Dd la nhung khai niem can dupe dinh nghia ve chti nghia tu ban, che dp Stalin d Lien Bang Xd Viet va nhtrng dieu kien can thiet de xoa bd sy bdc lot vd'n bdt ngudn ttr bdt binh ddng ve t
Trang 1Chu nghia Mac - mo hinh tan co flien mm cua chu nghia lu ban
Tac gia: Giao su" Hiroshi Ohnishi-Nguoi dich: Hoang Van Cuang*, Iran Quang Tuyen"
linh vyc nghien ctru, la hpc
thuyet gia tri thang du va chti
nghia duy vat lich sir Trong do hpc
thuyet gia tri thang du da Mac dugc
trinh bay tron ven trong bd sach "Tu
ban" Nhung nghien ctru ve chii
nghia duy vat lich sir thi chua cd mpt
cudn sach nao nhu vay, va vdi y
nghia do, chting ta se phai cd nhiem
vu trinh bay van de nay theo each
hien dai VcVi muc dich nay, nghien
ciru cua tdi da thiet lap mpt md hinh
toan de chtrng minh rdng vi sao chu
nghia tir ban xuat hien, phat trien va
diet vong Trudc day nha kinh te hpc
iVtac xil ngudi Nhat Ban Nobuo
Okisliio chirng minh sy bdc lot ciia
cac nha tu ban bdng mpt md hinh
toan, va thanh tyu nghien ciiu ctia tdi
chdc chdn phai dupe so sanh vdi nha
nghien cuu Mac xit nay Tuy nhien,
bai viet nay chi ra mpt vai ham y ben
canh nhtrng minh chung da dupe de
cap d tren Dd la nhung khai niem
can dupe dinh nghia ve chti nghia tu
ban, che dp Stalin d Lien Bang Xd
Viet va nhtrng dieu kien can thiet de
xoa bd sy bdc lot vd'n bdt ngudn ttr
bdt binh ddng ve tai san giua ngudi
giau va ngudi ngheo
I "Chu nghia xa hoi"
la gi?
Cho de'n nay, van de quan trpng nhat ddi vdi chting ta la hieu nhu the nao ve cai gpi la "Chii nghia xa hpi"
d Lien Xd trudc nam 1991 va d Ddng
Au trudc nam 1989 Ndi each khac la
cd phai sy sup dd ciia Ddng Au va Lien Xd chinh la sy ket thtic ctia chti nghia xa hpi? Neu khdng tra ldi dupe cau hdi nay, thi chting ta, nhung ngudi theo chu nghia Mac, se khdng the ndi dupe dieu gi ve van de do, va toi da tra Idi cau hdi nay mpt each rd rang ngay sau khi dien ra su sup dd trong mdt nghien ctru ctia toi vao nam 1992
Cau tra Idi ciia toi la sy sup do chinh la nhung budc chuyen ttr chti nghia tu ban nha nudc sang chti nghia tu ban tu nhan (hay chii nghia
tu ban thi trudng), bdi vi sy tich Itiy tu ban dya vao nha nudc la xu the chung tren the gidi nhu dugc trinh bay trong Bang 1 Dd la "chti nghia tu ban nha nudc" d Nhat Ban tmdc nam 1945, d Dire tmdc nam 1945, d Indonesia trudc 1967, tai Ai Cap tmdc nam 1970, d Nga tmdc nam
1991, d An Dp nam 1991 va tai Trung Qudc trudc nam 1978 Va sau cac
nam dd, tat ca nhung qudc gia nay
da trd thanh "chti nghia lu ban tu nhan" Mac dti da cd mOt sd sy khac biet giua Nhat Ban, Dire, Indonesia,
Ai Cap, An Dp va Trung Qudc, Nga, tat ca nhung nudc tren da tich luy vdn dau tu mpt each nhanh chong ban hdn thdi ky "chti nghia tu ban tu nhan" Dieu dd dupe minh chtrng rdt
ro net d Nga, va cting tuang ty tai Trung Qudc theo sd lieu dupe the hien trong lai lieu nghien ctru ciia Chow (1993)
Tuy nhien, cd the cd mpt sd quan diem phan ddi lai lap luan tren
va cho rdng d Anh va My da khong ton tai loai hinh "chti nghia tu ban nha nirdc" nhu tren Nhung theo nhu lich sir nudc Anh, chung ta co the bie't de'n phong trao rao dat lan thtr hai, khi dd chinh quyen da giiip giai cap lu san mdi chiem rudng dat ctia ngudi ndng dan Ngoai ra phien ban dau tien cua dao luat ve nha may cung cho phep cac nha tu ban bdt budc ngudi lao ddng phai lam viec trong thdi gian dai ban Nhtrng sy kien nay chtrng td rdng, vai tro ciia Nha nudc Anh ltic dd hoan toan gidng vdi vai trd ctia"chii nghia tu ban nha nudc"
• Gido su Kinh 16' cua D^i tipc Kyoto, Nh$t Ban; Pho Chu lich Hiep hoi The gioi ve Kinh te Chinh iri
Nghii^n ciju sinh nRinh kinh le chinh Iri, Truons Oai hoc Kinh le- DHQG Ha Ngi
Gianij viOn Khoa Kinh 10 Chinh Irj, D^i hyc Kinh 10- DHQG Ha Ngi
Trang 2[DIEN DAN I FORUM]
Va dieu dd cd the cung nhu d
My Theo ldi thi che dp nd le d the ky
thtr 19 cung ddng vai trd hoan loan
tuong ty nhu vai trd cua "chii nghia
tu ban nha nudc" Va tat nhien la che
dp dd dupe bao dam bdi hang loat
cac dieu luat ctia Nha nudc Hon the
nua da cd nhtrng chinh sdch can
thiep ciia chinh phti nhdm chuan bj
cho sy phat trien kinh te theo hudng
thi trudng trong cac giai doan sau
nay
II Chil nghia tir ban
la gi?
