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Reasons for choosing the topic
Vietnam's seafood exports remain a cornerstone of the national economy, with strong turnover and growth since joining the World Trade Organization Pangasius and Basa fish together account for more than 30 percent of total seafood export revenue, underscoring their critical role in the sector Vietnamese pangasius has captured market share in over 130 countries and territories, representing nearly half of total pangasius production The United States is one of the largest markets for Pangasius and Basa fish from Vietnam, with export value exceeding $243 million in the first six months of the year, up 130 percent from the same period last year.
Although Vietnam has grown as a supplier and achieved notable successes, the export of Pangasius and Basa to the US still faces several challenges The US’s anti-dumping duties at varying rates have left aquaculture and seafood processing firms in a passive and anxious position The Covid-19 crisis has also caused raw material shortages, sharp rises in input costs, and freight rates tied to global fuel prices, meaning exports are recovering but require optimal measures to boost output and quality A harsher reality is that farmers’ farming practices are inconsistent, regulatory enforcement is weak, and the misuse of antibiotics and banned chemicals undermines input material quality and quality control In addition, practices such as glazing and chemical additives to inflate apparent weight erode market trust and cannot endure in picky US markets To maintain competitiveness, Vietnamese pangasius and Basa exporters must strengthen supply chains, invest in transparent traceability, comply with US import standards, enforce sustainable farming and rigorous quality control, and build closer cooperation with regulators and buyers to sustain growth and elevate product quality.
Given the close links between growers, processors, and distributors, Vietnam’s Pangasius and Basa export challenges are fundamentally supply-chain problems We must develop and implement a sustainable, transparent supply chain that guarantees product quality, traceability, and cost clarity for customers Only with stable domestic consumption can export volume and reliability for Pangasius and Basa be secure, sustainable, and long-term Achieving this requires a clear, comprehensive, and accurate assessment of the entire supply chain to design market-specific solutions and communicate value effectively to each export market.
Nam Viet Joint Stock Company is a leading processor and exporter of Pangasius and Basa fish from Vietnam, but it has yet to find a unique solution to complete its supply chain Supply chain decisions have a significant impact on a firm's success or failure, and the company’s current internal supply chain relies primarily on the expertise of the Board of Directors, which has led to both achievements and a steep price in the form of losses in key markets such as Russia and the United States (with a tax rate of 53.68 percent), highlighting the lessons of insufficient market and supply chain expertise To maintain its leadership in Vietnam's seafood market while pursuing sustainable development, the company must thoroughly review and strengthen its supply chain Because the supply chain is the mechanism through which firms like Nam Viet can securely enter global markets under stringent criteria, the authors chose the topic “The supply chain of Pangasius and Basa fish exported to the US market at Nam Viet Joint Stock Company” for the final essay on supply chain management.
Objectives of the study
An in-depth analysis of Nam Viet Joint Stock Company's current Pangasius and Basa fish supply chain for exports to the US market identifies key strengths and unresolved difficulties, and outlines practical solutions The evaluation highlights strengths in supplier networks, processing capacity, and distribution readiness, while pinpointing challenges in traceability, quality control, regulatory compliance, and logistics costs that affect efficiency Based on these findings, the proposed solutions focus on procurement optimization, enhanced quality assurance, improved traceability systems, and more efficient shipping and logistics management to strengthen competitiveness in the US market Nam Viet Joint Stock Company is taking steps to improve and expand its supply chain for Pangasius and Basa fish shipped to the US market, aiming to boost resilience, reliability, and growth.
Object and scope of the study
- Research subjects: Suppliers/Farmers, Manufacturers/Nam Viet Joint Stock Company, Customers
- Research scope: The problems raised in the research objective of frozen Pangasius,
Basa fish at Nam Viet Joint Stock Company
Research Methods
- Analytical methodology: supply chain, value chain, Global GAP
- Methods of collecting information and data: Analyzing the current state of the
This study examines the Pangasius (Basa fish) supply chain in Vietnam, using descriptive statistics and a comparative approach to analyze the industry It triangulates secondary data from sources such as the Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers (VASEP), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), seafood publications, textbooks, previously researched dissertations, and various Internet information sources The primary aim of data collection is to describe the current state of the Vietnamese seafood industry, identifying key trends, challenges, and opportunities within the Pangasius/Basa sector and the broader seafood supply chain.
