Duy fl penins malaysia ser i vol 1 only texte chuan Malayan Forest Records Mo 48

Malayan Forest Records Mo 48 i Series I Ferns and Lycophytes, Vo Flora Edited by ftJi B S Parris R Kiew R C K Chung L G Saw E Soepadmo I « • I I • I Fern and Lycophyte Families in Peninsular Malaysia.

Malayan Forest Records Mo 48 i Series I: Ferns and Lycophytes, Vo

Fern and Lycophyte Families in Peninsular Malaysia

(families in Volume 1 in bold)

FLORA OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Series I: Ferns and Lycophytes

With compliments from

the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Project

Forest Research Institute Malaysia

52109 Kepong Selangor Malaysia

Produced with the financial support o f

M INISTRY O F SC IE N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y AND INNOVATION

GOV E R N M E N T O F M ALAYSIA

Advisors to Flora o f Peninsular Malaysia: M.J.E Coode (Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew), J Dransfield (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), D.J Mabberley (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and National Herbarium o f the Netherlands, University o f Leiden),D.H Nicolson (Smithsonian Institute), B.S Parris (Fern Research Foundation, New Zealand), J.F, Veldkamp (National Herbarium o f the Netherlands, University o f Leiden), W.J.J.O de Wilde (National Herbarium o f the Netherlands, University of

M alayan Forest R ecords N o 48

FLORA OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Series I: Ferns and Lycophytes

Volume 1

Edited by

B.S Parris, R Kiew, R.C.K Chung,

L.G Saw & E Soepadmo

Forest Research Institute Malaysia

52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

2010Ministry o f Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia

€ Forest Research Institute M alaysia 2010

Date o f Publication: 5th January 2010

All enquiries should be forwarded to:

D i rec tor-G eneral

Forest R esearch Institute M alaysia

52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan

M alaysia

Fax: 6 0 3 -6 2 7 3 1 3 1 4

Hom epage: http://www frim gov.m y

Flora o f Peninsular M alaysia: Series 1: Ferns and Lycophytes / edited by:

B.S Parris, R Kiew, R.C'.K Chung, L.G Saw & E Soepadm o

(M alayan Forest Records No 48)

ISBN 978-967-5221-24-8 (v 1)

I Ferns—M alaysia 2 Lycopodiaceae—M alaysia I Parris, B.S

II Series

587.3095951

Series Editor: S.S Fee

M anaging Editor: Y.F I Io

MS ISO 9001:2008 Certified

C over design: George Wong

Layout: A slina Baharum

Front and back covers: C tenopterella hlechnoides (Grev.) Parris (Photo: M Y Chew)

Printed in M alaysia by Straits Digital Sdn Bhd., Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan

Conspectus o f Orders, Families and Genera o f Ferns and Lycophytes o f

History o f Botanical Collecting and Observations on Ferns and Lycophytes

It is more than fifty years since the last fern flora for Peninsular Malaysia was published (Holttum, 1954, revised 1968, Flora of Malaya 2 Ferns) and much has changed in the fern world, especially with the advent of molecular techniques This volume, the first in Series I

of the new Flora of Peninsular Malaysia, is a welcome addition to botanical publications not only for Malaysia but also for the region

The Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Project was initiated to document biodiversity by providing reliable and accurate accounts o f plant families Series I deals w ith the ferns and lycophytes and Series II includes the gymnosperms and flow'ering plants Being locally based, the Flora includes precise ecological information, and correct scientific naming based

on examination of type specimens The Flora has also incorporated four new' features not included in many Floras, namely, distribution maps (unless the species is widespread and common), conservation status for the species in Peninsular Malaysia, specimen identification lists online (http://www.chm.frim.gov.my), and colour photographs By compiling botanical information for specific groups within one volume, the Flora aims to provide baseline information that is essential for the management and conservation of plant biodiversity that

is Peninsular Malaysia’s natural heritage

The Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Project, besides publishing the Flora, has w ider aims

by including strong elements of botanical exploration, particularly of poorly known or unknown areas, assessment o f conservation status, and most important, the training o f the next generation of plant taxonomists To speed up the production of the Flora, collaboration with both national and international herbaria is strongly encouraged

Recent advances in molecular taxonomy have radically changed our view of the relationships o f ferns and fern allies In fact, the group o f fern allies no longer exists, lsoetaceae Lycopodiaccae and Selaginellaceae are now placed among the lycophytes and the rest of the fern allies (Psilotaceae and Hquisetaceae) are placed among the ferns This first volume includes an introductory chapter that lays out these changes for the 40 families, 137 genera and about 650 species of ferns and lycophytes that occur in Peninsular Malaysia.This fern volume covers about a sixth o f the fern and lycophytes flora with accounts for

9 families, 21 genera and 100 species Three families have been revised by Forest Research Institute Malaysia staff, five by taxonomists in three local universities and with international collaboration The editors are particularly grateful to Dr B.S Parris for her guidance as chief editor for Series 1 (Ferns and Lycophytes), the publication of this volume owes much to her editorial input and her contribution of the Grammitidaceae

I congratulate the contributors and editors on ihe timely production of this landmark volume and look forward to future volumes

Datn’ DrAbd Latif Mohmod

Director-General Forest Research Institute Malaysia

The successful initiation of the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia is a result of the Malaysian Government's foresighted policy on biodiversity conservation We are greatly indebted to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) through the National Council for Scientific Research and Development (MPKSN) for providing generous financial support to enable the employment and training of young taxonomists, field collection and herbarium visits by both local and overseas collaborators, and the publication of the Flora and associated publications The project was funded under a special science fund (Project No 01-04-01-0000 Khas 2) entitled “Safeguarding the Forest I )iversity of Peninsular Malaysia”

It has two components: A Flora o f Peninsular Malaysia and Conservation Monitoring of Rare and Threatened Plants in Peninsular Malaysia Special thanks are due to the past and present Director Generals of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Datuk Dr Ilj Abdul Razak Mohd Ali and Dato' Dr Abd Latif Mohmod, respectively, for their strong institutional commitment and to the members of the Advisory Bourd for their support

The Flora has greatly benefited from the support of the Directors and Curators of herbaria at BKF, BM, BO, CAL, E, K, KLU, L SAN, SAR, SING and UKMB for assisting

in herbarium visits, the loan o f herbarium specimens, access to types and library material and databases

We are also greatly indebted to botanists from local universities Prof K.M Wong (KLU), Razali Jaman (UKMB) and Dr Umi Kalsoni Yusof (UPM), for their contribution of family revisions in this volume

To Zainal Mustafa (KLU) we are indebted for his elegant botanical illustrations and to Razali Jaman for illustrating his account, to Aslina Baharum for her competent, error-free page-setting of this volume and compiling the indices and to Flamidah Mamat for preparing the regional maps

