1. Objective Systematize scientific bases related to hunger eradication and poverty reduction, then apply them to research in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province. Research on the actual situation of implementing sustainable poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune Analysis of factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district. Proposing measures to improve the poverty reduction policy applied in Ho Bon commune. 2. Research Methods The method of data collection: + Collecting secondary data: Collecting from Decisions, Resolutions, reports... + Primary data collection: Through surveys and interviews in 4 villages Analytical and processing methods: Including economic statistics method, participatory monitoring and evaluation method, synthesis method. 3. Research results Assess the current situation of poverty reduction and the poverty reduction programs implemented in the locality. Analyze the factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune. Proposing sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Na Ri district in the period of 2021 2026. 4. Conclusion The thesis reflects the reality of poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province; Evaluate and analyze factors affecting poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities, causes leading to poverty for ethnic minorities, thereby proposing sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune.
Trang 1VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICUTURE FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
HANOI – 6/2021
Trang 2ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Trang 31 Objective
- Systematize scientific bases related to hunger eradication and povertyreduction, then apply them to research in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chaidistrict, Yen Bai province
- Research on the actual situation of implementing sustainable povertyreduction policies for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune
- Analysis of factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction for ethnicminorities in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district
- Proposing measures to improve the poverty reduction policy applied in HoBon commune
2 Research Methods
- The method of data collection:
+ Collecting secondary data: Collecting from Decisions, Resolutions,reports
+ Primary data collection: Through surveys and interviews in 4 villages
- Analytical and processing methods: Including economic statistics method,participatory monitoring and evaluation method, synthesis method
3 Research results
- Assess the current situation of poverty reduction and the poverty reductionprograms implemented in the locality
Trang 4- Analyze the factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction policies forethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune.
- Proposing sustainable poverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in
Na Ri district in the period of 2021 - 2026
4 Conclusion
The thesis reflects the reality of poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in HoBon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province; Evaluate andanalyze factors affecting poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities,causes leading to poverty for ethnic minorities, thereby proposing sustainablepoverty reduction solutions for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune
Trang 5TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii
SUMMARY iii
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
PART 1 INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Rationale of the study 9
1.2 Objectives 10
1.2.1 General Objective 10
1.2.2 Specific Objectives 10
1.3 Research question 10
1.4 Object and scope 10
1.4.1 Object 10
PART 2 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK 12
2.1 Sustainable poverty reduction 12
2.1.1 The concept of poverty 12
2.3 Factors influencing sustainable poverty reduction policy for ethnic minority households in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province 17
2.4 Practical Framework/Experiences 18
2.4.1 Experience in poverty reduction in some countries in the world 18
2.4.1.2 Experience of Tuyen Quang province 19
2.4.2 Related studies 20
PART 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Characteristics of the study area 21
3.1.1 Natural characteristics 21
Trang 63.2.1 Site selection and sampling method 22
3.2.2 Data collection method 22
3.2.3 Data processing method 23
3.2.4 Data analysis methods 23
3.2.5 System of Research indicators 24
PART 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25
4.1 Situation of poverty in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province in the period 2015 – 2020 25
4.2 Analysis of factors affecting poverty reduction policy in Ho Bon commune 25
4.3 Proposed solutions/policy recommendations to Sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune 25
PART V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 26
5.1 Conclusion 26
5.2 Policy Recommendation 26
REFERENCES 27
Trang 7LIST OF TABLES
Trang 8LIST OF FIGURES
Trang 9PART 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale of the study
