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English in Africa Group 6 Đặng Như Ngọc Nguyễn Ngọc Na Trần Thị Bích Thư Overview 1 Introduction 2 South Africa English spelling 3 South Africa English phonology and grammar 4 Lexicon INTRODUCTION 1 ●.

English in Africa

Group 6

Đặng Như Ngọc Nguyễn Ngọc Na Trần Thị Bích Thư

1 Introduction

2 South Africa English spelling

3 South Africa English phonology and grammar

4 Lexicon

INTRODUCTION

1

● English came to South Africa around 1800 , roughly at the same time as it arrived in Australia.

● The first real settlement

eastern Cape in 1820 as

a result of the British Government’s attempts

to recruit prospective immigrants.

Major settlements later in the nineteenth century were particularly related to the diamond and gold mines

In the 1850s a new wave of immigrants , mostly from the Midlands, Yorkshire and Lancashire and of middle- and upper-middle-class origin, arrived and settled in Natal on the eastern seaboard.

The early settlers came from various parts of the British Isles, yet predominantly from southern England , and were mainly

of working-class or lower middle-class backgrounds

As in other southern-hemisphere varieties of ‘transported English’, RP was the model until long after the Second World War, but has now been replaced by ‘respectable SAfE ’, largely based on the Natal accent.

As a result of the rather different

regional and above all social structures

of the early settlements, two South

African varieties of English emerged: in

Natal, which maintained closer ties to

Britain, Standard EngE was emulated as

the prestige model, whereas “Cape

English”, which was characterised by

Cockney-like features, carried low

prestige.

SAfE differs from other transported varieties such

as AusE, NZE, CanE and AmE

in always having existed in

a complex multilingual and multicultural environment (Silva 1998:70).

• Hence the influence from other languages is more marked, especially

in the lexicon , and it is more difficult to ‘isolate’ the first-language

variety from English as used by competent L2 speakers It should also

be pointed out that first language users of present-day SAfE represent a range of different societal and regional groups, for example ‘coloured’ speakers in Cape Town, white speakers of East Cape origin, Indian speakers (mainly in Natal), white speakers with a Natal accent, and white members of the Transvaal working class (Branford 1994:472).

• As a variety in its own right, South African English (SAfE) has been codified in several dictionaries, most recently in A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles, published by Oxford University Press in 1996 This dictionary represents all ethnic varieties of English

in the country but gives information on the provenance of regional or

‘group’ vocabulary for words that may not be widely familiar to South Africans (Silva 1998:82)

South Africa

English spelling

2

- SAfE follows British conventions, as codified in the

Oxford dictionary described earlier.

- The majority of lexical items borrowed from Afrikaans and African languages are not anglicized in any way:

For example:

1 Yesterday’s braai was so lekker.

=> Yesterday’s barbecue was so nice.

South Africa English

phonology and grammar

3

- The KIT split was referenced to as an example of allophonic variation in our list of conspicuous qualities, which seems to be the prevalent view today (cf Lass 1987:304, Bowerman 2008:170)

- According to Wells (1982:612ff.), however, it is possible to argue for the existence of two different phonemes , namely /ɪ/ and /ə/ , at least in broad accents, in which words like kit and bit do not even rhyme

● SAfE is firmly nonrhotic to the degree of not even having

linking or intrusive /r/ as observed in a great number of its speakers Prevocalic /r/ is a fricative, tap or trill.

● /l/ is generally clear but nevertheless seems to have a

lowering effect on a preceding DRESS or GOAT

● Afrikaans-based lexical items, such as ag , often exemplify the

voiceless fricative [x], which has become a feature of SAfE, although it does not enjoy phonemic status

The morphology and syntax of formal SAfE can hardly be

distinguished from Standard EngE or General English In informal speech, the following characteristics are often found:

- ‘non-negative ’ no as sentence-initiator

Ex: A: Isn’t your car ready yet?

B: No, it is

- As a reinforcing marker of the progressive aspect

Ex: busy is used with certain verbs where it does not have its normal

sense of ‘activity’, as in He was busy lying in bed.

- is it? is used as a kind of ‘all-purpose response

Ex: A: He’s left for St Helena

B: Is it?

Grammar

4

‘broad high grassland’

backveld ‘back country’

drift ‘ford’

rand ‘ridge’

platteland ‘inland countryside’

used as a national symbol

tends to be the only one included in general dictionaries such

as the Encarta World English Dictionary.

Settlement Dorp ‘small town’ location originally ‘an area

of land granted for settlement’.

‘segregated

urban area for blacks’

shacklands

Location and township represent the categories

‘partial tautonym + heteronym’

Borrowings from Dutch/Afrikaans denoting similar-looking but often

unrelated species:

Flora and fauna

For example:

Boekenhout ‘beech’ (BONFIRE NIGHT)

Tiger ‘leopard’ (ROBIN)

partial tautonyms (but only one as seen from an English perspective)

Other BONFIRE NIGHT words are loan translations or Dutch coinages:

For example:

Tinkwood ‘a hardwood

tree’ Fynbos ‘delicate

bush’

a special vegetation type found in the coastal areas of the

Cape

a key environmental

term

Words denoting people

This is an extremely complex and difficult category, which has been the

subject of a lot of research due to the ethnic diversity in South Africa and the tremendous social and political developments

For example:

Kaffir labeled vulgar and a misnomer

but persists in nonstandard spoken language

a human noun

Boer least seven different meanings (from ‘Dutchspeaking

farmer’ to ‘the South African government’)Coloured used in the sense of ‘South African of mixed descent’,

distinguished from ‘black’ as well as ‘white’

Kinship, relationships, politics

There are a number of early borrowings from Dutch/Afrikaans:

oom ‘uncle’

‘respectful third-person address’

oupa ‘grandpa’

baas ‘master’

trek in the sense of ‘emigrate’ (originally ‘pull’) many senses and derivatives

become ‘a powerful symbol of

national endeavour’.

Both as noun and verb.

the most widely used South African words in the

English-speaking world’

Sadly, apartheid 'separateness’, first documented in 1929 and used in the meaning of

'segregation’ from 1947, is arguably the most well-known word in this category.

Thanks for your attention !