Student Assistance Expenditures to 2004 Total student assistance expenditures in British Columbia more than doubled over the decade to 2003‐04; substantially more than the national aver
Trang 1By
Sean Junor and Alex Usher
August 2007
Trang 2About CASFAA
The Canadian Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators (CASFAA) is a national professional association that represents financial aid administrators at Canada's universities, colleges and technical institutes. As a professional association, CASFAA serves as a liaison between our members and the federal government, service providers, financial institutions and various other stakeholders in student financial aid; advocates on behalf of members by providing input on student financial assistance programs and policies; and provides professional development opportunities for members, including our annual conference.
About the Educational Policy Institute
The Educational Policy Institute is a non‐profit research center focused in issues of educational opportunity, especially for our most needy populations. Based in Virginia Beach with offices in Toronto and Melbourne, EPI conducts program evaluation, policy analysis, and conducts professional development opportunities for educational professionals throughout the education continuum. Visit the EPI website at www.educationalpolicy.org.
About the Authors
SEAN JUNOR is the Manager of Knowledge Mobilization at the Educational Policy Institute. Prior
to joining the Institute, he was the Senior Policy and Research Officer for the Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation. He is a native of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and a graduate of the University of Saskatchewan. (sjunor@educationalpolicy.org)
ALEX USHER is the Vice‐President of the Educational Policy Institute. Prior to joining the
Institute, he was the Director of Research and Program Development for the Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation, where he was in charge of Canada’s largest‐ever research project on access to post‐secondary education. He is a native of Winnipeg, Manitoba, and graduate of McGill University and Carleton University. (ausher@educationalpolicy.org)
Suggested Citation:
Junor, Sean, & Usher, Alex (2007). The End of Need‐Based Student Financial Aid in Canada?
Toronto, ON: Educational Policy Institute.
Trang 3Table of Contents
About CASFAA 2
About the Educational Policy Institute 2
About the Authors 2
Table of Contents 3
Data Limitations and Observations 4
Chapter 1: Introduction 5
Chapter 2: Student Aid in Canada 1993‐1994 to 2003‐2004 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Alberta 8
2.3 British Columbia 10
2.4 Manitoba 13
2.5 New Brunswick 15
2.6 Newfoundland and Labrador 18
2.7 Nova Scotia 20
2.8 Ontario 22
2.9 Prince Edward Island 25
2.10 Québec 27
2.11 Saskatchewan 30
Chapter 3: Student Aid Policy and Program Changes Since 2004 34
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Government of Canada and Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation 34
3.3 Alberta 37
3.4 British Columbia 38
3.5 Manitoba 40
3.6 New Brunswick 41
3.7 Newfoundland and Labrador 41
3.8 Nova Scotia 42
3.9 Ontario 43
3.10 Prince Edward Island 45
3.11 Québec 45
3.12 Saskatchewan 46
Chapter 4 Summary and Conclusions 47
Bibliography 51
Appendix A: Targeted Need‐Based Student Assistance 52
Trang 4Any interested parties who wish to investigate or use data behind the tables and figures are encouraged to contact the Educational Policy Institute.
Trang 5Chapter 1: Introduction
There was a major change in Canadian student aid in the late 1990s, due largely to a package of measures adopted by the Government Canada as part of its “Canada Opportunities Strategy”.
At the time, what aroused the most comment was the creation in 1998 of the $2.5 billion Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation (Foundation). But while the Foundation was certainly a welcome – if controversial ‐ addition to the country’s stock of need‐based aid, its creation did not herald the start of a new focus on need‐based aid. Quite the contrary, in fact: the creation of the Foundation was actually the last major investment in need‐ based aid made
by any Canadian government for nearly seven years.
In retrospect, the most significant measure of the late 1990s was contained not the flashy 1998 federal budget, but rather in the almost unheralded budget of 1996. In that budget, the monthly education tax credit amount for full‐time students was increased from $60 per month
to $80 per month. Though it hardly set the world on fire, this measure fundamentally altered the nature of student aid in Canada. The next year the monthly amount was increased – in stages – from $80 per month to $200 per month and part‐time students became eligible for a
$60 per month credit. These amounts were later doubled in the federal Liberals’ pre‐election mini‐budget of October 2000, and then hiked again in 2006 when the new Conservative government created a $60 per month tax credit for “textbooks” (more will be discussed on this
in Chapter 3) which was an addition to the existing monthly amount in all but name. Ancillary fees were added to the tuition fee tax credit. Student loan interest became subject to a tax credit as well.