Dr L.S.L Chua has been the guiding force in conservation assessments of species and special thanks are due to A.T Nor-Ezzawunis (Mutoriiaceue, Osmundaeeae and Schizaeaceae), C.L Lim and T.L Yao (Grammitidaccac), A.R Rafidah and A.R Ummul- Nazrah (Selaginellaceae) for preparing materials for the maps and conservation assessments.C.L Lim and T.L Yao assembled the database of specimens examined and T.L Yao managed the photo library D Filer, Oxford University, and BRAHMS (Botanical Research And Herbarium Management System) greatly facilitated the databasing and preparation of maps

The Flora could not function without the technical support of the KEP botanists, herbarium and field staff to whom we owe a great debt of gratitude and finally to the project staff without whose assistance the project would not be able to achieve its goals

B.S Parris

R Kiew R.C.K Chung L.G Saw F Soepadmo

FLORA OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Conspectus of Orders, Families and Genera of Ferns and Lycophytes of Peninsular Malaysia

In the four decades since llolttum’s publication of an account of ihe ferns of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (Holttum 1968a) there have been many changes in fem classification

at family, genus and species levels In particular, the recent phytogenies utilising both

morphological and molecular data, summarised by Smith el at (2006), have revolutionised

our ideas of relationships amongst the lower vascular plants

Pryer et al (2001) demonstrated that ferns and fern allies, or pteridophyles, are a

paraphyletic group, showing that lycophytes (the “fern allies" Isoetaceae Lycopodiaceae and Selaginellaceae) are a sister clade to the one containing both ferns and seed plants, and that the “ fem allies” Equisctaccae and Psilotaceae belong w-ith ferns, rather than with the lycophytes

The “ fern allies” are included in the current treatment, unlike Holttum (1968a), w'ho omitted them, us was common in floras o f the time, for example Copeland (1960) Piggott (1988), like Holttum, included only ferns

The circumscription of orders, families and genera is based on that o f Smith etal (2006)

The differences between it and the arrangement adopted here arc discussed later Numbering

of families in the Flora follows Tabic 1

Table I Orders, families and genera in Peninsular Malaysia

CLASS 1 LYCOPSIDA CLASS 2 PSILOTOPSIDA

B.S Parris

Fern Research Foundation, Bay of Islands, New Zealand

Conspectus of Orders, Families and Genera

ORDER 1 LYCOPODIALES ORDER 3 OPHIOGLOSSALES

1 Matonia R.Br.

ORDER 10 SCHIZAEALES FAMILY 12 LYGODIACEAE

Reference: Holttum (1959b)

1, Lygodium Sw.

FAMILY 13 SCHIZAEACEAE

Reference: Holttum (1959c), Jaman &Umi Kalsom (2010)

1 AcUnostachys Wall Hook

2 Schizaea Sm.

ORDER 11 SALVINIALES FAMILY 14 MARSILEACEAE

Reference: Zhang & Nooteboom (1998)

1 Plagiogyria (Kun/.e) Mett.

FAMILY 17 CIBOTIACEAE

Reference: Holttum (1963a), Nor-Ezzawani (2010)

1 Cibolium Kaulf.

9 Metathelypteris (H.lto) C'hing

10 Parathelypteris (H.lto) Ching

1 Loxogramme (Blurne) C.Presl FAMILY 39 POLYPODIACEAE

Reference: I lovenkamp et al (1998)

Differences between Smith et al (2006) and the family system adopted for the Flora of

Peninsular Malaysia are as follows:

Cryptogrammaceae, Sinopteridaceae and Pteridaceae, for the convenience of Flora users

Smith et o/.’s (2006) concept o f Pteridaceae includes 56 Peninsular Malaysian species

and, given that genera and species are nowadays arranged alphabetically for both floras and herbaria, it seems practical to divide them into five families The majority of modem

fern floras do not use such a broad concept o f Pteridaceae as do Smith et al (2006).

that the inclusion of Didymochlaena, Hypodematium and Leucastegia may render

Dryopteridaceae paraphyletic, but tentatively included them in Dryopteridaceae pending

further studies Schuetlpelz & Pryer (2007) clarify the affinities of the genera and their

relationship to Drypteridaceac

one genus Nephrolepis which is tentatively included in Lomariopsidaceae by Smith et

al (2006) pending possible future recognition It is treated as a monogeneric family by Kramer in Kramer & Green (1990) on the basis of its very distinct anatomical and spore

characters, and is recognised as such in some recent floras and floristic accounts

and Grummitidaceac Polypodiaccae, in the sense of Smith et al (2006), is sister to

Davalliaccae Within Polypodiaceae Loxogrammaceae is basal to the rest of the family,

while Grammitidaceae nests within one of the three major eludes (Ranker et al 2004: Schneider et al 2004) Grammitidaceae is morphologically distinct from Polypodiaceae

in a number of characters, including veins free (in most taxa), lack of scales on fronds, simple unjointed hairs ("setae”) on fronds (in most taxa) sporangial stalks one cell wide, spores chlorophyllous, globose-tetrahedral (in most taxa) and gametophytes

ribbon-shaped Smith et al (2006) recognise "grammitid ferns” us an unranked informal

taxon For the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia it is more practical to treul this taxon as a family rather than treat it within Polypodiaceae, for the same reason of convenience that Pteridaceae is divided into five families Polypodiaceae (excluding Loxogrammaceae) has 64 species and is the largest fern family in Peninsular Malaysia; Grammitidaceae, with 52 species, is the third largest fern family Combination o f the two would be very unwieldy for users of the Flora and for herbarium curalion Separation o f the two leads logically to the separation of Loxogrammaceae from Polypodiaceae Grammitidaceae

is currently recognised in Old World floras, while Loxogramme is usually treated in

Polypodiaceae

The similarities and differences between Holtlum ( 1968a) Piggott (1988) various Flora Malesiana accounts and the system adopted here are discussed below Table 2 shows the families used here, and their equivalents in both I lolttum (1968a) and Piggott (1988); because the Flora Malesiana fern and lycophyte accounts are incomplete they are not included in this table

Table 2 Flora of Peninsular Malaysia fern and lycophyte families and their treatment here and in llolttum (1968a) and Piggott (1988)

Adiantaceae Adiantaceae Adiantaceae Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennstaedtiaceae Thelypteridaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Den i istaedt iaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae Cirammitidaceae

Piggoo

excluded excluded Ophioglossaceae excluded excluded Marattiaceae Osmundaecac Hymenophyllaceae Gleicheniaecac Polypodiaceae

Matoniaceae

Schizacaccac Schizacaccac Marsileaceae Salviniaceae, Azollaceae Plagiogyriaceae

Cyathcaceae

Cyatheaceae Lindsaeaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Hypolepidaccac Parkcriaccae Ptcridaceae Adiantaccac Vittariaccac Hcmionilidaceae Hcmionilidaceae, Sinopteridaceae Hemionitidaccae, Pteridaecac, Taenilidaccae

Aspleniaceac

Thelypteridaceae

Athyriaceae Blcchnaccac Aspidiaceae Davall iaceae Aspidiaceae, I omnriopsidaccac Aspidiaceae Lomariopsidaccae Nephrolcpidaceae

Aspidiaceae Nephrolcpidaceae Oleandraceae

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae Grammitidaceae

As mentioned previously, Equisetaceae, Lycopodlaceae, Psilotaceac and Selaginellaceae were not included in Holttum (1968a) and Piggott (1988) Equisetaceae has been revised for Flora Malesiana (Laferriere, 1998b).