Topic structure
Besides introduction, conclusion, list of references, list of tables, essays include….The page is divided into 4 chapters
THEORETICAL BASIS
General theory of supply chain
1.1.1 Supply chain definition and supply chain management
A supply chain is the network of all enterprises directly or indirectly involved in meeting customer needs It includes manufacturers and suppliers, as well as transportation providers, warehouses, retailers, and the customers themselves.
“Supply chain is an association of companies that bring products and services to market” – “Fudaments of Logistics Management”, Lambert, Stock and Ellram (1998, Boston MA: Irwin/McGraw – Hill, c.14 )
According to La Londe and Masters (1994), a supply chain is a network of firms that move materials forward to the end user In practice, a product passes through several independent companies—from raw material suppliers and component producers to product assemblers, wholesalers, retailers, and transportation providers—each contributing to manufacturing and delivering value to customers.
A supply chain is a connected network that coordinates the procurement of raw materials, the transformation of those inputs into semi-finished and finished products, and the distribution of these goods to customers Effective supply chain management aligns sourcing, production, and logistics to optimize efficiency, cut costs, and ensure timely delivery By overseeing end-to-end flows from supplier to end user, a supply chain adds value, improves responsiveness, and strengthens competitiveness in modern business.
Mentzer, J., Witt, W D., Keebler, J., Min, S., Nix, N., Smith, D & Zacharia, Z.
According to 2001, the supply chain is defined as a network of entities, such as organizations or individuals, that are directly involved in the supply and distribution flows of goods, services, finances, and information from a source to a destination, usually the customer.
A supply chain is the network of organizations involved, through upstream and downstream linkages, in the processes and activities that create value in the form of products and services delivered to the ultimate consumer (Christopher 1992) In other words, it comprises multiple firms—both upstream (supply) and downstream (distribution)—that together deliver value to the final customer.
Viewed as a network of tightly linked components, the supply chain coordinates the procurement of raw materials, the manufacturing and processing of these materials into finished and semi-finished goods, and the distribution of products to their final destination By integrating suppliers, manufacturers, and logistics partners in an end-to-end flow, this system ensures materials move efficiently from sourcing through production to delivery to customers.
Supply chain management, as defined by the Institute of Supply Management, is the design and management of processes across the supply chain that create value for organizations and meet the needs of the end customer It focuses on coordinating activities from supplier to consumer to optimize value, service, and efficiency throughout the chain A cornerstone of successful supply chain integration is the development and integration of both human and technological resources, enabling seamless collaboration, better information flow, and improved operational performance.
According to the Supply Chain Council, supply chain management is the strategic coordination of the full flow of goods and related information from suppliers to customers It covers demand management, sourcing of materials and parts, manufacturing and assembly, and warehouse and inventory control It also includes order taking and processing, distribution across multiple channels, and delivery to the end customer.
Supply Chain Management, as defined by Grant, D., Lambert, D., Stock, J., and Ellram, L (2006), is the integration of a company's core business processes across the entire supply chain—from end users to suppliers—to coordinate information, goods, and services that add value for customers.
Supply chain management (SCM) aims to maximize value delivered to customers while simultaneously optimizing the functional costs across the supply chain It is defined as the discipline that enables an organization to get the right products and services to the right location on time, in the right quantity, and at a satisfactory cost Achieving this requires strong connections with customers, effective inventory control, accurate demand forecasting, and ongoing feedback at every point in the chain to monitor performance and adapt to changing conditions.
According to Kitsolutions (2003), supply chain management (SCM) is defined as delivering the right goods or services to the right location, in the right quantity, at the right time, and at the right cost In essence, SCM focuses on coordinating these elements to optimize efficiency and value from suppliers to customers.
Supply chain management is a strategic approach that integrates suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and retailers to move manufactured goods to the right locations at the right time It emphasizes operating within quality specifications and coordinating activities to improve efficiency across the entire network The goal is to reduce system-wide costs while consistently meeting service level requirements.
1.1.2 Components of the supply chain and related entities
Distinct product supply chains will have quite different characteristics Any supply chain, in general, is made up of five essential components: manufacturing, transportation, inventory, location, and information.
