SouthEast Asia Thuyết trình môn đa dang tiếng anh

Welcome to Group 5 • Nguyễn Trịnh Minh Hy • Huỳnh Huỳnh Phương Đông • Võ Tâm Nhi • Nguyễn Thoại Chi • Huỳnh Lâm Kim Ngân • Khổng Hoàng Kim Ngân South East Asia Tìm kiếm Google Xem Trang đầu tiên tìm đ.

Welcome to Group 5 .

• Nguyễn Trịnh Minh Hy

• Huỳnh Huỳnh Phương Đông

• Võ Tâm Nhi

• Nguyễn Thoại Chi

• Huỳnh Lâm Kim Ngân

• Khổng Hoàng Kim Ngân

South-East Asia

Tìm kiếm Google Xem Trang đầu tiên tìm được

South-East Asia

Background

Africa and India to South-East Asia

- Countries such as Hong Kong, Malaysia, and the Philippines are having stronger economies than African or South Asian

countries, especially Singapore

- Singapore is a developed country with a high level of

education and culture with welfare 170WORLD ENGLISHES and so on at or above European and North American levels

 English in these countries is more developed than in Saharan Africa or even (per head) in South Asia

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- The pre-colonial languages ​​of Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore

are often toneless

- In Malaysia (and Singapore) the pre-colonial language was Malay and many words borrowed from Arabic, but is now more commonly written

in Roman

- The pre-colonial language of the Philippines was less influenced by other languages

- - The local language of Hong Kong is Cantonese, a ‘dialect’ of Chinese

- In Singapore most people speak Cantonese and English

In both countries there are substantial numbers of people of Indian

descent,mostly with Dravidian language backgrounds

it, of course.

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- English is now used for some tertiary education, and quite widely as the language of business English is frequently used in workplaces

- In Singapore an increasing proportion of speakers have English as a

mother tongue but the local variety rather than Standard English

The current situation: Malaysia and Singapore, Hong Kong,

Philippines

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● a reduced set of final consonants and consonant sequences as compared with other varieties and consequently words which end with glottal stops, voiceless fricatives, or nasals ( [i:ʔ] ‘eat’, [bæŋ] ‘bank’)

● stereotyped Singapore vocabulary items: borrowings from Malay like ulu

‘old-fashioned, provincial’, and from Chinese like kiasu ‘selfish’ (see below), and local coinages like blur ‘confused’

● the particle lah (borrowed from Chinese) which is used to emphasise

confidently made statements or shared knowledge

● omission of sentence subjects (and objects) that can be inferred from the context

Malaysian/Singaporean English – a descriptive account

* A shortlist of particularly salient features

monophthongs, as in many other varieties, and Deterding notes that a

diphthongal pronunciation of the FACE vowel sounds ‘affected’ to

Singaporeans

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-Dental fricatives are often realised as stops Final consonant clusters are

often simplified

Ex: think is [θiŋ] or [tiŋ]

effect is [ifek] or [ifεʔ]

voiceless – that maybe [dæʔ]

Final fricatives – especially /s/ and /z/

Relatively few vowels are reduced to [ə], as in other syllable-timed varieties

By contrast, an American accent may be becoming more fashionable:

originally US pronunciation of individual words like schedule are said to be becoming more common, and so is rhoticity

S y n t a x

- Basilectal and mesolectal Singapore-Malaysian English differs rather dramatically from the standard in terms of syntax.

- Subjects and objects can be omitted where they are clearfrom the context, as in Chinese and Malay

For example: as an answer to the question Do you get overtime pay, or can you take time off in lieu?

Richards (1977:79) recorded You want to overtime also can, take off, also can ‘If you want (to take)

overtime, you can, but if you want to take time off, you can do that too’

-Correspondingly, as in Chinese, Malay, and many creoles, be as copula (and auxiliary) can be omitted.

- what we are calling the basilect and mesolect – is simpler than that in Standard English and also than that

in Malay and Chinese

-Questions are often inverted and occur when there are auxiliary verbs Be and Can

- EX: Why you take so many

Go where?

She eat what?

- questions of the form “What to do? Where to go” are common and characteristic of

Singapore/Malaysian usage In Chinese and South-East Asian languages questions often include the

equivalent of or (not)?

-Singapore English is well described and its syntax is of great interest.

The various lects of Singapore/Malaysia English include a great deal of local

vocabulary.

● chope ‘reserve a chair, etc by putting a bag or garment on it’

● kiasu ‘person with a fear of losing out to others’

The Guide to Singlish gave these typical traits of a kiasu:

Ex:

1 Everything also must grab ‘He/she has to grab everything’.

2 Must chope seat when you go everywhere ‘He/she has to chope a seat on all

occasions’.

-Foreignisms formed from English lexical material include:

● heaty, cooling, ‘foods regarded in Chinese tradition as yang (male light positive) and yin (female dark negative) respectively’

● red packet ‘envelope containing money given at a festival’.

South-East Asia

Do you use Tamil at all?

A I’m afraid [əfrε] we know little Don’t [dɔn] speak [spiʔ] at home To my maid, I have to speak to her.

We have learned, lah, since she came.

5.3 South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc.

5.3.1 The countries and the history of the introduction of English 5.3.1.1 The languages of South Asia

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- In South Asia:

+ Many hundreds of languages are spoken.

+ The dominant positions are held by Indo-Aryan languages related to Hindi/Urdu (as a typical Indo-Aryan language, has many features familiar from European languages) in the north, Dravidian languages are agglutinative and thus also have complex affix

systems indicating tense, case, prepositions such as Tamil in the south.

→ Both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages have rich consonantal systems, with

aspirated and unaspirated stops, both voiced and voiceless, and characteristic retroflex stops in contrast with dentals.