The primitive fern families Ophioglossaceae, M arattiaeeae Osmundaceae, Hymenophyliaceae, Gleicheniaceae, IMatoniaceac and Plagiogyriaceae remain unchanged here Gleichcniaceac (Holttum 1959a) and Matoniaceae (Kato, 1998) have been revised for Flora Malesiana

Diptcridaceae here includes Cheimpleuria and Dip ter is, both treated as primitive generu

o f Polypodiaceae in Holttum ( 1968a) and Piggott (1988) Cheimpleuria has been revised for

Flora Malesiana (Laferriere, 1998a) as the single genus in Cheiropleuriaceae

Schizaeaceae is here treated in a narrow sense, with Lygodium separated into the

monogeneric family Lygodiaceae Schizaeaceae, including Lygodiaceae, has been revised for Flora Malesiana (Holttum, 1959b,c)

The heterosporous water ferns Mars ilea (Marsileaceae) Azolla (Azollaceae) and Salvinia

(Salviniaccac) were previously (e.g Holttum, 1968a) considered to be very advanced Here

they are included with more primitive families, Azolla is now included in Salviniaceae

Azollaceae has been revised for Flora Malesiana (Saunders 1998)

Cibotiurn, previously included in Dicksoniaceae, is here separated into the monogeneric

family Cibotiaccac It hus been revised for Flora Malesiana in C’yatheaceae (Holttum

1963b) Cyathea is treated here as a monogencric family Cyathcaceae.

Holttum ( 1968a) maintained Dennstacdtiaccac as a large family with 11 subfamilies, each

of which is treated here at family level or divided into families In several cases, genera are treated in families not equivalent to 1 lolttum’s subfamilies Piggott (1988) divided 1 iolttum’s broadly based Dennstaedtiaceac into numerous families, some of which are not maintained

in the present system

HoIttunTs Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Lindsaeoideae is treated here as family

Lindsaeaceae It has been revised for Flora Malesiana as "Lnuisaea group” (Kramer

1971)

Saccolomataceae contains only Saccoloma treated by Holttum ( 1968a) as Orthiopteris

in his Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Dennstaedtiodeae

Dennstaedtiaceae, as defined here, contains the genera treated in HoIttunTs (1968a)

Dennstuedliuceue subfam Dennstaedtiodeae, with the exception of Saccoloma (syn Orthiopteris), together with Histiopteris and Pteridiwn, placed by Holttum in his

Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Pteridoideae

Parkeriaceae here contains Acrostichum, regarded by Holttum (1968a) as a member

of Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Pteridoideae, and Ceratopteris, treated by Holttum in

Adiantaceae

Here, Adiantaceae contains Adiantum and the vittarioid terns Antrophyum, Haplopteris (syn Vittaria) and Monogramma HoIttunTs (1968a) Adiantaceae also contained genera treated here in Cryptogrammaceae (Coniogramme), Pleridaceae (Svngramma, Taenitis) and Sinopteridaceae (Cheilanthes, Doiyopteris, Hemionitis, Pityrogramma).

Pleridaceae here contains only Pteris, Svngramma and Taenitis HoIttunTs (1968a) Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Pteridoideae included Acrostichum (now Parkeriaceae), Histiopteris and Pteridium (now Dennstaedtiaceae) and Stenochlaena (now Bleehnaceac),

Flora Malesiana (Holttum, 1981).

Bleclinuceae liere contains Holttum "s ( 1968a) Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Blechnoideae,

with the addition o f Stenochlaena, which he placed in Dennstaedtiaceae subfam

Pteridioideae

Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Dryopteridoideae, Hypodematium from his subfam Tectarioideae and Leucostegia from his subfam Davallioidcae Leucostegia has been revised for Flora

Malesiana (Nooteboom 1998a) in Davalliaceae

Dryopteridaceae as defined here is much larger than Holttum’s Dennstaedtiaceae subfam

Dryopteridoideae which contained only A avphonts, Arachniodes (syn Polystichopsis), Didymochlaena, Dryopleris, Peranema (syn Diacalpe) and Polystichum Apart from Didymochlaena, now in Hypodematiaceae, these genera are included here in Dryopteridaceae, together with Ctenitis from Holttum’s (1968a) subfam Tectarioideae and Hoi bit is, Elaphoglossum, Lomagramma and Teratophyllum from bis subfam Lomariopsioidcac Ctenitis has been revised for Flora Malesiana (Holttum, 1991a) in “Tectaria group" Bolbitis (Hennipman 1978), Elaphoglossum (Holttum, 1978a), Lomagramma (Holttum 1978b) and Teratophyllum (Holttum 1978c) have been revised for Flora Malesiana together with Lomariopsis (Holttum, I978d) as “Lomariopsis group".

I.om ariopsidaceae here is a smaller family than Holttum’s Dennstaedtiaceae subfam

Lomariopsidoideae, containing only Cyclopeltis, formerly in Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Tectarioideae and revised for Flora Malesiana (Holttum, 1991b) in “ Tectaria group", and Lomariopsis, revised for Flora Malesiana (Holttum, 1978d) in “Lomariopsis group” Ncphrolepidaccae here containsNephrolepis, from Holttum’s ( 1968a) Dennstaedtiaceae

subfam Olcandroideae

Tectariaceae here differs from Holttum’s ( 1968a) Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Tectarioideae

by the transference of Ctenitis to Dryopteridaceae, Hypodematium to Hypodematiaceae (see above), and Cyclopeltis to Lomariopsidaceae (see above), together with the addition of Arthwpteris from Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Oleandroidcae Tectariaceae in part was revised for Flora Malesiana (Holttum 1991c) as **Tectaria group”.

O leandraceae here contains only Oleandra Iogether with Arthropteris and Nephrolepis,

it formed Holttum’s ( 1968a) Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Olcandroideae Arthropteris is now

in Tectariaceae and Nephrolepis is in Nephrolepidaceae.

Davalliaceae is similar to Holttum’s (1968a) Dennstaedtiaceae subfam Davallioideae,

with the transference of Leucostegia to Hypodematiaceae Davalliaceae has been revised for

Flora Malesiana (Nooteboom, 1998b)

Loxogrammaceae has been separated from Holttum’s Polypodiaceae Apart from the

removal o f Cheiropleuria andDipteris to Dipteridaceae and Loxogramme to Loxogrammaceae,

his Polypodiaceae has the same circumscription as in this account

(ii'am m itidaceae is also circumscribed by Holttum ( 1968a) in the same way as here

Copeland, E.B 1960 Fern Flora o f the Philippines Bureau o f Printing, Manila.