Manufacturing is the core capability of a supply chain to create and store goods, with workshops and warehouses serving as the primary means of production When managers make production decisions, the central challenge is balancing responsiveness and efficiency: they must decide how to remain flexible enough to meet large demand while controlling costs Building substantial spare capacity in factories and warehouses can enable rapid responses, but it requires careful planning and investment Factories are designed with two main orientations: some maximize production throughput, while others optimize functional flexibility and storage to adapt to changing needs.
Inventories—raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished goods—are stored by manufacturers, distributors, and retailers across the supply chain To balance responsiveness with efficiency, managers must decide where to store goods Having a large inventory allows the organization to respond rapidly to changes in customer demand, but it comes with trade-offs in cost and efficiency The three main considerations in inventory generation and storage are cyclical inventory, safety stock, and seasonal inventory.
Transportation in the supply chain refers to moving raw materials, semi-finished goods, and finished products between suppliers, manufacturers, and customers It involves balancing shipment time and operational efficiency through the careful selection of shipping modes Air freight offers the fastest delivery and quickest response, but it is the costliest option, while slower modes like sea and rail transport reduce transport costs but take longer Because transportation costs can account for up to one-third of a supply chain's total operating expenses, choosing the right mode is critical for cost control, delivery speed, and overall supply chain performance.
Overview of the seafood supply chain
1.2.1 Outstanding features of the seafood industry
The seafood industry has its own distinctive features, from farming practices to product quality, and is shaped by stringent market regulations that require a tightly integrated network across the supply chain In seafood marketplaces and supply chains, traceability, quality control, and regulatory compliance are essential, demanding close collaboration among farmers, processors, distributors, and retailers to ensure freshness and safety from harvest to table These characteristics underscore how the sector’s unique environment drives relationships, operations, and optimization opportunities throughout every stage of the seafood supply chain.
High risk confronts the aquaculture sector, which relies heavily on geographical and weather conditions that are often difficult to forecast and imprecise These factors can lead to variations in harvest quantity and quality, as well as seasonal shifts that affect production timelines and market supply Effective risk management in aquaculture requires monitoring environmental conditions and adapting practices to maintain stable yields and consistent product quality.
- Because products in the business frequently have a limited shelf life and are easily damaged, they must be stored in the best possible circumstances.
- There is a significant discrepancy in the rate of production between processing sectors and farming areas.
- Distinctions in scale, level, and output capacity between farmers and producers.
Demand for aquatic products remains relatively stable throughout the year Consumers increasingly value product quality to protect health and the environment However, the fishery sector still lacks adequate investment in facilities and advanced production technology, resulting in inefficient production.
Seafood is highly perishable, making flawless cold-chain storage and tightly integrated transportation across the supply chain essential Close connectivity and collaboration among links—from harvesters and processors to distributors and retailers—can significantly enhance overall chain performance When product origin information is transparent and readily accessible, customers gain confidence through traceability and authenticity Real-time visibility of origin and status enables rapid communication of demand shifts, so each link can adjust inventory and logistics promptly This proactive, information-driven coordination reduces waste, preserves freshness, and strengthens the efficiency of the seafood supply chain.
1.2.2 The basic structure of the seafood supply chain
Figure 1.2: Basic structure of seafood supply chain Fishing and aquaculture facilities
Within the seafood supply chain, the first and most essential link is the provision of raw materials to processing and exporting companies Farming and fishing operations sell their catch to collectors, who then transfer these products to processing businesses, ensuring a steady supply of seafood inputs for processing and export.
In the seafood supply chain, the first link provides raw materials to processing and exporting businesses Typically, farming and fishing operations deliver raw materials to processing firms via purchasing agents During this phase, supply chain management must meet two key standards to ensure quality, traceability, and efficiency.
To ensure a robust supply chain, agricultural and fishing operations must comply with the management agency’s technical and food safety criteria From the outset, conducting a rigorous assessment and selecting farming and fishing enterprises is essential to concentrate resources, minimize wasted time and money, and safeguard product quality throughout the process.
An intermediary in the supply chain acts as a mediator, facilitating data exchange and the material and financial transactions between animal production facilities and processing firms These collectors purchase farm items and market them to businesses, serving as the direct suppliers of ingredients to the processing industry By coordinating supply, pricing, and delivery, they connect farms, fishermen, and processors, supporting farm operations, fishing activities, and the producer’s downstream needs This role enhances efficiency in the supply chain and ensures timely access to raw materials for food processing.
- For agricultural and fishing establishments: have a consistent product consumption location and accurate market information sources.