Vietnam is a country with 54 ethnic groups, in the Vietnamese ethniccommunity, compared to the Kinh people, the poverty level of ethnicminorities is more serious and profound According to statistics, ethnicminorities account for only 15% of the population, but account for 47% ofthe country's poor and 68% of the extreme poverty In particular, thedensity of ethnic minorities in the group of poor households tends toincrease: if as in 1993, poverty was widespread and EM poor householdsonly accounted for 20% of the total number of poor households In 2010,ethnic minority poor households accounted for about 47% of total poorhouseholds (Dam Huu Dac, 2001) Therefore, poverty reduction for ethnicminorities is a top goal in the guidelines, guidelines and policies of theParty and State
Ho Bon is a commune with an important strategic position in terms
of politics, economy, security and defense of Mu Cang Chai district, withNational Highway 32 running through, bordering Lao Cai and Lai Chauprovinces, quite convenient to the gate Lao Cai international export It is acommune with many potentials and advantages for economic development.However, paradoxically, this is one of the communes with the highestpoverty rate in the district Especially ethnic minorities
Ho Bon commune has a total area of 53.75 km², the total population
in 1999 was 1613 people, the population density corresponds to 30 people/km² Ho Bon has 437 households, 331 households are poor; out of 2,410people, 95% are Hmong, of which 79% are poor households, with percapita income of 5.4 million VND/year, including support from the State.Stemming from that important meaning, we have chosen the topic:
Trang 10"Sustainable poverty reduction policy for ethnic minority households
in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province" as the
research topic, in order to properly evaluate the reality status and findeffective solutions to promote poverty reduction for ethnic minoritieshouseholds in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province
in the coming time
1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 General Objective
Apply theoretical and practical studies on poverty and poverty reduction to analyze the poverty situation and its effects, and at the same time propose measures to reduce poverty for ethnic minority households in the direction of: sustainable in accordance with local circumstances
1.2.2 Specific Objectives
- Systematize scientific bases related to hunger eradication and poverty reduction, then apply them to research in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chaidistrict, Yen Bai province
- Research on the actual situation of implementing sustainable poverty reduction policies for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune
- Analysis of factors affecting sustainable poverty reduction for ethnic minorities in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district
- Proposing measures to improve the poverty reduction policy applied in
Trang 11- Authorities, managers in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, YenBai province
- Daily life and income of people in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chaidistrict, Yen Bai Province
1.4.2 Scope of the study
a- Geographic scope:
The study was carried out in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district,Yen Bai province
b- Timing scope:
+ Primary data collection: Actual survey in the period of 2021
+ Secondary data collection: From the period of 2021
c- Content scope:
The thesis focuses on studying the current situation of poverty in thelocalities and the poverty reduction policies of the district, province andcentral level for Ho Bon commune, studying the poverty reduction situationand the effectiveness of poverty reduction policies for the rural areaspoverty households of ethnic minorities in the communes of Ho Boncommune
Trang 12PART 2 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Sustainable poverty reduction
2.1.1 The concept of poverty
“Poor is the condition of a part of the population not being able to enjoy and satisfy basic human needs, which are recognized by society depending
on the level of socio-economic development and social customs of each locality.” (Nguyen Thi Binh and cs, 2006) More specifically, poverty is a
state in which a part of the population has a minimum standard of living that does not satisfy basic human needs The basic need here is the
essential, the minimum to maintain human existence Needs for food, clothing, shelter, health care, education, travel, communication,…
“Hunger is a concept expressing the human condition that people do not eat enough, do not have enough minimum energy needed to maintain daily life, so they do not have enough energy to work and reproduce labor
power; is the situation of a poor part of the population whose living
standards are below the minimum and the income is not enough to meet the material needs to sustain life.” In other words, hunger is the lowest rung of
poverty
Poverty is also identified in four aspects: Time,space, spatial and
environment
Time: The majority of the poor have a standard of living below what is
defined as the lowest acceptable standard over a long period of time (it is also necessary to add to this number of people the situation of
unemployment due to natural disasters, risks, caused or caused by
humans) (Nguyen Vu Phuc, 2012)
Gender: Most of the poor in countries are women Although men are
the head of the family, women still bear more of the burden of poverty (Nguyen Vu Phuc, 2012)
Spatial: Poverty occurs mainly in rural areas, mountainous areas,
remote areas, etc No matter how developed the economy is, people in the
Trang 13above regions are still vulnerable to falling into poverty poor (Nguyen Vu Phuc, 2012).
