English in Asia Thuyết trình môn đa dạng tiếng anh

Group 5 South Asia South East Asia The languages of South Asia South Asia is home to hundreds of different languages Many features of the Indo Aryan language are similar to those of European langua.

Group 5

 South Asia

 The languages of South Asia

South Asia is home to hundreds of different languages Many features of the Indo-Aryan language are similar to those of European languages, such as noun gender and various declensions of nouns inflected for subject and

no subject cases Tense, case, and prepositions are all indicated by affixes in Dravidian languages.

 History

 As it gradually assumed responsibility for civil government and education, the company government was divided into 'orientalists' who favored education in local languages like Persian, Sanskrit, and 'westernisers' who favored English language education.

 By the time of Macaulay's Minute English had become

necessary for career success, and so education in English was taken up quite widely, English has become the common language of the elite.

 At the end of nineteenth century, due to the development of

IT and data processing expertise gave a boost to English in India.

 The current situation

For other South Asians, proficiency inEnglish varies widely and the educationsystem is the main source of input

Finally, a proportion of South Asians usespoken English in daily life, people useEnglish to show off as a mark their age orposition

The phonology of South Asian English depends on the substratum and on the degree of accommodation to

RP (or nowadays GA): speakers of different South Asian languages will have different accents, and consequently, as in Britain and the USA, many speakers have strongly regional accents which are hard for outsiders to understand.

South Asian English has a number of characteristic prosodic features, but these are not very well described.

As with other outer-circle varieties, published written usage

shows relatively more syntactic differences from British and

American standard than they have from each other.

This means that we can find written varieties which are very close grammatically to British usage, some that differ noticeably, and some that differ so much that they are nonstandard.

Many of the characteristic lexical items of South Asian English are borrowed BON-

FIRE NIGHT words referring to local

phenomena

Others use English elements

Most tautonyms (ROBIN words, that is,

words that have different meanings in two varieties) are English words adapted with a different meaning

There is also a heteronymic compounding element – the borrowed form wallah

(3.2.4.1) which forms nouns meaning

'person associated with' and so is

equivalent to suffixes like -ite and -ian in other varieties

 Style and pragmatics

The stylistic values attached to words and expressions are often different in Indian English from those in British or American usage, or perhaps stylistic distinctions are neutralized.

The pragmatics of English in the subcontinent derive, of course, from the subcontinental cultures, and so pragmatic behavior may be very different from British The outer circle 151 or American.

Even where two cultures create the same niche for an utterance, they may use different verbalization in it.

 .Hong Kong, China

Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong SpecialAdministrative Region of the People's Republic

of China (HKSAR), is a metropolitan area andspecial administrative region of China on theeastern Pearl River Delta in South China

With over 7.5 million residents of variousnationalities in a 1,104-square-kilometreterritory, Hong Kong is one of the most denselypopulated places in the world

 _Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia

 _The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal

territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malaysia

 _Kuala Lumpur is the national capital, largest city, and the seat of the legislative branch

of the federal government With a population of over 32 million, Malaysia is the world's 43rd-most populous country

 _The Philippines officially the Republic of the Philippines is an

archipelagic country in Southeast Asia and the world's twelfth most populous country

 _Manila is the nation's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City, both lying within the urban area of Metro Manila.

 Singapore officially the Republic of Singapore is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia

 The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands, and islets, and one outlying islet, the combined area of which has increased by 25%

since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects

 It also has the second greatest population density in the world

 Singapore is a developed country with levels ofeducation that are among the highest in the world (andwith infrastructure, computer use, health, welfare, and

so on at or above European and North American levels)

 Hong Kong is a fully developed world financial andbusiness center with a high standard of living

 Malaysia is a rapidly developing ‘Asian tiger’ economy

 The Philippines are poorer, but better off in terms ofaverage income than the African or South Asiancountries

 _These are usually:

 + not tonal (unlike Bantu languages and

 → In Malaysia (and Singapore) the

precolonial language was Malay, which in its modern standardized form has many

loanwords from Sanskrit, Arabic, and English, and often coins words from Sanskrit roots as English does from Latin or Greek.

 → In Singapore, most younger people

have, however, adopted Mandarin, alongside English, as their preferred language.

 Cantonese and the other ‘dialects’ are:

 → Most people in modern Singapore,

and many in Malaysia, are of Chinese descent and speak Cantonese or Hokkien or another ‘dialect’ of Chinese

as their ancestral language.