- Processing firms: have consistent input sources and spend less time negotiating costs, quantity, and quality requirements.
Businesses rely on factories to source raw materials from purchasing agents and then process and package them into finished goods These facilities are responsible for manufacturing finished and semi-finished products, adhering to the market's stringent standards for product quality and preservation throughout the production lifecycle.
An intermediary acts as the essential link between manufacturers and consumers, connecting demand with supply and delivering items tailored to client specifications Its primary role is to identify demand across diverse regions and route products accordingly to meet regional needs This intermediary also serves as a hub for processing and manufacturing firms to receive customer feedback on product quality and respond promptly, closing the loop between buyers and producers.
The most crucial purpose of every supply chain is to achieve customer happiness.
It is used as a criterion to determine whether or not the supply chain is truly efficient. Customers' needs will guide the creation of processing enterprises and household aquaculture.
This element is the pivotal point of the supply chain, enabling items to run continuously, improving service quality, and delivering cost and time savings that collectively boost overall supply chain efficiency By developing and enhancing these capabilities, organizations can sustain and further improve performance across the supply chain.
1.2.3 Traceability issues in the seafood industry supply chain
Today’s seafood market offers a wide range of products, but alongside this diversity, poor-quality items are increasingly common Effective management of the modern food supply chain requires a robust traceability program that uses information technology to identify and trace products from raw materials to the finished product Traceability has become a mandatory requirement for seafood exports to key markets such as the EU, US, and Japan Implementing product traceability plays a crucial role in production and business activities, especially in Vietnam’s seafood sector, where counterfeit and low-quality products are a growing concern No business wants its products to be judged on the same level as inferior goods Key concepts of traceability include end-to-end tracking, source verification, transparency across the supply chain, and compliance with international standards to ensure safety, quality, and trust in the market.
According to Codex/FAO Committee: Traceability is the ability to track and identify a product unit through each stage of the production, processing and distribution process.
Under EU Regulation 178/2002/EC, traceability is defined as the ability to trace all stages of production, processing, and distribution of a food product This scope covers not only food products but also related items such as animal feed, animals used for food preparation, and any substance intended to be or that may be incorporated into a food product or animal feed Effective traceability enables rapid source identification, supports recalls and safety responses, and ensures compliance across the entire supply chain.
According to ISO 9000:2008: Traceability means the ability to trace back the records, applications or location of anything related to a product.
Traceability is the ability to trace a product back to its origin—the starting point of its supply chain By tracking the source of raw materials, geographic origin, manufacturing methods, and other key attributes, buyers can learn essential details about how a product was produced This visibility helps identify potential issues with quality or safety, enabling faster problem resolution and recalls Overall, robust traceability enhances supply chain transparency, strengthens consumer trust, and supports responsible sourcing.
Traceability enables buyers to identify counterfeit items and poor-quality goods while providing the most complete and accurate product information, boosting transparency across the supply chain Effective traceability management helps your organization operate more efficiently by enabling the immediate identification and recall of defective or substandard products on the production line or in the market, leading to higher quality, reduced waste, and greater consumer trust.
1.2.3.2 Chain information retrieval process for the seafood industry
Figure 1.5: Summary of information retrieval process in the chain for seafood products
Producti on, processi ng and packagi ng facilities
Farming and fishing establish ments
Reta il estab lish ment
General about Nam Viet Corporation
Nam Viet Corporation was established in 1993 with the initial charter capital of 27 billion VND, with the main business function being civil and industrial construction In
In 2000, the company expanded into seafood processing by investing 30.8 billion VND to construct the Nam Viet frozen seafood factory, specializing in processing and exporting Pangasius (Frozen Basa fish) and aiming to boost processing capacity to 300 tons of raw fish per day In 2004, it built another frozen seafood factory at Pacific N.V with a capacity of 200 tons of raw fish per day, which began operations in late November 2004, collectively raising the company’s average total processing capacity to 500 tons per day.
NAVICO officially transformed into a Joint Stock Company with a charter capital of 600 billion VND, as recorded by the business registration certificate issued by the Department of Planning and Investment of An Giang Province on October 5, 2006 On April 18, 2007, NAVICO obtained approval to issue additional shares, offering 6 million shares to the public with a par value of 60 billion VND to increase its charter capital, bringing the company’s total charter capital to 660 billion VND.
