môn, trình độ chuyên môn

23 recommendation (n) sự giới thiệu; sự tiến cử

 recommend (v) giới thiệu; tiến cử

 recommendatory (adj) để giới thiệu, để tiến cử

 letter of recommendation (n) thư giới thiệu

24 reduce (v) giảm, giảm bớt, hạ

 reduction (n) sự giảm bớt

25 relate (to) (v) có liên quan

26 résumé = curriculum vitae (CV) (n) bản lý lịch, bản tóm tắt

27 sense of responsibility (n) ý thức trách nhiệm

28 shortcoming (n) lỗi, khuyết điểm, điểm yếu

29 stressful (adj) gây ra căng thẳng

 stress (n) tâm trạng căng thẳng, trọng âm

 stressed (adj) bị căng thẳng, được nhấn mạnh

 stress (v) ép, làm căng thẳng

30 vacant (adj) trống rỗng, bỏ trống

 vacancy (n) công việc cần tuyển

II GRAMMAR

RELATIVE CLAUSES (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)

Mệnh đề quan hệ còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ (adjective clause) vì nó được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó Mệnh đề này được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan

hệ Who, Whom, Which, Whose, That hoặc các phó từ quan hệ như When, Where, Why

thing

that/ X

Which/ that/

X

That

Ex: The book which/ that/ X you lent me is interesting

This is the man who/ whom/ that/ X I met yesterday

1 REVISION:

RELATIVE

(ĐẠI TỪ)

USED FOR (DÙNG CHO)

USED AS (DÙNG NHƯ)

She is the woman whom you saw in her room

The dog which bit the postman belongs to him The dog which you saw outside my house belongs

to him

things and animals

Subject or object

The man who/that lives nest door works in my

Of whom,

of which

The children whose paintings win the competition

will be given a scholarship

They are playing a game whose rules I couldn’t

understand

WHERE Places Adverbs of

places

This is the street where the accident happened

time

I still remember the day when we first met

WHY Reason Reason She gave us the reason why she loved him

which

Subject or object

What I want now is a cup of coffee

2 OMISSION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Ta có thể lược bỏ who, whom, which, that nếu nó thay thế cho tân ngữ

Ex: She is the woman whom you saw in her room yesterday  She is the woman you saw in

her room yesterday

Note: không thề lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ nếu có dấu phẩy (mệnh đề không xác định), hoặc sau

giới từ

Ex: Mr Dan, whom I invited to dinner, didn’t come

She’s going to marry the man with whom she went on holiday

3 DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Được dùng để chỉ rõ người hoặc vật nào muốn đề cập, do đó, mệnh đề xác định không thể thiếu

trong câu, nếu không có nó sẽ không rõ nghĩa Chúng ta không dùng dấu phẩy trước và sau mệnh

đề xác định

Ex: The picture which is stolen is worth millions of dollars

4 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Được dùng cho thêm thông tin, khi mệnh đề chính đã đủ nghĩa, thường được tách biệt bằng dấu phẩy

Mệnh đề không xác định được dùng sau Tên riêng, This That These Those, Tính từ sở hữu

(my, your, our, their, Lan’s…)

Ex: Mr Dan, who teaches English, has written several books

This company, which makes computer, was found 20 years ago

My cousin, who has just passed the final exam, is going to study abroad

5 RELATIVE PRONOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

Khi đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho một từ đứng sau giới từ, ta có cách làm sau:

Ex: Karen is my sister I told you about her

 Karen, whom/who/that/O I told you about is my sister  Karen, ABOUT WHOM I told

you is my sister

 Chỉ dùng WHOM, WHICH sau giới từ, không dùng THAT, WHO sau giới từ

Ex: Mr Dan hasn’t given us his reply We sent the letter to him

 Mr Dan, TO WHOM we sent the letter, hasn’t given us his reply

This is his book He is most proud of it

 This is his book, OF WHICH he is most proud

Note: Chúng ta có thể dùng từ chỉ số lượng (all, most, some, none, neither, both, many, several, a few, one/two/three…) kèm theo “OF + WHOM/ WHICH”