Ebihara, A., Dubuisson, J.-Y., Iwatsuki K., Hennequin, S & Ito M 2006 A taxonomic

revision o f Uymenophyllaceae Blumea 5 1: 221 -280.

Hennipman, E 1978 Bolhitis, in Lomariopsis group FI Malesiana 2, 1:314 330.

I lolttum R.E 1959a Gleieheniaceae FI Malesiana 2, 1: 1 -36.

Holttum, R.E 1959b Lygodium, in Sehizaeaccac FI Malesiana 2, I: 44-61.

1 lolttum, R.E 1959c Schizaea, in Schizaeaceae FI Malesiana 2 I: 37-44.

Holttum, R.E 1963a Cibofium, in Cyatheaceae FI Malesiana 2, 1: 164-166.

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FLORA OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Key to Families

B.S Parris

Fern Research Foundation,Ray of Islands, New Zealand

absent but plants not floating: sporangia or synangia solitary in leaf axils or aggregatedinto cone-like structures 2Fronds with branched veins, or fronds reduced to vascular tissue except lor apex with lobes bearing sporangia, or veins absent and plants floating; sporangia in clusters of various shapes or covering under surface of frond or in sporocarps 5

form a sheath; sporangia aggregated into cone-like structures 5 EquisetaccaeStems and branches (if present) not grooved, not jointed, leaves spirally or oppositely arranged, sporangia or synangia solitary in leaf axils 3

, 4 PsilotaceaeLeaves closely spaced, usually more than 2 mm long, sporangia separate, not fused to form synangia 4

strobili at ends of branches; spores of one size I LycopodiaceaeLeaves with sporangia in their axils aggregated into bilateral or tetragonous strobili at

ends of branches; spores of two sizes 2 Selaginellaeeae

submerged and spores o f two sizes 15 SalviniaceaePlants not free-floating with some fronds or lamina lobes submerged and root-like; if free- floating, sori on fronds above w ater and spores of one size 6

6 Plants growing in water, at least seasonally, free-floating or rooted in mud excludingtemporarily submerged rheophytes 7Plants not seasonally growing in w ater 8

7 Leaflets four; spores of two sizes, borne in sporocarps at stipe base 14 MarsileaceaeLeaflets more than four; spores of one size, borne on under surface of leaflets

22 Parkeriaccac (Ceratopteris)

8 Sporangia embedded in or seated on a stalked spike attached at or near the base o f thelamina 3 OphioglossaeeaeSporungiu borne on the under surface or the margin o f the lamina, if on spike-like outgrowths then these unstalked and at the apex or edges of lamina 9

to form synangia 6 M arattiaceaeNot the above combination of characters 10

10 Rhizome woody, stipes with a pair of stipules at their base, laminae simply pinnate, veins free, sterile pinnae entire, sporangia completely covering under surface of fertilepinnae which are at the base or in the middle of the lamina 7 OsmundaceaeNot the above combination of characters 11

a± elongated receptacle sunk in a tube or protected by two flaps, marginal 8 HymenophyllaceaeNot the above combination o f characters 12

12 Fronds with pairs o f branches, usually large, with frond apex dormant while each pair

o f branches develops, branches bipinnate or repeatedly forked; sori in small groups onlower surface of lamina, w ithout indusium 9 GleicheniaceaeNot the above combination o f characters 13

13 Terrestrial or lilhophytic plants, rhizomes covered in hairs, veins copiouslyanastomosing 10 DiptcridaccacNot the above combination of characters 14

14 Terrestrial or lilhophytic plants, rhizomes covered in hairs, veins forked, sometimes anastomosing, sori covered by umbrella-shaped indusia, fronds forked at apex, the branches branching again many times in a series of unequal forkings very closetogether 11 MatoniaceaeNot the above combination of characters 15

15 Fronds (not rhizomes) climbing by twining, sporangia on narrow marginal lobes

12 Lygodiaccac

Not the above combination of characters 16

16 Fronds erect, simple or dichotomously branched; sporangia in two or four rows onnarrow lobes at apex o f frond or of its branches 13 Sclii/aeaceaeNot the above combination of characters 17

17 Bases of stipes broad, stipes covered with mucilage when young and with aerophores; scales absent; fronds simply pinnate, fertile fronds with sporangia covering their undersurface 16 PlagiogyriaceaeNot the above combination of characters 18

Rhizome massive, upright, usually forming a conspicuous trunk, apex of trunk and

at least base o f stipe densely covered with scales; fronds pinnate to bipinnate ortripinnate in part, with sori on the under surface, sometimes with indusia

18 Cyatheaceac (in part)

Not the above combination of characters 19Rhizome stout, with long shining brown hairs; fronds tripinnatifid, with sori on the

margin, each protected by two convex indusia 17 Cibotiaceae

Not the above combination of characters 20Epiphytes with broad sterile nest fronds and pendulous dichotomously branched fertile

fronds 39 Polypodiaceae (P/atyceriunt)

Not the above combination of characters 2 1Fronds simple and entire or almost entire 22Fronds lobed, pinnate or more deeply divided 43Fertile fronds more or less completely covered with sporangia on lower surface or anarrow apical part covered with sporangia 23Fertile fronds, or a narrow apical pan not more or less completely covered with

Sporangia confined to narrow apical part of frond 39 Pnlvpndiaccae (Belvisia)

Sporangia usually over whole under surface o f frond 24

Veins free or joining only at frond m argin 32 Dryopteridaccae (Llap/wglossum)

Veins anastomosing 25Fronds not jointed to rhizome, free veins in arcoles pointing towards edge of frond

32 Dryopteridaceae (Bolbitis)

Fronds jointed to rhizome, free veins in arcoles pointing in all directions 39 Polypodiaceae (in part)Fronds not more than 1.5 mm wide, sori 3-6 mm long 23 Adiantaceae (in part)Fronds wider or sori longer 27Sori sunken in grooves on or near the frond margin 28Sori on frond surface in a line parallel to margin and often close to it or along veins,

or in lines oblique to midrib of frond, or more or less round 29Rhizome scales dark brown to blackish, clathrate (latticed), conspicuous paraphyses

present in sori 23 Adiantaceae (Haplopteris, in part)

Rhizome scales pale to medium red-brown, not clathrate (latticed), without conspicuous

paraphyses in sori 40 G ram m itidaccae (Scleroglossunt)

Sort on frond surface in a line parallel to margin and often close to it 30Sori along veins, or in lines oblique to midrib of frond, or more or less round 32

30 Fertile fro n d s much longer and narrower than sterile, sporangia in a broad submarginal

band 39 Polypodiaceae (Pyrrosia)