Tuy nhien, de lam rd hon
nhung hieu biet tren, chting ta nen
dinh nghia lai "chii nghia tu ban" bdi
vi chiing ta khdng the sir dung khai
niem "chii nghia tu ban nha nudc"
khi khdng co khai niem ve chii nghia
tu ban Do dd, trong phan nay, ldi
mud'n trinh bay sy hieu bie't ctia
minh ve "chii nghia tu ban" mdt
each sang td dya tren co sd cdng
nghe ciia no, vi "chii nghia tu ban"
va "chil nghia xa hpi" deu la cac
pham trti ciia duy vat lich sir
Trudc lien, tdi xin dupe giai
thich khai niem "che dp phong kien"
de nhan biet "chti nghia lu ban" ttr
hinh thai xa hdi trudc dd cua nd
Theo toi, trong xa hdi tmdc khi cd
cupc each mang cdng nghiep xay ra
khdng he co bat cir mdt phuong lien
may mdc hien dai nao, chi cd nhtrng
cdng cu lao ddng, va nhung thp thti
cdng sir dung cac cdng cu san xuat
vdi trinh dp gid'ng nhau nhung lai tao
ra nhtrng san pham vdi chat luong
khac nhau Neu vay thi dieu gi tao
nen sy khac biet dd? Tdi cho rdng sy
khac biet dd Id do cd sy khac biel ve
ky nang lao dpng Va theo y nghia
nay thi nhiem vu quan trpng nhat ddi
vdi xa hpi phong kien la lam cho cdc
ky nang dd nhay ben d cap dp qud'c
gia Vdi muc dich nay, xa hdi dd tao
nen nhirng he thdng lam viec dya
iiaiig 1: Hai giai tSoaa ctia chu nghia l u ban va cac dang chinh tri cam qu,>rn
.Nhat Ban
T>iK
Indonesia \i C a p
T r u n o
QutH:
>ga
An Do
\ 1 aisoi\okusaiikai
IDan*^ Quiic xa Uana dau tdc (Siitcimo)
X L X S S C T
Dang Cong i.-ui Iniug Quoc (Mao)
:Dang Cong sail
|Dang dan toe (Nehru)
194.^
1945
1967
1970
1978
1991
1991
LDP CDU (jorkal(Suh,irto) Sadat
D.Tiig Cpiig s.in I n m g Quoc (Rang)
Vchsiu Bang dan loc (Rao)
tren tham nien nghe nghiep, vi nhung ngudi lao ddng lau nam ban thi dp lanh nghe, nang suat ban va bang he thdng nay ngudi lao ddng cd the lam viec d ciing mdt nha may trong sudt cudc ddi minh de trau ddi
ky day dti ky nang ciia minh Trong dieu kien lam viec nhu vay, mdi quan he gitra ngudi vdi ngudi trd thanh sy hpc hdi ve nghe nghiep va chinh dieu nay da bien ddi thanh mpt triet ly nhu Khdng giao
Dac tinh can thie'l ciia xa bdi nay khdng chi cd vay Ben canh dd,
xa hdi nay gidi ban quy md ctia nha may, bdi vi neu nha may vdi sd luong nhan cdng ddng ddo thi hp se khdng the bpc hdi tir mot ngudi thp ca trong mdt nha may bdi vi chinh dac tinh cua loai hinh ky nang nay
Nhtrng ky nang lien tie'n cd the dupe day trong mdt Idp Idn, nhung nhtrng
ky nang lao ddng trong thdi phong kien dupe gitr kin va chi cd the dupe hpc hdi bdng each bdt chudc each lam ctia ngudi thp ca qua viec quan sat ky cang Do dd, xa hdi nay phai chia thi tmdng theo timg theo ttrng thi Iran nhdm gidi ban quy md cua cdc nhd may He thdng dd la he thdng cd tinh phuong hpi
Tuy nhien, vdi sy xuat hien cua mdy mdc sau cudc cdch mang cdng nghiep da lam cho nhtmg hodn canh nay khdng cdn ntia Trong xa hdi mdi, sd luong vd chat lupng ctia san pham dupe quye't dinh chinh bdi sd luong va chat lupng ctia mdy mdc
thie't bi, khi dd cdng nhan khdng can phai cd ky nang tinh xao, va chi la yeu to phu Va sy thay ddi quan trpng nha't tir xa hdi cti la sy yeu the cua ngudi lao ddng khi thuong lupng dd'i vdi nhtrng nha lu ban, bdi vi thyc te
dd nhiing nha tu ban cd the tap hop nhtrng nhan cdng khdng cd ky nang
mdt each dk dang ttr thi tmdng lao
ddng Gid day, bat ky ngudi lao dpng nao Iren thj tmdng lao ddng cung cd the thay the vi tri ciia nhtrng cdng nhan dang lam viec trong nha may
Do vay, dudi dieu kien nay, mirc luong ctia ngudi lao dpng trd nen tha'p ban va Ipi nhuan cao ban,
va hau bet cdc phan ciia Ipi nhuan duoc sir dung de tai ddu tu va nhd dd quy md sir dyng may mdc cho boat ddng san xuai ngay cdng dupe md rdng d ddy, vi chting ta da gid dinh rdng quy md ctia may mdc quye't dinh quy md ctia san pham dupe lam ra sau cudc each mang cdng nghiep, tbi chinh viec tai dau tu nay
cd nghia Id sy phat trien kinh te Dd chinh la sy phat trien kinh le Iheo con dudng tu ban chu nghia!