660 billion VND according to the business registration certificate of the Department ofPlanning and Investment of An Giang province No.520300050 issued on 18/08/2007 On
On November 28, 2007, the Company was granted a license by the State Securities Commission to list on the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HOSE) under the stock code ANV, license No 160/QD – SGDHCM.
Vietnamese Name : Công ty Cổ phần Nam Việt
English Name : Nam Viet Corporation
Charter Capital : 1.275.000.000 đồng (Một nghìn hai trăm bảy mươi năm tỷ đồng). Address : 19 D Trần Hưng Đạo, Phường Mỹ Quý, TP Long Xuyên, tỉnh An Giang. Phone : (84-76) 3 834060 Fax : (84-76) 3 834054
Website : www.navicorp.com.vn Email : namvietagg@hcm.vnn.vn
Nam Viet Joint Stock Company is among Vietnam’s largest processors and exporters of Pangasius and Basa fish, with a daily capacity to process up to 1,500 tons of raw fish To keep pace with domestic and global development, the company maintains a robust quality management system aligned with international standards, including GlobalGAP, HACCP, BRC, IFS, ISO 22000, ISO 14001:2004, and ISO 17025:2005 With its commitment to product quality and strong reputation, Nam Viet has become one of Vietnam’s leading seafood exporters to the United States, offering two main product lines: Pangasius Hypophthalmus for export and value-added processed products such as fish balls and sausages.
Figure 2.2.1 : Image Pangasius Hypophthalmus Fish Product in Nam Viet
Figure 2.2.2 : Fried Pangasius fish rolls with Lemongrass leaves.
Supply Chain of Basa, Pangasius Fish in Nam Viet Corporation
In 2020, the United States and the European Union were Vietnam’s largest import markets for pangasius and basa fish, reflecting strong global demand from large and growing populations Vietnamese basa production is expanding, propelled by favorable tax policies and anti-dumping measures that have driven steady export growth for pangasius and basa However, the pangasius–basa supply chain in Vietnam faces ongoing challenges, including bottlenecks within Nam Viet Company that affect product flow and competitiveness To address these issues, this analysis examines the current Nam Viet supply chain and proposes practical solutions to close gaps, improve efficiency, and build a more resilient end-to-end supply chain for pangasius and basa fish exports.
Figure 2.2.3: Viet Nam’s Basa, Pangasius Fish Market at 2020
Năm U.S Process frozen fillets Imported fillets
Sources: National Marine Fisheries Service
The chart shows that the United States relies on substantial basa fish imports to meet domestic demand, driven by high US basa feed costs that hinder production efficiency Over the past five years, imports of catfish have consistently exceeded US domestic basa production Notably, in 2011 and 2012, imported catfish were more than four times the level of domestic production This pattern highlights how feed costs and production efficiency shape the reliance on imports to satisfy US basa fish demand.
Figure 2.2.4: Supply Chain Basa, Pangasius Fish at Nam Viet Corporation.
Frozen Fish FilletBy-products (fish oil, fish meal)
Domestic Market Supplier of feeds, breeds, veterinary drugs, chemicals.
Contract with BreedersBreed Area in Company
2.2.1 Breed and feed for company farming’s area
Input factors underpin progress in every field, and in aquaculture the seed factor is a critical determinant of success, alongside environment, technology, weather, and climate For growers, securing high-quality seed is essential to achieving reliable yields To meet processing needs and strengthen control over the value chain, Nam Viet Joint Stock Company has embraced vertical integration by planning its own farming areas In the seafood supply chain, the export of feed and seed is vital, underscoring the importance of reliable sourcing and integrated production.
Aquaculture is a complex process, and to ensure the production of clean, safe products, control must begin at the outset—selecting suitable breeds, using high-quality feed, maintaining optimal water quality and environment, and preventing or managing diseases With this in mind, the key input factors for farming are the seeds and feed used by businesses.
Seeds are fully supplied by the provincial Breeding Center with an accompanying certificate of quality standards Feed quality is a critical determinant of a clean and safe output; industrial feeds from reputable suppliers such as Con Co, Viet Thang, and Green Feed have addressed traceability concerns in aquaculture For aquatic animals, chemicals and veterinary drugs are supplied by Vimedim Company, a trusted provider that guarantees product quality These suppliers rank among the reputable aquafeed providers nationwide and are familiar feed partners of Nam Viet Corporation.