Fertile and sterile fronds similar in size and shape 31

23 Adiantaceac (Haplopteris in part) Terrestrial, rhizome with bristles 26 Ptcridaceae ( Taenitis)

32 Sori along veins, or in lines oblique to midrib 33Sori more or less round 39

33 Sori with indusia 34Sori without indusia 35

34 Rhizome scales clathrate (latticed) 27 Aspleniaceae (in part)Rhizome scales not clathrate (latticed) 29 Woodsiaccae (in part)

35 Sori forming a network, or along veins which form a network, not straight or regularlyparallel to each other 36Sori straight, oblique, sometimes slightly anastomosing near edge o f frond only 37

36 Epiphyte or lithophyte on rock faces; fronds fleshy, pendulous; stipes dull, not glossy

23 Adiantaceac (An trophy urn)

Terrestrial oi lithophyte in rock crevices: fronds stiff, erect; stipes black, glossy 25 Sinopteridaccae(/ye/w/»/»7/.v)

37 Sori narrow, each on a single vein, veins anastomosing near edge only

40 Sori without indusia

Sori with indusia

40 42

40 Grammitidaceae (in part)

41

41 Sori close to midrib of frond, not at ends of veins near margin 36 Oleandraceac

Sori near frond margin, at ends o f veins 37 Davalliaceae

42 Sori with indusia 35 Tectariaceae ( Tecturia)

Sori without indusia 39 Polypodiaceae (in part)

43- Iligh-climbing ferns, rooted in the ground, with simply pinnate leaves when mature(young plants may be creeping on rocks and may have bipinnate fronds) 44Not high-climbing ferns 47

44 Fertile and sterile pinnae similar in width, sori at ends of veins

35 Tectariaceae (Arthropteris)

Fertile pinnae much narrower than sterile ones, sporangia more or less covering their undersurface 45

30 Blcchnaceac (,Stenochlaena in part)

Lodges of pinnae not sharply toothed, rhizome scales not as above 46

46 Terminal pinna not jointed to raehis 33 Lomariopsidaceae (Lomariopsis)

Terminal pinna jointed to raehis like the other pinnae 32 Dryopteridaceae

sporangia on lower surface 48Fertile fronds, or fertile pinnae at apex o f fronds, not more or less completely covered

w ith sporangia on lower surface 55

48 Veins anastomosing throughout lamina 49Veins free, or with narrow areoles by costae only 52

49 Fertile pinnae at apex of frond only, basal pinnae always sterile 50Fertile fronds usually fertile throughout 51

50 Terrestrial mangrove ferns 22 Parkcriaceae (Acrostichum) Epiphytes 39 Polypodiaceae (Aglaomorpha)

5 1 Lowest pinnae not, or very little, larger than those immediately above, usually more

than three pinnae 32 Dryopteridaceae (Bolbitis)

Fronds trifoliate, or lowest pinnae much the largest 35 Tectariaceae

52 A row o f narrow areoles on either side of costae, seen clearly only near apex of pinna

30 Blechnaceae (Stenochlaena, in part)

No row of areoles on either side of costae 53

53 Lower surface o f lamina covered with white pow der

25 Sinopteridaceae (Pityrogramma)

Lower surface of lamina not covered with white powder 54

54 Sterile pinnae shallowly lobed, with a tooth in each sinus between two lobes

32 Dryopteridaceae (Bolbitis)

Sterile pinnae not lobed 30 Blechnaceae (in part)

55 Sori marginal, continuous or nearly so along most o f the edge o f each frond segment 56Sori not marginal, or if marginal, round or short, not continuous or nearly so 60

56 Son protected by an indusium arising from the base of the sorus indusium openingtowards the margin of the frond segment 57Sori protected by an indusium which is reflexed from the edge of the frond segment and opening away from the margin 58

57 Stipes with one vascular strand (or two at very base) Fronds pinnate or bipinnate

19 Lindsacaceae

Stipes with several vascular strands Fronds pinnate 34 Ncphrolcpidaceae(in part)

58 Fronds small, simple, deeply lobed 25 Sinopteridaceae (Doryopteris)

Fronds at least pinnate, sometimes bi-tripinnate 59

59 Rhizome creeping, w'ith hairs 21 Dcnnstacdtiaceae (in part)

Rhizome more or less erect, w ith scales 26 Pteridaceae (Pteris)

60 Sori elongate, close to the midrib and on cither side of it continuous or interrupted,

with indusium 30 Blechnaceae (in part)

Sori not as above 61

6 1 Sori forming longitudinal bands midway between midriband margin of frond segments,

veins anastomosing 26 Pteridaceae (Taenitis)

Sori not forming such bands 62

62 Sori elongate along individual veins 63Sori not or only slightly elongate along veins, sometimes uniting the ends of u few veins near the margin 68

Sori without indusia 67

64 Sori all alike, w ith sporangia equally on both sides of vein 65Some or all sori with sporangia on one side of vein only 66

65 Fronds bipinnate 31 Hvpodematiaceac (Didymochlaena)

Fronds bipinnatifid 28 Thelypteriduccac

66 Sorus usually on one side of vein only, rhizome scales usually clathratc (latticed),

vascular strand in upper part of stipe with four arms 27 Aspleniaceae (in part)

Some sori on nearly all pinnae on both sides o f vein, rhizome scales not clathrate(latticed), vascular strand in upper part of stipe with two arms

29 Woodsiaceae (in part)

67 Fronds pinnate or bipinnate 24 Cryptogrammaceac

Fronds palm ate 26 Pteridaceae (Syngramma)

68 Sori on surface o f small flaps reflexed from margin 23 Adiantaceac (Adiantum )

Sori not on surface of small flaps reflexed from margin .69

69 Sori in marginal cups 70Sori not in marginal cups 73

70 Terrestrial 71Epiphytic or litliophylic 72

71 Rhizome erect, with scales

Rhizome creeping, with hairs or bristles 21 Dennstaedtiuceae (Dcnnstaedtia)

75 Fronds less than 40 cm high 25 Sinopteridaceae (Cheilanthes)

Fronds much taller 21 Dennstaedtiuceae (in part)

76 Fronds simply pinnule, pinnae jointed to rachis, erect stems short, with many slender

runners which produce new erect shoots 34 Nephrolepidaceae (in part)

Not the above combination of characters 77

77 Indusiuni attached at base of sums, or along base and sides, not reniform nor peltatenor globose 78Indusium reniform or peltate or globose, sometimes very small 83

78 Rhizome with one solid vascular strand or hollow cylinder 79Rhizome with more complex structure 80

79 Rhizome with hairs, vascular system of rhizome a hollow cylinder

21 De n ns t aed t iaceae (Microlepia)

Rhizome usually with narrow scales, vascular system a solid vascular strand

82 Two vascular strands in base of stipe 29 YVoodsiaccac (Acystopteris) Several vascular strands in base of stipe 32 Dryopteridaceae (Acrophorus)