Tuy nhien, trong ludn diem nay, chiing ta nen luu y mdt so diem va dieu dau tien chinh la thai dp ciia chiing ta ddi vdi chu nghia tu ban Chting ta khdng he chi trich chii nghia tu ban ma chi nhdm ly giai tai sao chiing ta can chti nghia lu ban sau cudc each mang cdng nghiep
Ndi each khac, khi chii nghia tu ban
dupe nghien ciru tbi chting la nen
4 D
Trang 3nhin nhSn dudi gdc dp Mac-xit Dieu dd cung hoan toan
giong nhu thyc le la khi ndi ve chii nghia xa hpi thi chti
nghia xa hpi cfing nen dupe hieu theo chti nghia Mac Dd
phai la each nhin nhan dting ddn ma mdt ngudi theo chii
nghia Mac nen cd khi xem xet van de nay
Thu hai, each bieu nay mang dac tinh ljch sii va duy
vat, bdi vi trong khuon kho phan tich ctia tdi, chinh co sd
khoa hpc ky thuat quyet dinh cau true thuong tang ctia
xa hpi va ca sd xa hpi nay thay ddi ve phuong dien lich
sir Toi nghi rdng, cho dti neu kien thirc ctia tdi ve chti
nghia Mac co khac biet nhieu so vdi nhtmg each hieu
khac dang cd ve chti nghia Mac thi "tinh lich sir" va "duy
vat" van la nhtmg ye'u to mang tinh quye't dinh nhat va vi
vay sy hieu bie't ctia tdi chdc chdn la mdt sy hieu bie't
thuoc chil nghia Mac
Thir ba, each hieu nhu vay ve loai hinh xa hpi sau
cupc each mang cdng nghiep pbii hop khi dupe gpi la
chil nghia lu ban, bdi vi vdi loai hinh xa hdi nay thi vd'n
(tu ban) la nhan td quan trpng va loan bd he thdng xa hpi
dupe phuc vu cho qua trinh tich luy lu ban Vi du, giao
phai Tin lanh da phuc vu cho muc dich nay d cac nudc
phuong Tay, trong khi dd dao Khdng va Phat giao lai
dupe cai bie'n de phuc vy muc dich nay trong thdi ky Edo
d Nhat Ban Cac nha nudc da thie't lap he thdng gido due
thudc nhieu loai hinh khac nhau de phuc vu cac nhu cau
trong thdi ky hien dai, va thu thap thang du xa hdi de xay
dyng ca sd ha tang xa hpi
III Mo hinh moi Tan c 6 dien cua
chu nghia tu ban
Nhu toi da de cap d Iren, sy hieu bie't ve chii nghia
tu ban cd the dupe hieu theo mdt each hieu ve chti nghia
Mac Tuy nhien, sy hieu bie't tuang ty cting cd the dupe
hieu dudi mo hinh tan cd dien Qua dd tdi mudn khdng
dinh va ciing cd sy hieu biel ciia minh ve chii nghia Mac
Do do, de lam dupe dieu nay, tmdc bet chiing la thie't lap
mpt nen kinh te bang hai ham san xuat sau day:
Trong d6,(K K, L, s, va a), Y the hien san lupng
hang hoa tieu dting, K la lupng vdn, L la tdng sd lao ddng,
.? la ti le long sd lao dpng dupe sir dung cho san xuat
hang hoa lieu diing, va a chi cdng nghe dupe sir dung
Xin km y rdng s cd Ihe dupe hieu nhu Id ly le lao dpng
dting de san xudt bang boa tieu dting cho con ngudi
trong ky ban ngdn, va Is la ty 16 lao ddng dung de sdn
.Midi vdn Va chung ta gia djnh Ipi tuc theo quy md khdng
kinh te nay tdi da hoa loi ich bang viec tdi da hda tdng tieu diing trong thdi gian khdng gidi ban Dd la:
JO
K(0^li-s(r)]L
(3) (4)
Trong dd, p the hien viec uu tien thdi gian ctia mpt
ca nhan dai dien Va cac giai phap cho van de toi da hda
cd the dupe dien ta bdng hinh ve sau:
Tlinh 1; Durnin t i n e tiinniij; trii ini c u a tj ic von - lao d o n g
sau cuoc each m a n g c o n g n g h i e p
C\i6c cich mang cong nghiep
Hinh 2; Oirtm^ trin^ truxm^ toi ini cua " t \ 1^ tiet kiem" Nau cuoc _ each m a n e cong ngliiep
CHOC cach mang cone nghiep Nhu da trinh bay trong Hinh sd 2, ty le tdi uu (chiing
ta CO the coi la ty le tiet kiem hay ly le dau lu) ciia long
sd lao dpng sir dung cho san xuat hang hoa da tang vpt trong cupc each mang cdng nghiep, vi tich luy vdn khong