Quality assurance of input materials is essential for the effectiveness of the supply chain Farming plays a crucial role in supplying these inputs for businesses, and today farming is the most important stage in the seafood supply chain overall, especially within the pangasius (Basa) products segment Nam Viet Basa fish exemplifies how farmed seafood supports a reliable, steady supply, highlighting the importance of quality farming practices in the pangasius supply chain.
Nam Viet currently operates two farming areas: one managed by the Enterprise and another comprised of external farming households Both farming zones enforce strict standards on input materials to ensure high quality and consistent output.
Farming area of the enterprise: The farming area in My An Hamlet, My Hoa
Hung, Long Xuyen, An Giang started farming Pangasius, Basa fish since 1991 Only in
In 2003, the operation came under the ownership of the Company Nam Viet started with an initial farming area of 6 hectares, focusing on Ca Tra and Ca Basa In 2006, the farming area was renovated and adopted SQF1000CM standards for fish farming From August 2008 to the present, the Company has farmed in accordance with Global GAP standards During this period, additional land was acquired to expand the pond area to 104,134.7 m2 All fish produced in the farming area are transferred to the Company's affiliated processing factories for production and export.
The quality of Pangasius and Basa fish is verified by the provincial Department of Aquatic Resources Protection in collaboration with Nafiqad The entire farming cycle—from seed stocking to harvest—is closely monitored, with data collected, logged, and archived to ensure traceability and compliance.
Currently, this farming area comprises seven ponds, including five culture ponds, one settling tank, and one pond used to collect and treat bottom sludge All processes are conducted in accordance with Global GAP standards The area can produce three crops in two years, with an average annual output of 4,000–5,000 tons of fish Even so, this farming area can meet only about 20% of the Company's production needs Despite the modest output, the farming area plays a significant role in the Company's production and business activities.
On May 14, 2010, Nam Viet was assessed and certified by Intertek to meet GlobalGAP standards This GAP-compliant farming area certification makes Nam Viet’s exports to markets with strict food hygiene and safety requirements, including the United States, easier Additionally, securing a reliable supply of farming areas helps stabilize raw material availability, reduce export risks, and significantly lower outsourcing costs.
Quality control for Pangasius and Basa fish is conducted by the Department of Aquatic Resources Protection in the province, in cooperation with Nafiqad The entire rearing process—from seed stocking through to harvest—within farming areas is continuously monitored, meticulously recorded, and archived to ensure traceability and compliance.
The farming area comprises seven ponds, including five culture ponds, one settling tank, and one pond for collecting and treating bottom sludge, with all operations conducted according to Global GAP standards It can produce three crops in two years, delivering an average annual output of 4,000–5,000 tons of fish At this level, the farming area can meet only about 20% of the Company’s production needs, but it still plays a vital role in the Company’s production and business activities.
On May 14, 2010, Nam Viet was assessed and certified by Intertek as meeting Global GAP standards for its farming areas This GAP-certified status facilitates export to markets with strict food safety requirements, especially the US market In addition, the confirmed supply of GAP-compliant farming areas helps stabilize raw material supplies, reduce export risks, and significantly lower outsourcing costs.
Exporting to demanding markets like the US requires top-quality standards, and GLOBALG.A.P (Global Gap) is a mandatory benchmark for such markets Nam Viet has implemented the GLOBALG.A.P process, certified by Intertek, to ensure our farming practices meet Good Agricultural Practice GLOBALG.A.P is a farm assurance program that translates consumer requirements into practical agricultural standards, and Nam Viet has developed its farming areas in accordance with these standards through a defined process This ensures that Nam Viet's supply chain—from inputs to finished products—complies with international standards for quality and safety.
Figure 2.1: Basa Fish Farming of Nam Viet Corporation follow Global Gap at Long
Period Requirement and Specification Responsibl e for
- Drain the water, collect the pond bottom mud Disinfect the pond (lime powder 1kg/10m2 or chlorine concentration 5ppm).
- Dry the pond bottom for 7-10 days.
- Clean the pond bottom to clean disinfectant, alum.
- Take water into the pond.
Team Leader and Technical Engineer
Stocking Seed Seed quality requirements: Technical
- - Uniform, reaching the required size (1.7 - 2.5cm)
- - No deformity, healthy, no disease (with quarantine certificate).
- - Not infected with banned antibiotics.
- - The process of transporting seed must be monitored in terms of time (