83 lndusium globose, completely covering sorus when young, breaking down irregularlywhen old and spreading on all sides 84lndusium not as above 85

84 Fronds pinnate, in lowlands and on mountains 18 Cyatheaceae

Fronds tripinnate on high mountains 32 Dryopteridaceae (Perunema)

85 Stipe with single U-shaped vascular strand 28 Thclypteridaceae (in part)

Stipe with two or more vascular strands 86

86 Stipe with two vascular strands near base 87Stipe with more than two vascular strands near base 88

87 Scales with unicellular hairs on margin and surfaces 28 Thelypteridaceae (in part) Scales without unicellular hairs on margin and surfaces 29 Woodsiaceae (in part)

88 Costae and smaller rachises grooved, grooves with raised edges

32 Dryopteridaceae (in part)

Costae raised, not grooved, often hairy 89

89 Pinnae articulate to rachis 33 Lomariopsidaceae (Cyclopeltis)

Pinnae not articulate to rachis 90

90 Veins anastomosing 35 Tectariaceae (in part)

92 Basal basiscopic vein of a vein group from costule 32 Dryopteridaceae (in part)

Basal basiscopic vein o f a vein group from costa 93

31 Hypodematiaceae (ilypodematium)

Basal pinnae with long basal basiscopic pinnules 35 Tectariaceae

94 Fronds bipinnate covered beneath with white powder

25 Sinoptcridaceae (Pity ro^rinn ma)

Not as above 95

95 Epiphytes, or I ithophytes by streams

Terrestrial plants

9698

96 Veins anastomosing throughout frond, no spreading simple hairs

39 Polypodiaceae(inpart)

Veins free or rarely anastomosing by margin, spreading simple hairs often present 97

frond 39 Polypodiaceae ( Tltylacopteris)

Sori not in such cavities 40 Crammitidaceac (in part)

98 Stipes with several vasculur strands near base 99Stipes with a single U-shaped vascular strand 100

99 Costae and smaller rachises grooved, grooves with raised edges

32 Drvopteridaceae (in part) Costae raised, not grooved, usually hairy 35 Tectariaceac (in part)

100 Rhizome with hairs, sori terminal on veins 21 Deimstaedtiaceae (in part)

Rhizome or stock, with scales, sori not terminal on veins 101

101 Scales with unicellular hairs on margin and surfaces

28 Thelypteridaceae (in part)

Seales without unicellular hairs on margin and surfaces

29 Woodsiaceac (in part)

FLORA OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

History of Botanical Collecting and

Observations on Ferns and Lycophytes in

Peninsular Malaysia is one of the best collected areas in the Malesian region with ihe earliest

collections of ferns dating from c 1821 Most botanists have collected ferns in the course

o f their work but will not be mentioned here unless «heir collections have made a significant contribution to fern taxonomy In contrast, rather few botanists made ferns or lycophytes their particular study but, nevertheless because they were more discerning in their collections, they have contributed significantly to what is currently known about ferns and lycophytes

Fern and Lycophyle Collectors

One of the earliest fem collectors was G Finluyson who collected ferns from Penang

between December 1821 and January 1822 His collections were in the herbarium of the

East India Company, distributed by Wallich, and are now in Kcw Blechnum fmlaysonianum

Hook & Grev was named alter him Countess Christine (Lady) Dalhousie between 1829 and 1832 also collected ferns from Penang, which were sent to Kew for study by W Hooker

Pieris dalhousiae (Pteridaceae) and Lycopodium dalhousiae (now Huperzia dalhousiae,

Lycopodiaceae) are named in her honour She was followed by Sir William Norris, who

lived in Penang between 1836 and 1847 His fern herbarium eventually ended up at Kew, with duplicates distributed to Berlin, Brisbane, Cambridge Florence and Leiden

By the end of the nineteenth century, H N Ridley, the first Director of the Botanic

Gardens, Singapore (1880-1912), was collecting extensively throughout Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, including ferns and lycophytes The majority o f ferns were apparently sent to

specialists where at least seven species commemorate him by the specific epithet, ridleyi He

did however, describe a few ferns and in his study of fem allies (Ridley 1919), described

five new species ot'Selaginella (Sclagincllaccac).

J.J.M de Morgan collected some terns from Penang and Perak in 1884, which are at

Kew' (Steenis-Kruseman, 1950) Selaginella morgana is named after him.

G.F Hose was a collector of ferns while he was chaplain in Melaka (1868-1873) and Singapore (1871 1881) and thereafter until 1908 as Bishop o f Singapore, Labuan and Sarawak His collections arc in Edinburgh and Kew

A naval surgeon, C.G M atthew, made a small but valuable collection of ferns in 1904 and 1911 1913 particularly from hills accessible from the west coast His collections are in Edinburgh, Kew and Bogor

The outstanding pteridologist in Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore) was R.E Holttum who collected from the time he became Assistant Director in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore in 1922 until he retired as Professor of Botany at the University o f Malaya in Singapore in 1954 He collected from many mountains, including Gunung Tahan made a detailed inventory of plants from Fraser’s Hill while the hill station was being constructed, and collected a few ferns from limestone In all he collected about 2,000 specimens including many ferns, on which he continued to work in his long retirement at Kew His collections are deposited in Singapore, the Natural History Museum, London, and Kew, among other herbaria

B Motesworth Allen collected between 1948 and 1963, mostly in Perak and the Cameron

Highlands, Pahang, amassing about 3,300 specimens While she did not describe new species herself, she made a significant contribution by discovering 18 additions to the fern flora, either new species or new records for Peninsular Malaysia (Holttum, 1968) She is commemorated

by Cyathea alleniae (Cyatheaceae) and Doryopteris alieniae (Sinoptcridaccae) Most of her

collections are in Singapore, Kew and the Natural History Museum, London, with only at few hundred at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Botanical collecting up to the 1970s has been well documented by Burkill (1927) and Steenis-Kruseman (1950, 1958, 1974) Thereafter information on fern and lycophyte collectors is scattered and this account is based on herbarium collections and literature Many

collectors are little known because they did not publish, for example E.A Turnau (1961- 1969), Abdul Sam al (1961 1969) and C.B Evans (1966), all staff o f University of Malaya,

where their collections are mainly deposited

F.L Dunn, then attached to the Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, made

a small collection of ferns from Gunung Jerai in 1967 (Dunn 1967) Ilis specimens are probably at Singapore

A.C Piggott, author of Ferns o f Malaysia in Colour, collected between 1970 and

1975 Her collections arc deposited at Kew with a few specimens in Singapore She focused mainly on two mountains, Gunung Tclapak Berok, Ncgcri Scmbilan (Piggott, 1977, 1982) and Gunung Ulu Kali Pahang, as well as the lowlands in Negeri Scmbilan She was the

first to discover Coryphopteris badia (Thelypteridaceae) and Ctenopterella khaoluangensis

(Grammitidaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia

From the 1970s onwards, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia) has become the focus of pteridophyte research with the most comprehensive fern and lycophyte herbarium in Malaysia housing about 25,000 species, mainly collected by A

Aziz Bidin (who collected about 5,000 numbers), Haja Maideen Kadeer Maideen and

their students supported by Ra/ali daman, who curates the fern herbarium and has collected

over 10,000 numbers Aziz Bidin also established a Fernetum for gerraplasm and eytological research Ihcir botanical exploration has covered much o f Peninsular Malaysia and they have produced checklists for Pulau Langkawi, Kedah (Bidin, 1987), Pulau Tioman, Pahang

(Jaman & LatilY, 1999), Taman Negeri Perlis at Wang Kelian (Jaman el a/ 2001) G Nuang.