CO ich Ipi gi trudc cupc each mang cdng nghiep, da trd thanh ye'u td then chdt trong cudc each mang cdng nghiep, va sau dd ty le nay ngay cang nhd ddn va cudi cting gan bdng 0, khdng ke khau hao, khi dd ty le tu ban
- lao dpng dat de'n gia tri can bdng cudi ciing Do dd, chung ta cd the sir dyng toan bd lao ddng cho san xudt hang boa tieu diing trong ky liep theo, khong phai i ho
Trang 4[DliN DAN I FORUM]
san xuat tu ban trong thdi ky phong kien, nhung sau dd
va cho de'n khi dat dupe gia tri can bdng cudi cting,
chiing ta nen nhanh chdng ttr bd viec lieu dting d miie
cao nhat va nen tich Itiy tu ban vi day la ky nguyen cua
cac nha tu ban Chiing ta can trai qua thdi ky nay cho
de'n khi chuyen sang mdt thdi ky tiep theo, thdi ky cd the
dupe gpi la hau chii nghia tu ban hay "chii nghia cdng
san"
Ngoai ra can phai luu y rdng md hinh nay khong chi
mang tinh duy vat lich sir ma cdn bao gdm ly thuyet ve
gia tri thang du ctia chti nghia Mac trong phuong thirc
sau day:
Trudc lien md hinh etia chting ta the hien nen kinh
the nhu mdt he thdng san xuat sir dung rtiay mdc theo
con dudng vdng tdi uu Ttr "tdi uu" cd nghia la ldi da hda
so lupng san pham dupe lam ra vdi ciing md#t sd lupng
cdng nhan, hay noi each khac, td'i thieu boa lupng nhan
cdng can thiet de san xuat khdi lupng hang hda tuong
duong Vl the, d day thudc do duy nhdt ctia san xuat
chinh la sd lupng cdng nhan
De giai thich dieu dd bdng mdt vi dy, bay gid chiing
ta gia dinh rdng co bdn loai cdng nghe cd the san xudt ra
mpt khdi lupng san pham bdng nhau, dd la:
Cdng nghe dau tien ket hpp nhan td la 0 may mdc
va 1000 gid cdng lao ddng,
Cdng nghe thu hai ket hpp nhan td la 5 may mdc va
200 gid cong lao dpng,
Cong nghe thu ba ket hpp nhan to la 10 may mdc
va 50 gid cdng lao ddng,
Cong nghe thtr tu ket bop nhan to la 20 may mdc va
20 gid cong lao ddng
Hay luu y rdng bdn cdng nghe nay san xuat ra ciing
mdt sd lupng san phdm, va sau dd, neu chting ta lai gia
dinh rdng mpt may mdc cd the san xuat trong 10 gid
cong lao dpng, tdng sd lao ddng can thie't cho bdn cdng
nghe tren la:
0 x 1 0 + 1000 = 1000 gid, cdng nghe thir nhat,
5 X 10 + 200 = 250 gid, cdng nghe thtr hai,
10 x 10 + 50 = 150 gid, cdng nghe thir ba,
20 X 10 + 20 = 220 gid, edng nghe thir tu
Do dd, xa hdi loai ngudi nen chpn cong nghe thu ba
de giam thie'u sd lupng lao ddng can thie't de sdn xudt ra
sd lupng hang hoa gid'ng nhau (ve mat nay chiing ta cd
the gpi dd la ty le tu ban — Ipi nhuan td'i da ), va chiing
ta nen thtra nhan rdng thudc do duy nha't chinh la lao
ddng Day chinh la ly thuyet gia tri lao ddng
Tuy nhien, thyc te la khdng dk de dat dupe myc
dich cudi ciing, vi sy tich luy tu ban cdn thie't eho cdng
nghe thtr ba la rat kin va kVn ban tdng san pham trong mpt
nam Vi vay, xa hdi loai ngudi nen danh nhieu thdi gian hon de dat tdi diem nay va di qua con dudng cd the dupe tinh bang uu tien thdi gian p Dd chinh la "con dudng toi
uu" de tien den cdi dich cud'i ciing va xet ve mat nay
chung ta cd the xac dinh dupe chiing ta can bao nhieu thdi gian de dat ldi diem dd, hay ndi mdt each khac, chiing ta se trai qua thdi ky chu nghia tu ban trong thdi gian bao lau Theo quan diem ciia tdi, vi phdn san pham qud'c dan danh cho tich ly tu ban la phuc vu tryc tiep cho
tu ban chu khdng phuc vy true tiep con ngudi Phan nay