South-East Asia

History

- In the second millennium BC Indo-Aryan languages spread over much

of Northern India

- In the 16th century, Persian was the language of the court, Sanskrit that

of Hindu literary and religious writing, and Arabic that of Islamic

theologians, although most people of course spoke their own

vernaculars, Indo-Aryan, Dravidian or others.

- In the 18th century ‘orientalists’ who favoured education in local

languages and ‘westernisers’ who favoured English- language education

→ The westernisers won the argument.

→ The establish- ment of English as the common language of the elite

- The end of the twentieth century India, the accompanying internationalisation of economic life gave a further boost to English within the language ecology of India

- In fact English in India has reached stage 4 in Schneider’s scheme (cf 3.3) at least.

The current

situation

South-East Asia

+ The ‘Anglo-Indians’ – descendants of mixed marriages many generations ago

- a small group of South Asians (100,000 or so) have English as their mother tongue and ethnic identity

+ Krishnaswamy and Burde (1998) list five domains for English in India:

bureaucracy, education, print-media communication and advertising,

intellectual and literary writing and social interaction.

+ English continues alongside Hindi and local languages in national

administration, in quasi-state bodies like medical councils and the higher

courts.

+ State schools theoretically operate a ‘three-language policy’ so that children learn the local language, or at least that of their state, Hindi and English

→ A proportion of South Asians use spoken English in daily life Some

families in the urban upper class may have gone over to English almost

entirely.

South-East Asia

South Asian English – a descriptive account

Salient features

Here is a shortlist of particularly salient features of South Asian English:

●retroflex stops for /d/ and /t/: these are the stereotype feature of the variety

●syllable-timing, and relatively lightly marked word stress

●intonation characterised by rather short intonation units (so that the placement of sentence stress may seem uninformative)

●a characteristic vocabulary borrowed from substrate languages: to gehrao is to prevent

someone from leaving his office as a protest, a lakh is a hundred thousand, a crore is 10

million

●stylistic features which may strike inner-circle readers as mixture of level South Asian English is predominantly spelt in the British style.

The voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ may be unaspirated

Postalveolars may be pronounced with contact between the blade of the tongue and the roof of the mouth (rather than its tip as in other varieties)

→ RP/GA speakers may appear cold to South Asians, while South Asians may appear excited or angry to RP/GA speakers.

- Published written usage shows relatively more syntactic differences from

British and American standard than they have from each other.

+ In British English give occurs most commonly in a ditransitive construction like give someone something, and pelt occurs most often in pelt someone with something

+ In Indian English the most common are monotran- sitive give something and prepositional give something to someone, and pelt stones at someone

respectively.

- A typical one is the distribution of particles and prepositions after verbs.

- In South Asian English one can fill up a vacancy, start with the lesson, show up the main point, or shirk away one’s responsibilities, where British or American speakers would do without the particle/preposition.

G ra m m a r

Style and pragmatics

+ The stylistic values attached to words and expressions are often different in Indian English from those in British or American usage, or perhaps stylistic distinctions are neutralised

+ The pragmatics of English in the subcontinent derive, of course, from the sub- continental cultures, and so pragmatic behaviour may be very different from British

HONG KONG ENGLISH

South-East Asia

It is mainly used in education and interactions with ‘outsiders’ and seems to be more susceptible to outside influence – less

endonormative – than the Malaysian/Singapore variety.

The syntax of Hong Kong English includes many typical ‘new

English’ simplifications, particularly in the noun phrase: systems of countability and singular, definiteness, and so on.

Local Westerners may use borrowings from Chinese like dim sum (snacks served in local restaurants) and gwailo (‘Westerner’), but also, reflecting imperial connections, from South Asian languages including chit (for ‘bill’ or ‘ receipt’), nullah (an open drain or

‘water course’).

South-East Asia

Philippine English – a descriptive account

A shortlist of particularly salient features of Philippine English

Philippine English derives from US English, normally uses US spelling conventions and vocabulary variants, and is rhotic.

However in mesolectal and basilectal accents the /r/ is an alveolar flap, not a semivowel The vowel inventory is reduced in ways typical of ‘New Englishes’.

There is a range of typical Philippine vocabulary: borrowings from Spanish (merien- da

‘afternoon tea’), Tagalog/Filipino (kundiman ‘love song’), loan translations from local languages (since before yet ‘for a long time’) and local coinages (batchmate ‘person who studied, did military service, etc with the speaker’).

often has unaspirated voiceless stops at the beginnings of words and unreleased stops at the end of words It also has dental /t d n l/ Consonant clusters are often simplified

South-East Asia

Written Standard Philippine English does not vary

syntactically from other standard versions, and because its domains of use are more limited than those of Singapore English it has not developed the lectal range and exotic syntax of colloquial Singapore English.

Syntax

- barkada ‘circle of friends’

- Among foreignisms borrowed from Tagalog (BONFIRE NIGHT words) are barong (shirt) ‘traditional smart shirt made from embroidered cloth’

- dalagang Filipina ‘traditional “good girl”’

- and lechon ‘roast pig dish’ – as usual foreignisms cluster round food,

costume and traditional values.

Philippine English tends to be so full

of code-switching and mixing that it

is hard to tell what is simply Tagalog

and what is borrowed into English

Nevertheless one can identify local

lexicalisations (CRORE words),

either coined in English like

Philippine English can be stylistically underdifferentiated in the sense that language which other varieties would regard

as rather formal can be mixed with ap- parently informal

phrases

Nonverbal communication (paralanguage) is of course

different in different cultures Filipinos asked directions

may simply point with their eyes and lips rather than either pointing with a hand or giving verbal directions

South-East Asia

Pragmatics

Gr o u p 5

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