Selangor (Maideen e ta l., 2005a) Ulu Mudu FR Kedah (Maideen e/t//., 2005b) and G Siong, Kelantan (Maideen et al., 2005c), Matang FR, Perak (Jaman et al., 2005), G Jerai, Kedah (Jaman et al, 2006a), G Mandi Angin, Terengganu (Jaman, 2006b) and Kenong Rimba Park,

Pahang (Jaman & LatilT 2(107)

With the fern flora comprehensively covered by I Iolttum's 1954 Revised Flora o f Malaya 2 Ferns (2nd ed.; Holttum, 1968) and more recent Flora Malesiana accounts for some families (Parris, 2010) and Selaginella revised by Wong (1983) discovery of new

records and taxu has come from intensive exploration o f specific areas: from G Ulu Kali,

Pahang, Clenopterella khaoluangensis (syn Ctenopteris tnalayana) (Parris, 1986), Marattia pellucida (Marattiaceac) (Maideen et al 2002, now Ptisanapellucida) and Oreogrammitis malayensis (Grammilidaceae) (Parris, 2007); from Taman Negara, Pahang Osmundavachellii (Osmundaceae) (Bidin, 1984),Ilymenophyllurnoff brachyglossum (Flymenophyllaceae) and Tectaria tramlucens (Tectariaeeae) (Parris & Edwards 1988); from Endau-Rompin, Johor, Sehizaea fistulosa (Schizacaceae) (Kiew et al., 1987); from the Royal Belum State Park, Perak, Asplenium grevillei (Aspleniaceae) and Micrugonium henzaianum (now considered

to belong to Didymoglossum (Hymenophyllaccac) by Ebihara et al., 2006) (Edwards et al 1995); and from limestone Tectaria shahidaniana (Tectariaeeae) from Wang Kelian Perl is, and Tectaria gnachana from Gua Cha, Kelantan (Rusea et al 2004).

Chin (1977) documented botanists who specifically collected ferns from limestone hills:

C.E Carr (1928-1930) in Central Pahang; R.E Holttum Batu Caves Selangor (1922)

and Langkawi (1925); B Molesworth Allen (1950-1960) in Perak and G Keriang, Kedah;

C.l Phang (I960) Bukil Anak Takun; UNESCO Expedition to Kelantan limestone hills

(1962); Abdul Samat (1961 1969) Bukit Takun and Anak Bukit Takun, and Langkawi;

G.B Evans (1966) Ipoh Temple, Perak, and Bukit Takun, Selangor; Shimi/u (1967) Gua

Musang, Kelantan, and Bukit Takun; and A Johnson (1968) Batu Caves Johnson (1959)

wrote A Students' Guide to the Ferns o f Singapore Island, useful for identifying lowland

ferns and lycophytcs o f Peninsular Malaysia being illustrated by clear line drawings by Juraimi Samsuri However, these limestone collections resulted in only a few new records

or species, notable being Doryopteris alleniae collected by Molesworth Allen and Drynaria bonii (Polypodiaceae), a new record that Chin reported from Pulau I angkawi.

Many other collections of limestone ferns were made by many collectors as part of general collecting Among the 97 fern species recorded by Chin (1977), only 24 are more

common on or restricted to limestone and of these just tw o are endemic, Doryopteris alleniae and Polystichum lindsaeifolium (Dryopteridaccac).

Specialist collecting and detailed examination o f herbarium material still continues to

add new records, such as B.S Parris ( 1986) for the Grammitidaceac, who in 2006 discovered

two more species Calymmodon conduplicatus in a packet on an old herbarium sheet, und Oreogrammitis caespitosa in the field, as well as three new species () kunstleri, O malayensis and Xiphopterellagracilis (Parris, 2007).

Observations of Ferns and Lycophytes

There are few published accounts on the biology o f local ferns and lycophytcs The classic text remains the chapters on nest ferns and their neighbours and terrestrial ferns in Holttum's

Plant Life in Malaya ( 1954).

Molesworth Allen ( 1959a, b) contributed interesting observations of fern succession in montane vegetation when new areas were being opened up during the building o f roads

to and areas around VHF (very high frequency) stations on mountain summits, and late succession when turled areas in the highlands remained undisturbed for long periods during the Emergency In 1965 she also recorded the frequent use of the thin strong rhizomes of

Pynvsiapiloselloides (syn Drymoglossumpiloselloides, Polypodiaccae) in nest construction

by the straw-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus (Gmelin) 1789) and the stripe-throated bulbul (Pycnonotus fudaysoni (Strickland) 1844) and two other species of Pynvsia, one used

in nest building by the black-and-red broad bill (Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos (Gmelin)

Holttum (1979) drew attention to the importance of field observations in understanding

variation within taxa In the case of Bolbitis divers (folia (Dryopteridaceae) and B nitens, he considered differences in habitat were key to understanding the status of these two taxa B nitens being a taxon restricted to white quartz The assessment of the status of hybrids is also

greatly enhanced by population studies in the field

Gay et al (1994) carried out detailed observations on the ecology of the ant-fern Lecanopteris (Polypodiaccae), with a view to understanding the distribution of species and

covered such aspects as characters of the host tree including bark type, and the vegetation and soil types in which the host tree grew (None of these factors was found to correlate with the distribution o f these ant-ferns)

Bidin (2000) summarised cytological information available for 138 taxa or cytotypes

of Malaysian ferns (including species from Sabah and Sarawak), representing about 12% of the fern flora Polyploidy proved to be lower (42%) than is encountered in temperate regions

(52-54%) Only one octoploid, Syngramma coriacea (Pteridaceae) (n=l 16) is known from

Malaysia

The medicinal uses o f local ferns are included in A Guide to Ferns o f Singapore (Wee, 1984) and Puku-pakis Ubatan di Semenanjung Malaysia (Bidin 1985).