cd the dupe bieu la "sy bdc lot" ciia tu ban dd'i vdi cdng nhan Tat nhien nhu tdi da de cap d phdn tren, sy bdc lot ndy ed the dupe bien hd theo each hieu rdng hon ciia chu nghia duy vat lich sir, vi sy bdc lot dd phuc vu con ngudi trong ddi ban It nha't thi, theo each hieu nay, chiing ta co the md rdng Iy thuyet gid tri lao ddng Iri Iheo trien vpng lich sir va cd the dinh nghia "sy bdc lot" hoan loan khac vdi each bieu trudc day ciia chii nghia Mac
IV Bat binh d a n g tal s a n va **b6c lot" trong "Mo hinh d o n g "
Mac dil vay, md binh tren khdng dii de difen ta cac mdi quan he xa bdi quan trpng gitra ngudi giau va nguoi ngheo Ndi dting ra la trong md binh ciia chiing ta, "boc lot" dupe bieu nhu ti le ddu tu cua long sdn phdm qudc npi (GDP) hoac li le lao ddng dupe sir dung cho lich tu lu ban theo nghia Id phan dd khdng tryc tie'p phuc vu cho nhu cdu cudc sd'ng ctia ngudi dan Vdi each hieu nay, chiing ta cd the dinh nghia dupe "sy bdc Idt" dudi mpt
xa hdi cdng bdng nhu Lien Xd cti va ky nguyen ctia Mao
d Tmng Qud'c, bdi vi trong nhtmg xa hdi nay "tu ban" boc lot ngudi dan Nhung mat khac, tren thyc te, xa hdi ctia chiing ta van thudng cd bat binh ddng ve thu nhap hay tai san giua nhung eac ca nhan, va sy chenh lech nay dem de'n cho ngudi giau dia vi xa bdi de bdc lot ngudi khac, va ngudi ngheo d dia vi ciia ke bi bdc lot Chiing ta
cd the hieu rdng dd la sy bdc lot khdng phai bdi "tu ban"
ma bdi "cac nha tu ban"
Theo each hieu ctia ldi, kieu "bdc lot" ndy cb the hodn loan dupe xde dinh bdi cdc nha phan lich Macxit va mdt nha Macxit Nhat Ban Shubei Mizuchi (Mizuchi 1984)
Hp bdo ve quan diem rdng trong dieu kien cdng nghe vdi Ipi tuc gidm ddn Iheo lu ban, viec chuyen giao lu ban ttr ngudi giau sang ngudi ngheo da lao ra nhieu sdn lupng,
va thudng thi viec chuyen giao nay di6n ra dudi dang mot kieu "cho thue" lu ban ctia ngudi giau cho ngudi ngheo
O day, ttr "cho thue" khdng chi la ban than viec "cho thue" ma cdn la viec lam cdng an luong, bdi khac biet duy nhdt gitra ban than viec "cho thue" va viec lam cdng
4 2
Trang 5an lutmg la d nai ma nguf'ri ngheo lam viec, ndi each cua sy uu tien thdi gian nhu du(;c trinh bay tai chii thich khac, la noi may m d c dupe van hanh sd 4 Vi vay, ca hai giai cap se dtmg tich luv khi hp dat Mpt vi du ciia hpp ddng "cho thue" nay dupe trinh dupe muc dich cudi cting: dd la ty Ic tu ban-lao dong toi bay trong Bang 2 uu, va ho se tiep tuc ky hpp ddng "cho thue", \i tai diem Trono h.inq 2 bdn don \'i tir h,\n dirar nguai giau na\ v,in en <;u chenh lech tai san giua hp Trong thyc te
tai rat nhieu qudc gia, cd nhung nhom sdc tpc cd uu tien thdi gian rat khac biet, ctidng ban nhu ngudi Do Thai va cac nhdm ngudi thieu sd khac d Hoa Ky, hoac d Tmng Qudc hay tai cac nuoc Dong Nam A 2) Mpt dieu kien nua phuc tap hon mpt chiit vi no kem Iheo rat nhidu dieu kien phu khac: Truoc tien toan bp thang
du dupe lao ra ttr hop dong "cho thue" do ngudi giau ndm giu Thu hai, khong co (ho ngudi ngheo thue, va bdng hpp dong cho thue nay, khau hao Thu ba, khdng cd thi trudng vdn noi ngudi giau
ly le tu ban-lao dpng cua ca hai ben deu bdng nhau Do ban tu ban cho ngudi ngheo Thu tu, ngudi giau khdng
la diem tdi uu cho toan xa hpi vdi cdng nghe nay, nhung cd ky vpng dai han nao dya tren ly tri Trong cac dieu van de la d cho la ai cb the ndm phan thang du dupe tao kien nay, tham chi khi ngudi giau da dat dupe mi.ir dich