 During the twentieth century the Malay

peninsula was a multilingual society.

 English was spread by the education system and educated people became very fluent

because they used the language for

everyday communication across communal boundaries.

 Knowledge of English was spread almost

entirely through the education system, which increasingly used English as a medium.

 In 1898 ownership of the Philippines passed

to the USA.

 The former British possessions in the area are

mostly now part of Malaysia.

 English is now used for some tertiary education, and quite widely as the language of business, where many firms are still dominated by Chinese or Indian personnel

 English is frequently used in workplaces, often with variation between standard and more localized

forms and codeswitching into Malay according to situation and conversational partner

 Singapore, with a population speaking a variety of Chinese ‘dialects’, Indian languages and local Malay, emphasized English as the main official language It has subsequently moved towards a policy which aims at the Chinese community dropping the ‘dialects’ and becoming bilingual in Mandarin Chinese (the official language of mainland China and Taiwan) and English, Indians in

an Indian language and English, and Malays in Bahasa Malaysia and English

In Singapore an increasing proportion of speakers have English as a mother tongue – but the local variety rather than Standard English.

 Hong Kong was returned to Chinese sovereignty in 1997

Today, English is very widely used in the education and legal systems and

to deal with international business, and is becoming ‘localised’, and used

to some extent for everyday interaction among locals who all speak

Cantonese

 The vowel inventory is quite

reduced, CLOTH, THOUGHT, CURE, and NORTH / FORCE and

START/PALM/BATH are all merged FACE and GOAT are monophthongs,

as in many other varieties, and

Detering notes that a diphthongal pronunciation of the FACE vowel sounds 'affected' to Singaporeans.

 He also observes that lexical

distribution is not always as

expected.

 In particular egg and bed have the FACE vowel, not that of DRESS, so that they do not rhyme with peg and fed.

 Dental fricatives are often realized as stops A number of words have local stress patterns, some of which, like purchase, look like regularisation based on the spelling

Basipetal and mesolectal Singapore-Malaysian English differs rather

dramatically from the standard in terms of syntax.

Subjects and objects can be omitted where they are clear from the

context, as in Chinese and MalayFor example as an answer to the question

Do you get overtime pay, or can you take time off in lieu? Richards

(1977:79) recorded You want to overtime also can, take off, also can

‘If you want (to take) overtime, you can, but if you want to take time off, you can do that too’

Correspondingly, as in Chinese, Malay, and many creoles, be as copula (and auxiliary) can be omitted Richards asked It’s pretty quiet running

this car park at night, isn’t it? And received the answer This one Ø

near the shopping centre, night club, there the good business Ø, that

Ø why the government operate the parking here <=> ‘No, it is near the shopping centre and night clubs, there’s good business there, that’s why the government has a parking lot here.’

 Gupta (1994) says that the syntax of questions in Singapore Colloquial English – what we are

calling the basilect and mesolect – is simpler than that in Standard English and also than that in Malay and Chinese Question words other than why and how are not usually fronted, and

inversion(đảo ngữ) is only usual when the verb has the BE or CAN auxiliaries, so that the

following question forms are normal:

 Why you take so many?

 The various lects of Singapore/Malaysia English include a great deal of local vocabulary

Singlish has a rich supply of local lexicalisations (CRORE words) derived from Chinese dialects

 Eg:

 chim/cheem ‘excessively complex/difficult/serious’.: ‘Usually when

confronted with something that appears to be more complex, tthe S’porean

would exclaim, “Why so CHIM one?” even before s/he begins to read or think

about the “something”

 chope ‘reserve a chair, etc by putting a bag or garment on it’ -> Must

chope seat when you go everywhere

 Foreignisms formed from English lexical material include:

 heaty, cooling, ‘foods regarded in Chinese tradition as yang (male light

positive) and

 yin (female dark negative) respectively’

 Among tautonyms (ROBIN words) one could mention send with the meaning

of ‘take’

 as in send him to the airport, peon ‘office boy, office porter’

 _Although Hong Kong English is generally regarded as an outer-circle variety, it has progressed less far down the Schneider stages (cf 3.3)

 →It is mainly used in education and interactions with ‘outsiders’ and seems to be more susceptible to outside influence – less endonormative – than the Malaysian/Singapore variety.