Environment: Most of the poor have to live in a harsh and severely
degraded environment, because the poor cannot afford and have the
conditions to preserve, secure and improve the living environment (Nguyen
Vu Phuc, 2012)
In summary: The conceptions of poverty due to different approaches should have different opinions, poverty is a relative and variable concept Poverty indicators are not rigid and immutable It varies according to the difference, the difference between regions, regions, countries
2.1.2 The concept of sustainable poverty reduction
Sustainable poverty reduction is a new concept and has recently been used in forums, conferences, seminars and macro policies on poverty reduction However, up to now we still do not have a specific concept of this term Therefore, in order to understand the concept of sustainable poverty reduction, we need to explore these issues more broadly, including the content of poverty reduction and sustainable development
2.1.3 Criteria for defining poverty
The poverty line, also known as the poverty line, poverty line or poverty criterion, is a tool to distinguish the poor from the non-poor
Most poverty lines are based on income or expenditure People are considered poor when their standard of living as measured by income (or expenditure) is below the minimum acceptable level, below the poverty line Those who have income or expenditure above this standard are peoplewho are not poor or over-poor, out of poverty
The poverty line is a tool for measuring and monitoring poverty A good poverty measure will allow the impact of government policies to be assessed on poverty, enable an assessment of poverty over time, facilitate comparisons with other countries, and monitor social spending on a
consistent basis in favor of the poor
2.1.3.1 Standards for defining poverty in the world
Trang 14The poverty line fluctuates over time and space The World Bank (WB) provides a poverty measure as follows: Industrialized countries: 14 USD/day/person; Southeast Asian countries: 04 USD/day/person; countries
in Latin America and the Caribbean: 02 USD/day/person; developing countries: 01 USD/day/person; In poor countries, some people are
considered poor: income is less than 14 USD/day/person
However, each country has its own poverty line and is often lower than the poverty line recommended by the World Bank For example, the United States sets the poverty line as income below 16,000 USD for a part
of family (4 people) in a year, equivalent to 11.1 USD/day/person; China's poverty line is 960 yuan/day/person, equivalent to 0.33USD/day/person (Nguyen Vu Phuc, 2012)
2.1.3.2 Standards for defining poverty in Vietnam
The General Statistics Office has released the poverty level applied since 1998 in Vietnam: Poverty is 107,234 VND/person/month Decision 59/2015/QD-TTg dated November 19, 2015 of the Prime Minister, on the promulgation of the multi-dimensional approach poverty line applied for the period 2016 - 2020 on a national scale stipulating the criteria for
approaching Multidimensional poverty measurement approach applied for the period 2016 - 2020
Table 2.1 Poverty line regulations (according to national standards)
2006 - 2010 Poor (rural area)Poor (urban area) Under 200,000 VNDUnder 260,000 VND
2011 - 2015 Poor (rural area) Under 400,000 VND
Poverty (urban area)Near poor (rural area)Near poverty (urban area)
Under 500,000 VND401,000 - 520,000 VND
501,000 - 650,000
Trang 152016 - 2020
Poor (Rural area) Under 700,000 VND
or from700,000 VND to 1 million VND
Poverty (urban area)Near-poor (agricultural areavillage)
Near poverty (urban area)
Under 900,000 VND
or from900,000 VND to 1.3 million
Source: Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (2015)
2.1.4 Multidimensional poverty
2.1.4.1 Concept
Most countries around the world define poverty as the lack of money However, the poor themselves consider their experience of poverty much more broadly A person who is poor can suffer multiple disadvantages at the same time – for example they may have poor health or malnutrition, a lack of clean water or electricity, poor quality of work or little schooling Focusing on one factor alone, such as income, is not enough to capture the true reality of poverty
Multidimensional poverty measures can be used to create a more comprehensive picture They reveal who is poor and how they are poor – the range of different disadvantages they experience As well as providing
a headline measure of poverty, multidimensional measures can be broken down to reveal the poverty level in different areas of a country and among different sub-groups of people
2.1.4.2 Aspects of multidimensional poverty
Income: Most of the poor have a very difficult life and have a low
income This is due to the nature of their work The poor often do simple jobs, manual labor, hard work but low income Jobs are often precarious, unstable, seasonally dependent and have risks related to weather (rain, sun, drought, flood, earthquake ) Occupations belonging to agriculture,
forestry, and fishery are examples of this problem Due to low income, living expenses of the poor limit most of their daily living needs, which are met to a low level or even not enough This leads to a series of other
Trang 16problems such as reducing health, reducing labor power, thereby reducing income, creating a vicious cycle of poverty.
Health - education: The poor often suffer from diseases such as flu,
joint pain because they have to work hard In addition, they also have to live in areas with limited sanitary and medical conditions They do not haveaccess to clean water, do not have closed structures, leading to an increase
in the number of malnourished children and anemic pregnant women The reason is due to unequal treatment in society, the poor do not have access tosocial security services compared to the rich Besides the awareness level
of the poor, they often do not care about their health, subjectively making the disease worse
Living conditions: The poor often live in areas with low sanitation and
health conditions, with many limitations, for example, they do not have access to clean water sources, and do not have hygienic auxiliary facilities solutions to help them have access to clean water and reasonable sanitation
Access to information: Using a measure of access to information to
improve access to information and communication for the poor is very important because their access to information is very limited and outdated From there, suggest ways to fix it
Housing: Not living and living in sustainable houses, they always
have to live in fear of material and spiritual deprivation, so it greatly affectsdaily production, and then offer solutions to overcome (Chính phủ, 2011)
2.2 Research contents about sustainable poverty reduction policy for ethnic minority households in Ho Bon commune, Mu Cang Chai district, Yen Bai province
2.2.1 Assess the poverty situation of ethnic minorities in Ho Bon