Conservation of Ferns and Lycophytes

O f the approximately 640 species recorded from Peninsular Malaysia 43 are endemic (Table1)

The average percentage of endemism o f 6% is very much lower than either 30% for trees (Ng, 1991) or over 80% for rainforest herbs (Kiew, 1991) This may be attributed to the more efficient dispersal of the microscopic wind-blown spores compared with seeds

However, the rate is not uniform Some genera have a higher percentage: Cyathea (14%), Diplazium (14%), Tectaria (16%), Oreogrammitis (31%), Curyphopteris (33%), Selaginella (34%), Radiogrammilis (40%), Bolbitis (43%), Doryopteris (50%) and Xiphopterella (50%),

which all together account for almost three quarters of all the endemic species

Various species have been suggested as endangered One is the Celery Fern, Botrychiurn daucifolium, Ophioglossaceae (Kiew et al., 1985), included among Malaysia’s ten most

endangered animals, plants and areas, on the grounds that it is extremely rare in Peninsular Malaysia (it is widespread in Asia) and was known from a single locality Bidin (1991) considered that among 30 rare and endangered ferns and lycophytes, 17 were particularly endangered by extinction because of a combination of small population size, restricted locality and threatened habitat (Table 2)

Table 1 Fern and Lyeophytc Species Endemic to Peninsular Muluysiu

Bidin (1991) also drew attention to three localities important for fern conservation: Pulau

Tioman, Pahang, that has two endemic Cyathea tree ferns, and Teciaria zeilanica that in

Peninsular Malaysia is known only from here; Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, that is home to three endemic species and two Asian species that in Peninsular Malaysia are known only from

protection

In general, upper montane forest harbours a high diversity of ferns and lycophytes (Plate 12), and due to its small area is more sensitive to disturbance front the building of VHF, followed by microwave and now by mobile phone transmitter, stations Many of the classic botanical collecting localities have been severely diminished in this way front G Jerai, Kedah; Bukit Larut, Perak; G Brinchang and G Ulu Kali, Pahang; G Tciapak Berok Negeri Sembilan, to G Ledang, Johor Additional disturbance is seen from building a cable car station on G Machine-hang on Pulau Langkawi and disturbance from cutting trails for recreation, for example, on G llijau, Perak With the fragmentation of the upper montane forest, it is noticeable that populations of the small sensitive epiphytic ferns belonging to Grammitidaceae that depend on cloud cover have greatly decreased in historic times For example, on G llijau of the 16 species recorded up to the 1920s, only 4 have been recently

found and one, Oreograrmnitis crispatu hr is likely to be extinct.

Table 2 Endangered Ferns and Lyeophytes (Bidin, 1991)

Tectaria impressa (syn T variolosa)

T zeilanica (syn Quercifilix zeilcmica)

Gramniitidaceae with 52 species in Peninsular Malaysia is a particularly sensitive group not only from its high levels of endemism but also lor its rarity Twelve species

(Calymmodon conduplicatus, C cucullatus, Chrysogrammitis glandulosa Oreogrammitis caespitosa, O knutsfordiana, O kunstleri, O rivularis, O setulifera, O vittariifolia, Prosaptia davalliacea Radiogrammitis pseudoxiphopteris, Tomophyllum inconspicuum

are known only from one collection In addition to these, another seven are known only

from one locality (Chrysogrammitis musgraviana, Oreogrammitis crispatula, O jeraiensis, Prosaptia nutans, Radiogrammitis peninsular is, Xiphopterella govidjoaensis, X, gracilis) Thirteen (Calymmodon conduplicatus, C cucullatus, Chrysogrammitis glandulosa C musgraviana, Oreogrammitis crispatula, O rivularis, O setulifera, O vittariifolia, Prosaptia davalliacea Radiogrammitis peninsularis, R subpinnatifida, Tomophyllum inconspicuum Xiphopterella gracilis) have not been collected in the last 50 years while O kunstleri and R pseudoxiphopteris arc known only from their type collections.

However, it should be borne in mind that because of inaccessibility much of the Main Range remains unexplored botanically and is likely to harbour these rare and sensitive species

Habitat disturbance is more severe in endangering ferns and lycophytes than is

commercial trade The stag’s horn fern, Platycerium holttumri (Polypodiaceae) is probably

the most endangered having small and restricted populations, although the level of collecting from the wild has decreased from when it was initially discovered now that it is available in cultivation

All Cyatheaceae are listed in Appendix II of CITES (Convention for International Trade

in Endangered Species), which means that all forms of international trade are regulated (CITES does not apply to local transactions) Although there is local trade in tree fern trunks as substrate for cultivating epiphytic orchids, as far as is know n it has not had a significant impact

on wild populations Doth the low land Cyathea latehrosa and the mountain C contaminant

are common species However, there is no hard data on the extent of this trade

The Golden Chicken Fern, the terminal bud of Cibotium banm etz (Cibotiaceae) first reported in commerce by Lowry (1970), continues to be sold in small quantities by orang usli (aboriginal people) on the roadside up to Cameron Highlands Apparently the population

is not being depicted as they do not have to forage far to collect it but again there is no hard data on population size and the quantity harvested

The fiddleheads (immature coiled fronds) of two species regulurly harvested and sold in

markets as a vegetable, pucukpaku, Diplaziurn esculenturn (Woodsiaccae) and paku miding, Stenochlaena palustris (Blechnaceae), are both common and widespread species, which

frequently grow in great quantities in open and often wet areas Harvesting does not appear

to have impacted on their populations Neither is cultivated suggesting that the supply of wild-collected plants is sufficient to meet demand

Invasive species arc currently a cause for concern worldwide Azolla (Salviniaeeae) and introduced Salvinia can be a problem in fish ponds and still water bodies, such as reservoirs

However, the most invasive species in Peninsular Malaysia are w ithout doubt the indigenous

res am, Dicranopteris species (Gleicheniaceae), that smother the ground after logging While

D linearis can prevent forest regeneration (Holttum, 1968; Wee 1984), D curranii may

have an ameliorating effect by reducing runoff, nutrient loss and erosion through rainfall interception, by significantly reducing temperatures beneath its canopy and by its dead leaves

increasing moisture retention (Negishi et al„ 2006).

Formerly, conservation status was assessed subjectively and although the criteria used were largely the same (restricted distributions, small population size, habitat disturbance, etc.), consistency between different researchers was lacking in the application of the criteria With the improved codification of the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1 (2001) and the development o f the Taxa Data Information Sheet for Malaysia, relevant data are recorded and assessed before they are entered into the Malaysia Plant Red List (Chuu, 2010)

With the accessibility of natural areas in the Peninsula and over a hundred years of collecting, the fern and lycophyte flora is relatively well known They are well served by a basic Flora (Holttum, 1968) and a pictorial guide (Piggott, 1988) that has made identifying ferns accessible to a wider audience A provisional checklist is provided by Parris & Latiff (1997) However, field investigation is still important to locate the more obscure and poorly known species, to understand habitat specificity and morphological variation, especially for populations containing hybrids, and to monitor population size and habitat disturbance for long-term conservation management

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