EX: They have four children All of them are married

 They have four children, ALL OF WHOM are married

He has three cars One of them was made in Japan

 He has three cars, ONE OF WHICH was made in Japan

5 RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES (V-ing or V3/ed)

Ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách thay thế present participle (V-ing) hoặc past participle (V3/ed) theo các trường hợp sau:

TH1: The man who is talking to the teacher is my father

 The man talking to the teacher is my father

TH2: The book which was published last week is her first novel

 The book published last week is her first novel

TH3: Fans who wanted to buy tickets started queuing early

 Fans wanting to buy tickets started queuing early

TH4: Students who prepare for their exams usually stay up late at night

 Students preparing for their exams usually stay up late at night

6 RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY TO-INFINITIVE (TO V1)

Ta có thể rút gọn bằng cách dùng To V1 Dùng trong các trường hợp sau:

TH1: Sau các từ The last, the first, the only, the second…

Ex: Dan is the first person who gave the correct answer  Dan is the first person to give the

correct answer

Ex: Alice was the second applicant who was interviewed  Alice was the second applicant to

be interviewed

TH2: Sau so sánh nhất

Ex: She was the youngest person who received the prize  She was the youngest person to

receive the prize

TH3: Mục đích, cho phép

Ex: I think she has something that she wanted to say  I think she had something to say Ex: The children need a garden which they can play in  The children need a garden to play

TH4: sau các từ: something, anything, nothing, everything, somebody, nobody, everybody,

somewhere, anywhere, nowhere…

Ex: Is there anything that I can eat?  Is there anything to eat?

III EXERCISES

I Choose the word whose main stress is put on a different syllable from that of the others

in the group

1 A express B effort C employ D reduce

2 A create B vacant C previous D aspect

II Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others

in the group

3 A casual B case C cashier D cash

4 A admit B advance C advent D admire

5 A command B compose C complain D comment

III Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:

6 Letters of recommendation from your previous would be helpful to you when applying for a job

A employees B employers C employment D employs

7 Interviewees must every effort to answer all the questions they are asked during the interview

A make B do C get D take

8 It was such a job that he quit it after two months at work

A stress B stressed C stressful D stresses

9 All employers need workers who have a good sense of

A responsible B irresponsible C responsibly D responsibility

10 Although they are not rich, their children are always _ dressed

A neat B neatly C untidy D untidily

11 Vietnam, _is in the south-east Asia, exports rice coffee and rubber

A who B that C which D where

12 They are the children won the match yesterday

A whose B whom C who D they

13 They live in the house _ they bought last year

A whom B which C where D whose

14 The girl you met yesterday is a famous pop singer

A whom B whose C what D which

15 It’s going to rain in Canberra, is the capital city of Australia

A which B where C that D when

16 The man _you met on Main Street yesterday is your new teacher

A which B when C whose D whom

17 That’s the house _Shakespeare was born

A which B that C in that D where

18 The scientist _discovered a new planet has won the Nobel Prize

A which B what C who D whom

19 The book _ is on the table belongs to my teacher

A who B it C which D where

20 He invited us to the house he was born and grew up

A which B that C who D where

21 I like the village I used to live

A in that B in where C which D in which

22 The little girl I borrowed this pen has gone

A whose B from who C from that D from whom

23 The speech _ we listened last night was information

A to which B which to C to that D that

24 The boy to I lent my money is poor

A that B who C whom D B and C

25 The knife we cut bread is very sharp

A with that B which C with which D that

26 He was the last person in this way

A to kill B who killed C being killed D to be killed

27 Nellie Ross of Wyoming was the first woman _ governor in the United State

A who elected B to be elected C was elected D her election as

28 She is the only in the discussion to using nuclear power

A objects B objected C to object D whom objects

29 Johnny was the last applicant for a position in that energy station

A to interview B interviewing C to be interviewed D which is interviewed

30 The instructions ……… by Professor Johnson helped us know more about the danger

of energy pollution

A that explained B explained C explaining D which explained

IV Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:

Computer programmer David Jones earns £35,000 a year designing new computer games, yet he cannot find a bank prepared to let him have a cheque card Instead, he has been told to wait for another two years, until he is 18

The 16-year-old works for a small firm in Liverpool, where the problem of most young people of his age is finding a job David’s firm releases two new games for the expanding home computer market each month