Provinces not to be outdone got into the tax credit act, too. Most matched the increases in federal tax credits – some (notably Alberta) increased them way beyond anything the federal government did. Some have‐not provinces even began trying to use education tax credits as a way to stem the loss of their youth population.
What all of this signaled was a decreased desire on the part of governments to use need‐based student assistance to distribute aid to those who need it the most. Instead, governments began finding non‐need‐based methods of providing supports: tax credits, tuition freezes – anything which did not use need as a criterion ‐ became the preferred method of distributing money. Indeed, governments went so far as to begin actively seeking to distribute money to people who
‐ so far from being needy ‐ were actually well enough off to save substantial sums of money for their children’s’ education. The Canada Education Savings Grant (CESG), begun in 1998, almost immediately became a $400‐million per year program. Recently, provinces have begun copying this, too – most notably, Québec, which has begun matching federal contributions to the program on a 1:2 basis.
The metamorphosis from a need‐based system of aid to a predominantly non‐need‐based system of aid in Canada did not happen instantly. It has been the slow, inexorable result of an accretion of government decisions at both the federal and provincial levels. Ideology has not played a part – governments of both the left and right alike have plunged with abandon into non‐need‐based projects.
Trang 6The purpose of this report is to shed light on the how this situation evolved, on a province‐by‐province basis1. In Chapter 2, the paper takes data from 1993‐94 to 2003‐04 (the last year for which good data is available) to show how the mix of available aid changed in each province over that decade, and how these changes helped to offset the rises in tuition which occurred over that time. Though there are some broad themes which emerge from this examination, the situation was not the same in all provinces and the individual sections of this chapter should help the reader understand the nuances in situations across the country.
Although good data on student assistance is not available past 2004, it is possible to track the broad outline of changes in student aid just by examining various budget documents and tracking government announcements dealing with student financial assistance. This paper does this in Chapter 3. In the final chapter, the paper examines the cumulative effect of these changes on student assistance and outlines who has benefited the most from the recent changes.
Trang 7Chapter 2: Student Aid in Canada 1993-1994 to
2003-2004
2.1 Introduction
Chapter 2 deals with changes in the overall amounts of student aid being provided by federal and provincial governments in between the years 1993‐94 and 2003‐04, the last year for which complete and accurate data is available. It shows the amount of federal and provincial aid provided by each province in each of these years. It also describes the effects of these changes
on various measures of affordability. Overall, what the chapter shows is that there were very significant increases in student aid over this decade which, although they did not completely offset the increases in tuition which occurred over the course of the 1990s, did go some considerable distance to mitigating it.
Trang 8Average Grants: The average size of grant in a particular jurisdiction in a particular year. Grant Recipients’ Net Tuition (GRNT): NET minus average grants. In effect, the “net” tuition
In part, this increase was due to an increase in the number of post‐secondary students in the province: college and university enrolments rose by 20 to 25 percent during the decade in question. Still, real aid available to student grew substantially over the decade. Total aid
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$50 million, federal aid more than doubled, from $214 million to $478 million. As a result, nearly two‐thirds of all student aid dollars in Alberta (need‐based and universal combined) now come from the Government of Canada.
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Table 1 – Changes in Tuition, Subsidies and Net Costs, Alberta 1995‐96 to 2005‐06 (real $2005 dollars)
Tuition and Fees
Trang 10The average grant size decreased by about $600 in the period, meaning that Grant recipients’ net tuition (GRNT) rose substantially after 1998‐99. However, because of data collection limitations, GRNT is based on the average grant size, not the average amount of grant received (individuals can receive more than one grant). Since the number of grants increased substantially over the years in question (from 13,807 in 1998‐99 to 34,954 in 1999‐2000 and 54,564 in 2003‐04), it seems likely that not only are a larger people are receiving grants, but that more people are receiving multiple grants as well, meaning that “true” GRNT is probably decreasing, not increasing.
In other words, combined federal and provincial expenditures have kept rises in net tuition to about 20 percent which – given the increases in family income in Alberta over these years – means they have stayed roughly constant in terms of affordability. The picture for grant recipients’ net tuition is a little less clear, but given the sharp increase in the number of grant recipients, it seems likely that overall, the affordability picture has improved substantially for a large number of students in the province.
Student Assistance Expenditures to 2004
Total student assistance expenditures in British Columbia more than doubled over the decade to 2003‐04; substantially more than the national average of 50 percent. At the start of the decade, annual expenditures were $430 million per year; by 2003‐04, expenditures were roughly $900 million per year. Over half of this increase was due to an increase in need‐based loans, and a substantial portion of the remainder came from need‐based grants. In significant contrast to most other provinces, less than 20 percent of the increase in assistance in British Columbia came from tax credits and only about a third came from universal sources of income.