ra do qua trinh thay ddi dd Cac nha Macxit phan tich cudi ciing, anh ta van cd the ky mdt hpp ddng "cho thue" thira nhan rdng lat ca phan thang d u dd se do ngudi giau vdn vdi ngudi ngheo, va nhan lay phan thang du, sau dd ndm giir, l)di hp manh htm ngutii ngheo, va hp xac dinh tdi da hoa thang du dd, nhieu tu ban du(;c tich luy bdi phan thang du ma ngudi giau gianh dupe chinh la "sy anh ta thi cang Idt hon cho anh ta ma thoi Do do, tai san
M|>Ddn
xiin
diiu
Saakiii
cho
time
Bang 2: H o p d o n g cho thue giua ngurii fJiau va
sir t h a \ doi ciia san lut/njj
Sgicifi Gimt Ngictti Xgheo
Tir bin
10
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2
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Tu- han
12
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btic lot" ctia nha tu ban nguon von ciia ngudi giau se cao ban ty le ttr ban-lao
Vl vay, chiing ta can nghien cuu hucmg di mang tinh dpng tdi tru, mat khac, nguiri ngheo cung tiep tuc licli luy dpng ciia hai giai cdp nay trong md hinh da m d rpng tu ban den ty le tu ban-lao dpng td'i uu, va cudi cting, ty Ihanh mi) hinh hai giai cap, va kei luan c o ban ctia chting le tu ban-lao dpng ctia toan xa hpi se vupt qua ty le Idi t(")i da du()c Irinh bay trong cdng Irinh nghien cuu ciia tdi uu 'Toi gpi dieu dd la "sy tlcii luy t|ua mtrc" nhtr clirtrc nam 2005 va Yamashila nam 2005, dd la trong mpt ttidi trinh bay trong phan phu luc
gian diii, sy bal binh ddng vd' tai san sau cting se bie'n Trong thyc le, toi nghi rdng hinh thtrc thtr nhai ctia mai b(>i kel qua cua tich lu tai san ciia nhung ngudi sy "biJc kit" lien tuc nghiem Irpng htm, va c> dti mau ngheo, va ca hai viec cho thue tu ban cung nhu "bdc lot" thudn Ipi ich gitra ngudi giau va ngucii ngheo trd Ihanh
se kel thtic bdi vi sy bat binh ddng nay chinh la dieu kien mau thudn giua cac nhom sdc tpc Du sao thi Idi cung lien quyei cho ht;p ddng cho Ihue tu ban Chinh vi the, nghi rdng day khting phai van de xa hpi chti nghia hay ttr khi chimg la lien tdi dupe ly le tu ban-lao dpng ldi uu nhu ban chti nghia, va can phai giai quyet bdng cac triei ly xa
da innh bay trong muc 4 phan chu thich, se la luc cao hpi khac, tham chi nhung triet ly nay ciing tcjn lai vdi chti chting ciia chti nghia tu ban, va ciing ltic dd, tat ca nhung nghia Mac
chenh lech giau- ngheo, viec tra luong cho lao ddng, va Do dd, van de quan trpng nhat d day chinh la hinh
"bdc lot" se kei thiic
V Trirong hop ngoai le ciia bat
van de binh d ^ g dai d ^ g , "boc
lot" va tich luy cfua miic
thiic thtr hai, nhung chting la can luu y hai diem ciia dieu kien thtr hai Dd la,
- Dieu kien nay rat d a c biet va khdng pho bien Vi vay, nhu tdi da noi d tren, chiing la cd thc> thuimg xuyen
bd qua kha nang nay, va cd the hieu rdng chii nghia ttr liiy nhit-n, Ihdng than m a ndi, duoi mdt sd dieu ban se chdm diit khi chung ta dat dtin ty le lu ban - lao kien, sy chenh lech lai san se khdng the bie'n mat, va vi ddng "tdi uu"
vay viec lam cong an luang va ".sy bdc lot" se lien tuc l6n Tuy nhien, neu tap tmng vao kha nang nay, chung
tni Nhirng di.'-ti kien do la: ,a ^,-, „,g „r^ ^ ^.y, 3,-, ^-^^^^ p^,^p ^^ ^^.^^^ ^,, „,.,,,,,., ^^^^.^
1) Neu nhu cd cac diem khac nhau ve uu lien thdi miic Chdng ban, phiic loi ciia nha nucVc hay ht;- thdng g.an giua cac giai cdp, thi nhung ly 16 tu ban - lao ddng tdi ^ue luy lien ciia c a c nha dan chu xa hdi la cach dO tang
uu sd trd nen khac nhau, vi ti le nay cung la mdt h a m so
Trang 6[DIEN DAN I FORUM]
tieu dting va kiem che dau tu
Mdt each khac la each tbuc