 _Hong Kong English shows more influence both from US varieties and from recent innovations in

British English than the Singapore variety

 →More and more young people in Hong Kong are English-educated and have friends and relations in Canada, the USA, and Britain, English is more and more a natural means of expression (Bolton 2000).

 _The phonology of this variety of English (or more precisely of one type of fairly ‘high’ mesolect) is shown

by Deterding et al (2008) to be similar to but not identical with other South East Asian Englishes.

 =>Example:

 + It is striking that although length/tenseness distinctions like RP/GA /i/ /i:/ are not present, the set of diphthongs is quite large, and FACE and GOAT do not appear as monophthongs as they do in so many other varieties.

 + Voiced TH often appears as [d] as in many other varieties but the unvoiced equivalent is [f] (or [θ]) but rarely [t], as in Estuary English (4.1.4)

 +Under the influence of Cantonese, initial /l/ and /n/ may be merged

 _The syntax of Hong Kong English includesmany typical ‘new English’ simplifications,particularly in the noun phrase: systems ofcountability and singular, definiteness, and soon.

 =>Example:

 +Local Westerners may use borrowings fromChinese: dim sum (snacks served in localrestaurants) and gwailo (‘Westerner’) and fromSouth Asian languages: chit (for ‘bill’ or

‘receipt’), nullah (an open drain or ‘watercourse’)

 +The MOB word chop has two homonymouslocal: ‘stabbed/slashed’ and (borrowed fromChinese and frequent throughout South EastAsia) ‘stamped/certified’

A shortlist of particularly salient features of Philippine English

 _Philippine English derives from US English, normally uses US spelling conventions and

vocabulary variants, and is rhotic

 _There is a range of typical Philippine

vocabulary:

 + borrowings from Spanish (merienda

‘afternoon tea’)

 +Tagalog/Filipino (kundiman ‘love song’)

 + loan translations from local languages (since

before yet ‘for a long time’)

 + local coinages (batchmate ‘person who

studied, did military service, etc with the

speaker’).

 _Philippine English is largely syllable-timed, unstressed

vowels are often given their full spelling pronunciation and indeed vowel reduction is a mark of formal speech and careful acrolectal style rather than the other way round.

 +Dental fricatives may be realized as stops, as may /f v/

 +Voicing distinctions are often lost between /s/ and /z/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/

 _Under influence from the indigenous languages, Philippine English often:

 + has unaspirated voiceless stops at the beginnings of words and unreleased stops at the end of words

 + has dental /t d n l/ Consonant clusters are often simplified.

 _As with other ‘New English’ varieties, word-stress patterns may differ from American norms +US usage has stress on the first syllable but Philippine, even acrolectal, on the second: colleague, govern, pedestal, hazardous.

 _Written Standard Philippine English does not vary syntactically from other standard versions.

 _Typical features of informal writing and speech include:

 +omission of ‘redundant’ subjects

 + optional marking of verb agreement and plurality

 => It is characteristic that these features coexist with sophisticated journalistic constructions – despite not being standard.

 _There are also individual constructions typical of South-East Asian English in

general: Almost of the Tagalog speaking population (= ‘almost all of ’).

 _Philippine English tends to be so full of code-switching and mixing that

it is hard to tell what is simply Tagalog and what is borrowed into English.

 + Local lexicalizations (CRORE words), either coined in English:

bedspacer-‘person who is sharing a flat’, barkada ‘circle of friends’.

 + Foreignisms borrowed from Tagalog (BONFIRE NIGHT words) are

barong (shirt) 'traditional smart shirt made from embroidered cloth’, lechon ‘roast pig dish’

 + From Spanish: maja blanca ‘coconut pudding’.

 +English lexical material: jeepney ‘taxi on a jeep chassis’

 +Heteronyms (THUMB TACK words): ‘yaya ‘nanny, nursemaid’, lumpia

‘spring roll’ and sari-sari ‘corner shop/neighbourhood store’.

 _Functional phrases differ between varieties, and in the Philippines, one can say for a while when answering the telephone, where other varieties might use just a moment – a sort of

pragmatic tautonym

 _Code-mixing English and Tagalog is, as noted above, a characteristic way for educated people

to vary their style

 +Ex: Number 10 ko, camping camping dito akala ko, OK.

na Kano; may barbecue grill pa sa pick-up trucks nila!

 _Nonverbal communication (paralanguage) is of course different in different cultures

Filipinos asked directions may simply point with their eyes and lips rather than either pointing with a hand or giving verbal directions