Much of the increase in student aid in British Columbia can be attributed to the province’s spectacular growth in post‐secondary education participation (albeit from a very low base) during the decade in question. However, even with student numbers increasing by roughly 50 percent, the growth in student aid dollars was such that per‐student aid still increased substantially.
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to less than 32 percent, thanks to a 140 percent rise in federal loans, grants and tax credits combined. This is not to say provincial assistance declined; indeed, in absolute terms, provincial assistance increased substantially from $190 million per year to $288 million per year. But the huge increase in federal aid simply outstripped the growth in provincial aid.
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Table 2 – Changes in Tuition, Subsidies and Net Costs, British Columbia, 1995‐96 to 2005‐06
Tuition and Fees
Trang 13In sum, after enjoying a very good last half of the 1990s in which net costs actually declined, British Columbia students’ financial position deteriorated rapidly in the first half of this decade.
2.4 Manitoba
Student Assistance Expenditures to 2004
Total student assistance expenditures in Manitoba rose by about 80 percent. This is substantially more than the national average of 50 percent, but less than that in some of the other western provinces. At the start of the decade, annual expenditures were $92 million per year; by 2003‐04, expenditures were roughly $166 million per year. None of this increase was due to a rise in net loans – indeed, these declined over the decade. Most of the increase was due to an expansion in tax credits but a not insubstantial portion of the rise was due to the introduction of remission programs the province and the Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation.
Some of this rise in total assistance was due to changes in post‐secondary education student numbers, which rose by roughly 25 percent in the years after 1999; however, the growth in student aid still outstripped the growth in student numbers substantially, implying that per‐student aid rose substantially.
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Trang 14As in most other provinces, the distribution of student assistance by source changed substantially during this decade. At the outset of the decade, roughly 25 percent of all aid in Manitoba came from the provincial government; by 1996‐1997 this had risen to over 40 percent. However, starting in 1998‐99 (that is, after the Canada Opportunities Budget of 1998), the proportion coming from the provincial government began to fall quite significantly, so that
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Trang 15Table 3 – Changes in Tuition, Subsidies and Net Costs, Manitoba, 1995‐96 to 2005‐06 ($2005 real dollars)
Tuition and Fees
Very little of this increase can be attributed to growing post‐secondary education student numbers. The total increase in college and university students over the decade in question was between ten and 15 percent; as a result, per‐student funding increased by well over 50 percent.
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by nearly 75 percent, from $40 million to $69 million. However, this was only barely enough to keep up with the rapid increase in federal aid which was occurring throughout the decade.
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Trang 17To date, the paper has been examining changes in government expenditure levels. But how have these changes affected individual students? In order to answer this, the paper needs to examine changes in tuition, tax credits and grants. This is done below in table 4.
Table 4 – Changes in Tuition, Subsidies and Net Costs, New Brunswick, 1995‐96 to 2005‐06
Tuition and Fees
Students who received grants, however, were in a different situation. The average grant size rose dramatically over the decade, notably when the Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation bursaries were introduced in 1999‐2000 and when the province increased its own bursary program in 2003. The growth in grants more than offset any growth in net tuition – as a result, students who receive grants in New Brunswick now pay substantially less than they did ten years ago. Moreover, there are substantially more grant recipients now than there were a decade ago. This means that affordability in the province has improved significantly among high‐need students over the course of the decade.
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2.6 Newfoundland and Labrador
Student Assistance Expenditures to 2004
Total student assistance expenditures in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2003‐4 were $154 million, some 60 percent more than they had been a decade earlier. This is roughly similar to the national average of a 50 percent increase over the course of the decade. Yet assistance had been much higher five years earlier in 1998‐99, total student aid spending had been $217 million, or more than of the other western provinces. Nearly all of the increase in assistance ‐ up
to 1997‐98 ‐ came in the form of loans. After that, loans declined precipitously, but this was partially offset by a significant rise in tuition tax credits.
This growth in student aid has occurred in a context where post‐secondary education student numbers were falling more or less in line with the decline in the provincial youth population throughout the late 1990s. Enrolments then bounced back again around the turn of the millennium and as a result, the total enrolment increase over the decade was about ten percent. This implies that per‐student aid was up roughly 40 percent over the course of the decade.
30 percent.
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Table 5 – Changes in Tuition, Subsidies and Net Costs, Newfoundland and Labrador, 1995‐96 to 2005‐06
Tuition and Fees
Trang 20Not all of this growth translated into increased amounts of dollars per student. Overall college and university enrolment in Nova Scotia rose by 20 percent, meaning that per‐student aid actually only increased by about 25 percent.