ctia nhung ngudi theo chii
nghia cdng doan Hp yeu cau
trich mpt phan ctia "thang du"
dupe tao ra bdi cac hpp ddng
"cho thue", va bang each chia
se na\', dpng lyc dau tu ctia
nhung ngudi giau cb the giam
di Nhung each thirc nay cd
the dupe hieu la each thirc phi
Macxit, vi ban than chiing
khdng cham dirt "sy bdc lot"
Tuy nhien, Mac mong mudn
chdm diit "sy bdc lot" bdng
each trirc tiep tich thu tai san
ctia nha tu ban
Theo quan diem ctia toi,
each thirc cudi ciing do Mac
de ra khong mang tinh Ihyc
te, va do dd, chting ta phai
tim ra mdt bien phap khac,
va kien nghi ciia tdi la thiet
lap nen thi trudng vd'n de cho
ngudi giau ban tuban ciia hp
Hay noi mdt each khac, kien
nghi nay la each de dap iing cac dieu kien ddn den ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo cd the ddng thdi tie'n tdi ti le tu ban-lao ddng tdi uu Chung tdi tim thdy each thirc nay bdng bien phap bdng nghien cuu chinh xac ndi tren
Mpt diem khac dang luu
y la each thirc ciia chung tdi cting ty chdm dirt "sy bdc Idt",
va xet theo khia canh nay thi
cd the coi dd la mdt bien phdp theo each ciia chti nghia Mac
Tai Nhat Ban, cd rat nhieu giao su khong cho rdng each thiic cua Mac khdng phai ludn ludn chi la tjch thu Va trong thyc le, Mdc thdy trudc dupe kha nang ra ddi cac cdng ty cd phan trong tuong lai Dieu dd mang tinh chat tan cd dien, nhu md hinh ctia chting ta cung chinh la mdt hinh thtrc tan cd dien Dieu do co phai la ngdu nhien hay khdng?
Chu thich
1 Gia dinh rang Ipi ich tic then la logarit cia Y
2 Chjig ta gia djnh rang a chay tuO len mot gia trj nhat dmh (Ion hon
0 hoac nho hon 1)
3 NOI dung ra, may moc san xuat ngay horn nay co th^ san xtat hang hoa tifiu duig O-bi cung cho ngay mai va dau vao lao dong true t i ^ cung CO the san xuat luong hang hoa do vao horn nay Vi vay chtrg ta can phai tmh d&i su khac biet cua thoi gian va phai giai thich v4 "ty le
dY dK 1 _ dY
dK dL p dL
tuban-lao dong toj uu" trong phuong trinh sau;
6 day p the hen uu tien thoi gian Ve ben phai aja phuong trinh the hien nang siat bien aJa lao dong true tiep va ve ben trai the hien lao ddng gian tiep tham gia vao san xuat duoc chjet khau bang uu tien thoi gian Va chung phaJ cd gia tri tiang nhau, vi neu khong bang nhau thi yeu to dau vao bj thieu se khong du va can b6 smg them lao dong de dam bao san xuat De giai phuong trinh nay, truoc tiSn chcng ta dat cac ham so san xuat khac rrpt chiit tu phuong tnnh (1) va (2)
k = 1
Ly do khong cd ty le giCia tong sd lao ddng sir dung cho vigc san xuat hang hoa teu duig (s) trong phuong trinh nay la chirg ta chi can cac di&j kJen ve cdng nghe aJa haj ham san xuat nay d^ giai phuong trinh (j) Tudd, chung ta cd duoc ty 16 nguon v6n — lao dpng tfii uu nhu sau
( K
L
a 1
— up
PHU LUC
Dieu kien thu hai ciia ^'Su! t l c h luy q u a tttUC"
Dudi day chting tdi trinh bay ve diiu kien thir hai ciia "sy tich luy qua mtrc"
Tmdc tien, chiing ta lap cac ham sd sdn xuat gidng nhu trong phan chii thich sd 4, vi tai day cung can dieu kien
ky thuat ciia ham san xuat nhu la:
k = L
Sau do, chiing ta md dau bdng nhtrng gi md ngudi giau thu dupe sau khi "cho thue" nhu sau:
G = /(AVLj+ _ / •
A' + A',
/-„ +./ A'n + A', ^.L, - / ( A ' „ L j - / ( A ' , A ,
trong dd hau td 1 diing de chi ngudi giau, hau td 0 dting de chi ngudi ngheo Vi dy , A'] nghia Id lubdn cua ngudi
giau, va chiing la gia djnh rdng Kj > KQV\ ngudi ngudi gidu cd nguon tu ban ldn hon ngudi ngheo Hc/n ntra, ham f(.)