Trang 21student loan client base suddenly disappeared4. The provincial share of total assistance then dropped precipitously to about 25 percent, where it remains today.
4
Between 1997/98 and 1998/99, the Government of Nova Scotia managed to reduce its own student loan rolls by nearly 50 percent in a single year. Clearly, this reduction had nothing to do with a general reduction in the need for loans – indeed, the Canada Student Loans clientele remained effectively unchanged during this period. In effect, the government of Nova Scotia tweaked its own eligibility criteria
in order to reduce its exposure to student loans at a time when the program was faced with some serious
Trang 22
Tuition and Fees
Tax
1996‐97 $4,633 $1,430 $3,203 $1,612 $1,591 1997‐98 $4,949 $1,506 $3,443 $3,078 $365 1998‐99 $5,133 $1,589 $3,545 $4,447 ‐$903 1999‐00 $5,282 $1,736 $3,547 $2,324 $1,223 2000‐01 $5,584 $1,851 $3,732 $2,422 $1,310 2001‐02 $5,824 $1,913 $3,911 $2,397 $1,514 2002‐03 $6,084 $2,236 $3,848 $2,795 $1,052 2003‐04 $6,357 $2,307 $4,051 $3,622 $429
Nova Scotia students pay the highest university tuition fees in the country; in consequence, they also receive the largest amounts of tax credits on the country. The rise in tax credits has partially, but by no means fully, offset the increase in tuition: ENT rose by $1,450 (or nearly 50 percent) over the decade. For grant recipients, however, it is a different story. The average grant size fluctuated considerably over the decade, but in general grants increased substantially meaning students who received grants were, in the main, much better off in 2003‐04 than they were in 1995‐96. As the number of grants did not decrease (they actually increased slightly, although the source switched from primarily provincial to primarily Millennium Bursaries), what this means is that – in contrast to the average non‐grant‐recipient ‐ the average position of grant recipients improved substantially.
2.8 Ontario
Student Assistance Expenditures to 2004
Total student assistance expenditures in Ontario increased by 39 percent between 1993‐94 and 2003‐04, somewhat less that the national average increase of 50 percent. At the start of the decade of analysis, annual expenditures were $1.7 billion per year; by 2003‐04, expenditures were roughly $2.45 billion per year. Just over 100 percent of the increase came from universal assistance sources (need‐based sources actually decreased over the decade), and roughly 70 percent of the increase in universal assistance came through tax‐based sources. Figure 13 shows total assistance available to Ontario students.
Ontario’s below‐average performance is even more pronounced when changes in post‐secondary education student population are taken into account. Even before the double cohort, enrolment was up 15 percent ‐ with the double cohort, the increase was closer to 30 percent, meaning that per‐student assistance levels rose only minimally.
Trang 231994- 96
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a result of the 1998 federal budget) and provincial sources began to decline (because of changes
to its loan program). By 2000‐01, the provincial share of assistance had dropped to below 30 percent, where it remains today. Provincial assistance fell in both absolute and relative terms;
in 2003‐04, Ontario assistance amounted to $671 million, compared to $849 million in 1993‐94, and $1,147 million in 1997‐98.
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Tuition and Fees
by $1,100, or about 43 percent in real terms.
Trang 25With respect to net tuition charges for grant recipients, the picture is somewhat more nuanced. The vast reduction in the province’s loan remission scheme towards the end of the 1990s meant that grant recipients on average received substantially less than they previously did, and GRNT rose. However, the number of grants issued rose substantially over the decade. What this means is that people who would have received grants in 1995‐96 were noticeably worse off a decade later, but at the same time there were a large number of new grant recipients who were better off.
2.9 Prince Edward Island
Student Assistance Expenditures to 2004
Over the decade from 1993‐94 to 2003‐04, assistance to Island students nearly tripled from $15 million to $43 million annually. This is much higher than was the case nationally, where the average increase was only 50 percent. All forms of assistance increased in value – though nearly all the net increase can be attributed to the increases in net loans (189 percent) and tax credits (up 275 percent). This impressive rise in assistance was only slightly offset by the 25 percent increase in enrolments
Trang 26Table 8 – Changes in Tuition, Subsidies and Net Costs, Prince Edward Island, 1995‐96 to 2005‐
06
Tuition and Fees
Trang 27Tuition and fees rose by about $1,300 in real dollars in the decade to 2005‐06, but rises in tax credits meant that ENT actually only rose by about $500. The introduction of the Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation Bursaries massively increased the size and number of grants issued in the province, and as a result GRNT was reduced significantly over the decade. In short, net tuition decreased for grant recipients but increased for everyone else.