Id sy the hien don gian hod cua ham san xuai ve hang hoa lieu dung
Chdng han, f(K,, Lj) nghia Id Y=L]'-<^Kj" d day
/{^4^.4V/ (K.+K " ' L
4 4
-la tdng gia tri sdn xudt dupe thyc hien bdng "cho thue"
Trang 7v&
f{K,.L,)+f{K,.L,)
la tdng gia tri san xuat dupe thyc hien tmdc khi
"cho thue" Vl vay, phan 1 ] the hien phan gia tri thang
du tang them nhd "cho thue" va hoan toan dupe cdng
them vao thu nhap ctia ngudi giau, vi chiing ta gia djnh
rdng ngudi giau hoan dii manh de thu bet gia tri thang
du Bdng each tinh loan d6 dang, chting la da difen ta
dupe mpt each don gian ve gia tn thu dupe (5) nhu sau:
G = K,+K, ,L, +
J
f
V
K„+K,
A \-f{Ko.L,
Do dd, nhiem vy liep theo ciia chiing ta la trinh bay
ve nhting dieu kien ctia muc dich cudi cung ctia tich tu
tu ban, va cd the viet theo each sau day gidng nhu dieu
kien (i) trong phan chti thich sd 4
dG dK^ I _dG
Giai phuong trinh dd chting ta cd
a • A
2 0 - « ) / - , "
A'n + A,
va gia dinh rdng L] = L2 = L, phuang trinh tren cd
Ih^ dan gian hod thanh:
L \- a p
Day la mpt hinh thirc ciia ly le tu ban-lpi nhuan tdi
uu cua ngudi giau
Tuy nhien, mat khac, Ipi ich ctia ngudi ngheo cung
gdn nhu gidng vdi muc dp khdi diem ctia san xuai tmdc
khi "cho thue" vi ngudi ngheo khdng the ndm giu dupe
phan thang du nhd "cho thue" Do dd, dieu kien ciia muc
dich cudi ciing cd the dien ta nhu sau:
dK dL p~ dL
va ty le lao ddng-tu ban "tdi uu" ciia ngudi ngudi
ngheo trd Ihanh:
1
(K ^
L
a
\-a p
hay ndi mdt each khac, muc dich cudi ciing ciia
tich tu tu ban cd Ih^ dat duoc nhu sau:
Nhu vay, tir (3) va (2), chting ta cd
K.=K,=-^^L
\-a p
Difeu nay cd nghia la ca hai giai cap cudi cting se dat dupe muc dich gidng nhau, va tai day sy bat binh ddng ve tai san va "sy bdc lot" se chdm diit Nhu the se khong cdn co sy tich luy qud mtrc
Tuy nhien, tmdng bc?p nay cb dieu kien tien quyei
la ngudi ngheo phai dat dupe muc dich cud'i ciing Hay ndi mdt each khac, chting tdi nghi den tmdng hop trong
dd tdc dp tich luy ctia ngudi ngheo rat cham va cdn rdt lau mdi dat dupe muc dich thi ngudi giau da tien tdi muc dich cudi cting ctia hp, nhu the hien trong phuang trinh (4), thi tinh hinh se thay doi
Do la trong trudng hpp mirc dp tich luy tu ban ctia ngudi ngheo la As va dudi (4), ngudi giau se dat dupe
la 1
L - ks ,
\- a p
va mirc nay ldn hon (4) Tuy nhien, tham chi khi ngudi giau dat tdi mirc nay, thi ngudi ngheo van tiep tuc lich luy tu ban de dat dupe muc dich cudi ciing (4) Do
dd, vao Ihdi diem nay, loan bp lu ban tich luy bdi ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo se vupt qua
\-a p
Dd chinh la sy tich luy qua mirc Dieu nay co the giai thich lai sao cac nudc giau kel tdi ve sy tang tmdng ciia nhung nudc ngheo dang phat trien nhanh la dieu xung khdc vdi viec bao ve mdi Irudng loan cau
Tai lifeu tham khao Chow, G.C., (1993) Si; hinh thanh tir ban va Tang tnjcngkinh tSo Trung Qu6c, Quy san Kinh t^, thang 8 nam 1993
Mizuchi, S., (1984), Kinh te'coban, Nihonhyoronslia, Nhat Ban Ohnishi, H., (2005) Thi trubng va Chii nghia tuban: Cach hi^u mcji ve
Chil nghia Mac, Quy san KJnh \€ Chinh tri, Higp hOi KJnh tS Chinh trj
Nhat Ban, Chuong 42, Tap 1, Nhat Ban
Yamashita, Y va Ohnishi, H., (2002), Kh6i phuc Chii nghia Mac theo
mo hinh Tang truing Toi uu Tan c6 6\k\, Seikei Kenkyu, Seikei Kenkyu,
Vien Kinh t^ chinh tri, so 78, Nhat Ban
Yamashita, Y va Ohnishi, H., (2003), Lao d6ng la Nhan t6 OSu tlSn ciia San xuat trong "MO hinh Chii nghia Mac", Keizai Ronso, Oai hgc Kyoto, Chiei^ 172, Tap 3, Nhat Ban
Yamashita, Y., (2005) Tinh vinh oJu va chSm dirt ciia phSn chia giai cap trong m6 hinh Chii nghia Mac Mimeo, Nhat Ban
K,= a
\- a p